新闻学专业外语 第二代导语

第二代导语Lead of the Second Generation 时间：20世纪50年代至70年代——第二代导语。  1导语的形式 从导语的形式来分，有叙述式、设问式、评论式、结论式、描写式和对比式等等。由于导语形式多样，新闻报道形式也就出现了诸如： 1.时间顺序式（Chronological Order Form）又称为“香肠式”（Wiener Form）这种编年史式的形式多用于体育比赛、作案过程、厂家发展或名人讣告之类的消息报道。 2.悬念式（Suspended Interest Form）——“悬念式”多用于feature(特写)。 3.解释性报道式（Interpretative Reporting Form）着重探讨理念、事情成败原因、寻求 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 等。但是五个W’s和一个Ｈ是构成一则完整的消息不可缺少的要素。　 ４.以往直接的消息报道或纯消息 一般采取“倒金字塔形式”（The Inverted Pyramid Form）五个Ｗ’s 和一个Ｈ按重要性的顺序头重脚轻地安排，把新闻的高潮和结论放在最前面的导语里，然后按事实的重要性递减的顺序来安排（in the order descending importance）,由此突出最重要、最新的事实。 为帮助了解这种倒金字塔式结构，请看下面西方新闻学著作中的图 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 说明：　 Ｔhe Inverted Pyramid Form 倒金字塔式 Introducing containing most important or most interesting information 导　语　包　括　最　重　要　或　最　吸　引　人　的　消　息 Ｍ  o  r  e              f  a  c  t  s 更　多　的　事　实　材　料 supporting Information or background 辅助性消息或背景材料 quotes or more facts of lesser Importance 引语或更多的 次要事实材料 Minor dertail 细节材料 Least sig- nifcant Infor- mation 最不 重要 的消 息 为说明此写作结构，举New York Times 一篇报道为例： ROME,sep8－A provincial prosecutor, his driver and his bodyguard were machine-gunned to death on a country road south of here today by political terrorists, who also wounded one of their accomplices and later killed him. The killings called into doubt statements by the Government that it had crippled terrorist organizations through arrests of key leaders. Two leftist terrorist groups, Front Line and Fighting Formations for Communism, both took tesponsibility for the killings.Both are related to the Red Brigades terrorist organization. The official who was killed ,Fedele Calvosa,59 years old, was chief prosecutor for Frosinone,an area south of Rome, and was deputy prosecutor for Rome. He was on his way to work when his car was ambushed. The two other victims were GiuseppePagliel,29, Mr.Calvosa’s bodyguard,and Luciano Rossi,24,his driver. 上面这条消息的第一段是导语，其写法就是按上述的传统程式。请看分析： 现将它所回答的问题分列如下： Who-a provincial prosecutor, his driver and his bodyguard, political terrorists What-were machine-gunned to death When-today(sep.8) Where-on a country road south of here (Rome) Why-political(assassination) How-(done by)terrorists who also wounded one of their accomplices and later killed him 2导语意义（Lead） 新闻导语——新闻报道开头的第一段文字，也是最重要的部分，通常是标题的展开形式。记者必须把新闻事件的主要情节用一两句话概括在新闻导语的第一段里。这是新闻报道的精华所在。按照新闻报道的要求，导语尽可能回答五个W和一个H，即What（何事）、Who（何人）、When（何时）、Where（何地）、Why（为何）、How（如何）。这个观点曾被西方新闻界视为金科玉律，但是由于新闻导语趋于愈来愈短，因此，新闻导语现在一般未必包含所有的新闻要素，而是突出其中最重要的新闻要素，其他要素可放在以下的段落。 DENVER, Colorado（AP）A  lightning strike at a golf course driving range Saturday killed a man and injured his 16-year-old son, a fire department spokeswoman said. When  Saturday Where At a golf course Who  A man and his son What Lightening killed the man and injured his son. Associated Press （Russia）The Kremlin-Backed president of Russia’s warring Chechnya （news-web sites）region was killed Sunday when an explosion tore through a stadium in the Chechen capital where he was attending Victory Day observances marking the defeat of the Nazis in World War 11,officials said. When  Sunday Where  A stadium in the Chechen capital What  Chechen’s president killed in the explosion Who  The Kremlin-backed Chechen’s president killed in the explosion Who The Kremlin-backed Chechen’s president. How The explosion tore through a stadium where he was attending Victory Day observances. NEW YORK （Reuters Health） Teenagers who spend 3 hours a day or more in front of the television are at risk of developing sleep problems later in life, new research reports. Who Teenagers What  Teenagers  may develop sleep problems When Later in their life How Spending three hours or more in front of TV BEIJING（AFP） China hopes to launch its first lunar probe in December 2009, a year ahead of a previously-planned launch date, state media reported. When in December 2009 What China  hopes to launch its first lunar probe “Who”可以是人，也可以是组织或国家，甚至可以是其他生命体或无生命组合。 