小学英语语法总结大全【免费下载】

小学英语语法总结大全【免费下载】 小学英语语法大全 第一章?名?词? 一、定义? 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。? 二、分类? 1.?名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词? 如:john?is?a?student? student是普通名词，john是专有名词? 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an,?定冠词the?或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。? 2.?普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。? 3.?专有名词? 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。? 三、名词的数? 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 可数名词——可以数的名词? 不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)? drink?milk??tea??water??orange??juice??coke??coffee??porridge? food?rice??bread??meat??fish??fruit??cake??dumplings? 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式? many+可数名词复数? much/a?little+不可数名词? some,?any?,?a?lot?of?(lots?of)?两者都可以修饰。? 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰? 不可数名词??数词?+量词?+of?+?名词? 对可数名词的数量提问用how?many? 对不可数名词的数量提问用?how?much? 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 :? 1)?some,?much?,a?little?,a?lot?of??,a?bit?of?,?plenty?of?用等表示多少。? 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plentycheck all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole ?of?,some?,a?lot?of?,lots?of??,most?of?等。? 如there?is?much?water?in?the?bottle?.瓶中有很多水。? i'll?tell?you?much?good?news.我要告诉你许多好消息。? we?should?collect?some?useful?information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。? 2)?用单位词表示。? 用a?...?of?表示。? 如 a?cup?of?( 一杯......)，a?bottle?of?(一瓶......)? a?piece?of?( 一张......)，a?pair?of?shoes(一双鞋)? 如two?cups?of?tea(两杯茶),five?pieces?of?paper(五张纸)? 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。? 如two?hundred?students(200名学生)? ten?thousand?trees(10000棵树)? 测试点he?caught?a?lot?of?fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼，fish的复数仍为fish或fishes)? =he?caught?a?lot?of?fishes.? the?paper?is?about?some?fresh-water?fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼，加复数词尾-es)? 5、可数名词分为单数和复数。? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加a或an。? 1)单数? 如a?desk(一张桌子)? an?old?desk(一张旧 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 桌)? 2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式? 规则变化? 1)一般情况下加-s ? 如book--books(书) desk--desks(书桌)? 2)以s?,x?,ch?,?sh结尾加-es? 如box--boxes(盒子) bus--buses(公共汽车)? 注意?以?th?结尾加-s,?month--months? ?stomach--stomachs? 3)以辅音字母+结尾，变y为i再加-?es。? 如city--cities(城市)??country--countries(国家)? 注意以元音+y，直接加s。如:day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩)? 4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或?fe?为v再加-es? 如knife-knives(书)?,??half-halves(一半)? (thief?,wife?,life?,shelf?,knife?,leaf?,self?,half?,wolf)? 注意?有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs?(屋顶)? 5)以o结尾? (1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es? 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮)? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole potato-potatoes(土豆)? (2)?元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s? 如piano-pianos?(钢琴),??zoo-zoos(动物园)? photo-photos?(照片),??kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)? kilo-kilos(千克)? 注意zero?两种方式都可:zero-zeros或?zeroes(零)? 不规则变化? 1)?元音字母发变化。? 如man--men(男人)?，?woman--women(妇女)? tooth--teeth(牙齿)??，?foot--feet(脚)? mouse--mice(老鼠)??，?policeman--policemen(警察)? policewoman--policewomen(女警察)? 2)?词尾发生变化。? 如child--children(小孩)??，?ox--oxen(公牛)? 3)?单、复数形式相同。? 如fish--fish(鱼)?，sheep--sheep(绵羊)?，deer--deer(鹿)?， chinese--chinese(中国人)?，yuan--yuan(元)?，jinn--jinn(斤)? ??注意?不说an?english，要说an?englishman.? ?fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。? ?fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。? 4)?形似单数，实为复数意义。? 如people(人，人们)these?people? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole (不说a?people，可说a?person)? police(公安，警察)ten?police? (不说a?police，可说a?policeman)? 5)?由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。? 如a?man?driver-men?drivers(男司机)? a?woman?doctor-women?doctors?(女医生)? 6)?合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。? 如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)? bus?driver-bus?drivers(汽车司机)? 注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如:? grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)? letter-box-letter-boxes?(信箱)? 注意?hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。? 如would?you?like?some?more?fruit???你要不要再吃点水果,? we?bought?a?lot?of?fruit?from?the?market.??我们从市场上买了许多水果，? china?has?some?good?frits.??中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)? she?has?a?few?white?hairs.??她有几要白头发。? his?black?hair?is?going?white.??他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。? 注意?wind?,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 次的风、雪或雨。? 注意以boy?和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。? 如??boy?student-boy?students(男学生)? girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)? 7)?有些名词只有作复数。? 如scissors(剪刀)a?pair?of?scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)? 名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。? 如englishman--englishmen(英国人)? ??frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女)? 注意german不是复合词，它的复数是germans。? 四、名词的所有格? 有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。? 如mary's?father(玛丽的父亲)? jim's?mother(吉姆的母亲)? 与所有格相对来看，不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。? 1.名词所有格的构成法? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加's。? 如tom's?knife(汤姆的小刀)? ??children's?books(儿童书籍)? 2)表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人名字后加，如果表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加。? 如jim?and?mike's?room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间? ??jim's?and?mike's?rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间? 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"'"即可。? 如the?students'?reading-room(学生阅览室)? everyone?needs?to?have?at?least?eight?hours'?sleep?a?night.?每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)? ??注意?所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。? ?名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。? 如this?is?a?woman's?work.?这是女人干的工作。? ??this?is?a?girls'?school.?这是一所女子学校。? 4)以-s结尾的专有名词，构成所有格仍然加's，或只加'，但读音都是/iz/。? 如?mr?jones's(mr?jones')book(琼斯先生的书)? keats'?works(济慈的作品)? (1)表示时间和距离的名词。? 如where?is?today's?newspaper???今天的报纸在哪儿,? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole an?hour's?walk?isn't?far.?一小时的路程不远。? (1)?有些无生命东西的名词，如国家，城市季节，太阳，月亮，大地，江河，海洋，船等名词也可用's，表示所有关系。? 如china's?population(中国人口)? ??the?city's?life(城市生活)? 注意在表示店铺或某人家时，为避免重复(因前面已提到)，名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。? my?uncle's(我叔叔家)??,the?doctor's(医生的诊所)? 2.短语所有格? 有生命的名词，我们用's结构来表示所有关系，如果是无生命的，我们就要用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示。? the?window?of?the?house(这间房子的窗户)? 注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是men's，而不是shoes?of?men。? 3.of?+名词所有格? of?+名词所有称为双重所有格，使用时要注意以下几项。? 1)表示部分时，前面的词一定要有a?,an?,some?,any?,few?,two?,no?,several?(几个)之类有修饰语，不能是one和the?。? 如可说:a?book?of?my?brother's?我兄弟的一本书? 不说:books?of?my?brother's或?book?of?my?brother's?.? 2)当带有感情色彩时，可用the?,this?,that?,these?,those于名词前。? 如the?pretty?daughter?of?your?sister's?你姐姐的漂亮的女儿? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole did?you?read?that?book?of?lu?xun's???你读过鲁迅的那本书吗,? 3)of?前面的名词不能是专有名词。? 如不说:this?is?john?of?his?uncle's.? ??4)of?后面的名词必须是特定的。? 如these?books?of?my?friend's?are?good?我朋友的这些书很好。? 5)of?后面的名词必须是指人的名词。? 比较不说it?is?a?leaf?of?the?tree's.? a?picture?of?my?father指的是爸爸本人的照片。? 注意of?所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用，意义无甚区别。? 如a?friend?of?my?brother?a?friend?of?my?brother's? 测试点a?car?of?betty's?cars?,不可换为a?car?of?betty.。jim's?and?tom's?fathers?are?in?the?same?office?now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。? 常用口诀? 表示民族的名词顺口溜? (1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。? (2)“英、法”联盟a变e。? (3)其他一律加s?即chinese，japanese单复数同形;englishman，frenchman的复数为englishmen，frenchmen;其他像german，american，australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole o结尾的名词顺口溜? 1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加s。? 有生命:potato-potatoes,?tomato-tomatoes,?hero-heroes,?negro--negroes? 如无生命:zoo-zoos,?radio-radios,?photo-photos,?piano-pianos,?zero-zeros,?bamboo(竹竿)--bamboos,?tobacco(烟丝)--tobaccos1)? 2)两人两菜一火山。(+es)? 小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时，加es的只有negro(黑人)，hero(英雄)，potato(土豆)，tomato(西红杮)，volcano(火山)，这就是“两人两菜一火山”。? 或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes?and?heroes?eat?tomatoes?and?potatoes)? 2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。? 图景:你在“zoo”里，看见一要“bamboo”，上面挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上面放着一台“radio”。? zoo-zoos?,?bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos?piano-pianos,?radio-radios.? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole f、fe结尾的顺口溜 (1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时，有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s，其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。? 