AP Medical Writer BANGKOK, Thailand-Asia’s bird flu death toll rose to 12 with the announcement Monday of two additional deaths, while China said it suspected the virus has reached poultry in one of its most remote corners. When Monday Where Thailand What  Bird flu death toll rose to 12 Who Thailand and China BEIJING, China At least 90 people have been killed in two weekend fires in eastern China—one in a department store and another in a temple, the official Xinhua news agency said. When Weekend Where  Eastern China, one in a department store, another in a temple Who 90 people What  90 people killed by fires How  In two weekend fires 导语是新闻报道中的主要部分。一则新闻的中心内容全靠导语反映出来，因而导语的句子结构就显得纷繁复杂。一段写得较好的导语，即使句子结构复杂，如果层次清楚，含义明确，也不影响理解，像以上的导语就是这样。但有时读者也会碰到看起来比较费劲的导语，这类导语主要是因为撰稿人写稿时间仓促，没有时间对文字作进一步润色加工的缘故。例如以下这段导语： A red and white Dan-Air plane disappeared 6 minutes before it was scheduled to land at Los Rodes, the scene just over three years ago of the worst disaster in the history of civil aviation, when a ground collision between two jumbo jets killed more than 580 people. 丹麦航空公司的一架红白相间的客机在预定降落在洛斯罗迪斯机场前6分钟失踪。三年前民何史上最大的空难事件即在此发生，当时两架大型喷气式飞机在地面相撞，造成580多人丧生。 这个句子之所以复杂是因为记者在一句话里加进了与本次事故无关而作为对比用的另一次空难事件，而且把句子安排得过于零乱，因而很难一下子领会整个句子的含义。 在新闻报道中导语是新闻事件的概括，标题是新闻基本内容的高度概括，标题往往是通过浓缩或提炼导语制成的。因此，导语实际上也是标题的展开，它一般以一句或两句完整的句子陈述有关的事件和消息。这是英语新闻写作的一个固定模式，读者可以通过阅读以下标题和导语进一步熟悉这一写作特点。 Scientists find ‘10th planet’ Monday, autumn 15,2009 CNN Scientists may have discovered the solar system’s 10th planet, more than 3 billion kilometers farther away from the sun than Pluto, Good death as important as long life May 20, 2009 International ASHINGTON （Reuters） Most people would trade a few months of life if it meant a more comfortable death, U.S. researchers reported. The study ties in with other research that shows people are beginning to value a good death as much as they do a long life, the team at the University of Pittsburgh said. Girl burned when cell phone catches fire Thursday, July 1, 2009 （CNN） A 16-year-old California girl suffered second-degree burns Thursday when her cell phone caught fire in her back pocket, according to the Ontario Fire Department. 可见标题与导语之间的关系密不可分，标题是导语的集中浓缩。当然，在一些新闻报道中,读者在阅读新闻标题时，可能对文章的主要内容不甚了解，导语可以弥补从标题上无法得到的准确信息。另外，标题有时过于简洁，难以看懂，需要读完导语才能理解其意思。例如： Spirit Rover Begins Inspecting Mars Drift （AP） NASA’s Spirit rover rolled 59 feet around the rim of a crater Tuesday to begin inspecting firsthand a drift of windblown material that puzzles scientists. Scientists sent the six-wheeled robot geologist to the dune, nicknamed “Serpent,” to analyze its composition. They are unsure whether it is a pile of sand or dust. NASA planned for Spirit to analyze the material Wednesday before driving over the dune to a site from which it can take panoramic pictures of the surrounding terrain. 这则标题在读完导语后就比较容易翻译：“勇气”（Spirit）号探测器开始火星之旅 9/11 panel report: We must act speedily WASHINGTON （CNN） The chairman of the panel investigating the attacks of September 11, 2001, said his commission found that the “United States government was simply not active enough in speedily combating the terrorist threat before 9/11.” “9·11”调查委员会 调查报告 行政管理关于调查报告关于XX公司的财务调查报告关于学校食堂的调查报告关于大米市场调查报告关于水资源调查报告 为什么说要反应迅速，读完导语中的最后一句话便一目了然，因为在“9·11”事件发生前，美国政府在反恐举措上不仅消极而且行动迟缓。