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌;? 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。?wife(妻子)，knife(刀子)，wolf(狼)thief(小偷)，shelf(架子)，life(生命)leaf(树叶)，self(自己)，half(一半)，这9个名词变复数时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。? (2)以f结尾的名词，一般把把f改为ves，但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的，? 如gulf,?roof,?chief,?serf,?belief,?proof,?handkerchief。编成口诀联想:? 海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆相望;? 谁说他们无信仰，语气定在手帕上? 巧记不规则名词单变复? 男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆。? man-men;?woman-women;?foot-feet;?tooth-teeth;?goose-geese;?mouse-mice;?louse-lice.? 第二章?冠?词 一、定义 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子)，帮助指明名词的含义。 二、分类 共3类:定冠词(the?definite?article)，不定冠词(the?indefinite?article)、零冠词(zero?article)。 三、用法 1、定冠词的用法 a?、an与数词one?同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。 (1)?表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。? i?gave?him?a?book?yesterday?.我昨天给了他一本书 i?am?reading?an?interesting?story?.?我在读一则有趣的故事。? (2)?表示人或事物的某一种类,?强调整体,?即以其中的一个代表一类。 a?horse?is?useful?to?mankind.?马对人类有用。? (3)?不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间,?速度,?价格等意义的名词之前,表示?"每一"。? we?often?go?to?school?two?times?a?day.?我们常常一天两次去学校。? i?went?to?the?library?once?a?week?at?least.? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole (4)?不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。? a?boy?came?to?see?you?a?moment?ago.?刚才有一个小孩来找你。 (5)在序数词前表示"又一;再一"时。如: i?want?to?read?the?story?a?second?time??我想再读一遍这篇小说?。 (6)?表示不特定的"某一个"时。如: a?mr.?smith?is?calling?on?the?phone.?有一位史密斯先生来电话找你?。 (7)在特定的短语里表示特定的含义，与不可数名词连用，如: have?a?good?time? 过得高兴 (8)?一日三餐前有修饰语时。如: -mum,?what?shall?we?have?for?lunch? -jiaozi.? -oh,?what?a?wonderful?lunch!?i?enjoy?it?very?much. (9)?在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。如: lesson?nine?is?a?most?difficult?lesson,?but?it?isn't?the?most?difficult?one. (10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。? a?little?/?a?few?/?a?lot?/?a?type?of?/?a?pile?/?a?great?many?/?many?a?/?as?a?rule?/?in?a?hurry?/?in?a?minute?/?in?a?word?/?in?a?short?while?/?after?a?while?/?have?a?cold?/?have?a?try?/?keep?an?eye?on?/?all?of?a?sudden check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 2.定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源，有"那(这)个"?"这(那)些"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形: (1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前: take?the?medicine. 把药吃了。 (2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前:? he?bought?a?house. i've?been?to?the?house. ??他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 (3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前: ??the?sun，?the?sky，?the?moon，?the?earth? (4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如: ??the?fox?is?cunning?.狐狸是狡猾的。 (5)与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人:the?rich?富人;?the?living?生者。 (6)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，?very，?same等前面: ?where?do?you?live? i?live?on?the?second?floor. ?你住在哪,我住在二层。 ?that's?the?very?thing?that?ineed ?那正是我需要的东西。 (7)在表示"...世纪...年代"的结构之前 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole he?began?to?learn?russian?in?the?1950s.?他在20实际50年代开始学俄语?。 但注意:in?one's?50s意为"在某人五十多岁时"。如: he?looked?quite?healthy?though?he?was?in?his?80s. (8)在比较级的两种句型中:??表示"越?......,就越......"时。如: the?lighter,?the?better.?越轻越好?。 ??表示"两者中比较......"时,用定冠词。如: there?are?two?books?on?the?table.?i?like?the?thicker?one. (9)用在"动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称"的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如: the?ball?hit?me?on?the?back.?球打中了他的头?。 (10)?在表示"计量单位"的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如: the?workers?are?paid?by?the?hour/day/month.?按月付给工人工资?. (11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the?great?wall(长城)，the?people's?park(人民公园)等。 the?people's?republic?of?china ?中华人民共和国? the?united?states ?美国 (12)用在表示乐器的名词之前: ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? she?plays?the?piano. 她会弹钢琴. the?little?girl?likes?to?play?the?violin.?小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole (13)定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。? they?are?going?to?the?cinema?tonight.?他们今晚要去影院看电影。?? ???????????????? (14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人: the?greens ?格林一家人?(或格林夫妇) (15)在方位名词之前 ，如:in?the?west??on?the?west? (16)在某些短语中 in?the?day,?in?the?morning?(afternoon，evening), the?day?after?tomorrow ,the?day?before?yesterday, the?next?morning, in?the?sky?(water，field，country) in?the?dark, in?the?rain, in?the?distance, in?the?middle?(of), in?the?end,?on?the?whole, by?the?way, go?to?the?theatre 3、零冠词(不用定冠词) (1)?在物质名词前，如: water?is?very?important?.?水是非常重要的?。 (2)?在抽象名词前，如:? failure?is?the?mother?of?success. 失败乃成功之母。 (3)?复数名词表示人或物的种类时，如:? doctors?cure?patients.?医生治病救人?. those?people?are?teachers,?not?students.?这些人是老师,不是学生?. (4)?在有关游戏的名词前，如:? do?you?like?to?play?chess??你喜欢下棋吗?? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole (5)?在"by?+?交通工具"的短语里，如:? shall?we?walk?or?go?by?bus???我们乘车还是步行?? (6)?在国名，人名和地名前通常不用定冠词，如?: england，mary; (7)在年份、季节、月份、节日、?假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词; ?we?go?to?school?from?monday?to?friday. ?我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 (8)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词; ?the?guards?took?the?american?to?general?lee.? ?士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 (9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前，不加冠词?。如: have?breakfast，play?chess? (10)?在某些固定词组中，是否有冠词，意义不同。如: in?hospital住院，in?the?hospital在医院里????in?bed在卧床 ，in?the?bed在床上 in?front?of在......(外)前面，in?the?front?of?在......(内)前部 go?to?hospital 去医院看病??go?to?the?hospital ?去医院?(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) 口??诀 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 泛指用a/?an，单数可数;特指用the，不特不the。 释:1)泛指用a/?an，单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/?an。2)特指用the——如果是特指，那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3)不特不the——不特指则不用the，包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/?an，泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词，泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。 定冠词:特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。 (1)the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如: where?is?the?teacher, 老师在哪里, (2)the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如: i?can?see?a?cat.?the?cat?is?lucy”s. 我能看见一只猫，那只猫是露茜的。 (3)the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如: the?earth?goes?around?the?sun. 地球围绕着太阳转。 (4)the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如: mike?is?the?tallest?of?the?three?boys. check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。 (5)the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the?great?wall(长城)，the?people”s?park(人民公园?)等。 (6)the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如:in?the?day(在白天)，play?the?piano(弹钢琴)等。 不用冠词:代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。 (1)名词前已有作定语用的this,?that,?these,?those,?my,?your,?his,?her,?our,?their,?some等限定词时，不用冠词。如:this?eraser,?her?pencil-box,?some?boxes,?those?women等。 (2)泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如:meat,?rice,?water,?bread,?tea,?milk,?juice等。 (3)复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如: the?people?in?the?room?are?doctors. 房间里的那些人是医生。 (4)在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如:chinese,?english,?maths,?physics,?history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如:have?breakfast/?lunch/?supper,?play?basketball/?football等。 (5)在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如:autumn,?summer,?winter,?spring,?teacher”s?day,?children”s?day,?sunday,?february等。 (6)在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如:white,?brown,?french,check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole ?australia等。 (7)在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如: doctor?green?is?a?scientist.? 格林博士是位科学家。 有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧(二)、有(足)族无球(运动)、有文无章、学而不专: 1)有水无湖:海、洋、海湾、河等，都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the); the?red?sea,the?pacific?ocean,the?persian?gulf,?the?yangtze?river the?great?lakes(五大湖);lake?erie(伊利湖) 2)有球无星:地球，月亮用the;行星不用the:?mars,venus; 3)有山无峰:the?huangshan?mountains(黄山);mount?everest(珠穆朗玛峰); mount(or?mt.)?tai(泰山). 4)有独无欧(偶):独一无二的，the?earth,the?moon,the?sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the. europe,africa,asia,north?america,south?america,antarctica,oceania 5)有(足)族无球(运动):种族用the:the?indians(印第安人);球类运动 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole baseball,basketball 6)有文无章:历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the the?constitution(宪法);?chapter?one 7)学而不专:学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; the?university?of?fudan;?fudan?university? 第三章??介词 一、定义 介词preposition缩写prep.，又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。 二、介词的用法 1、表示时间的(at?、on、in、at、before?,after、by、?until、through、from、since、within) (1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。? ????at?noon在午时????????at?night在夜间????at?present目前 (2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 时，一律用)??????????????????on?sunday在星期天????on?sunday?morning?在星期天的上午?? on?march?8??在3月8日 (3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。? in?1999??在1999年??????in?november??在11月份?????? in?summer????在夏季??????in?the?afternoon在下午 过„„后(未来时间) ????i?think?he?will?be?back?in?an?hour?.我想他一小时后就会回来。 i?heard?that?she?would?be?back?in?a?month.我听说她一个月后回来的。 (4)before:在„„之前 ??wei?hua?got?up?before?7?o’clock?this?morning?.今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。 (5)after:在„„之后 ??after?that?,no?noe?should?ever?kill?a?seagull?.??从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。 (6)by:在„„前(时间)，截止(到)„„ ??by?the?time?i?arrived?,she?had?already?gone?. check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole ??在我到达之前，她已经走了。 (7)for:达„„之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。 florence?often?worked?for?twenty-four?hours?without?rest?.? ????弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。 (8)during:在„„期间 ??during?the?lifetime?of?one?man?,north?america?and?europe??will?more?further?apart?by?nearly?two?metres?. 在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。 (9)through:一直„„(从开始到结束) ????he?,who?led?the?united?states?through?these?years?,was?shot??on?april?14,?1865?,at?a?theater?in?washington? ??领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole (10)from:从„„起(时间) ????the?worders?were?made?to?work?from?7?in?the?morning?to?7?in?the?evening?.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。 (11)since:自从„„以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续) ??since?that?time?,my?eyes?had?never?been?very?good.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。 (12)within:不„„超过的范围 ??he?will?arrive?within?an?hour?.他一小时内就人到。 2、表示地点(at、in、on?、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in?front?of、behind、in?、into、out?of、along、across、,through、 to、for、from) (1)????????at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所) ??at?school上学????at?home在家??at?320?xinfu?district?在新抚区320号 ??at?the?station?在火车站?? (2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所) ??she?will?arrive?in?shanghai?at?ten?.10点她将到达上海。 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole (3)表示地点方向的on?,under?,over?,above?,below ?on:在„„上面，有接触面 ??on?the?table?在桌子上面 ?above:在„„上方 ??sometimes?juliana?could?hear?planes?above?the?trees. ??有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。 ?over:在„„正上方，是under的反义词 ??over?these?tombs?,they?built?pyramids?.在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。 ?under:在„„下面，在„„之内 the?twin?sisters?put?the?basket?under?the?tree?.这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。 ?below:在„„下方，(不一定是正下方) three?thousand?metres?below?her?,she?could?see?nothing?except?the?thick?jungle?. 3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。 (4)near?,by ?near:近的，不远的(=not?far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间，in?the?near?future在不远的将来。 ??green’s?lake?was?a?small?lake?near?his?home?.格林湖是他家附check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 近的一个小湖。 ?by:在„„旁边，比的距离要近 juliana?walked?by?the?side?of?the?river?for?six?more?long?days?. 朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。 (5)between?,among?,around ?between:在两者之间 ??the?differences?between?american?english?and?british?english?are?not?very?great?.美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。 ?among:在三者或者更多的之中 there?are?some?american?students?among?us?.在我们中间有几个美国学校。 ?around:环绕，在„..的周围，在„„的四周 ??they?arrived?at?a?valley?with?high?mountains?all?around?it?. 他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷 (6)in?front?of?,behind ?in?front?of?:在„„的前面 ??there?is?a?car?in?front?of?the?house?.房子前面有一辆小汽车。 ?behind?:在„..后边 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole are?there?any?cows?behind?the?house??房子后面有一些牛吗, (7)in?,into?,out?of? ?in:在„..之内，用于表示静止的位置? ??there?are?four?girls?in?the?room.房间里有4个女孩。 ?into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come?,go?,walk?,jump?,run.. ??she?took?me?from?the?hall?into?my?classroom?.她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。 (8)along?,across?,through ?along:沿着 ??go?along?zhongshan?road?and?turn?right?at?the?second?crossing?. ??沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。 ?across:横过(平面物体) very?slowly,the?continents?are?moving?across?the?face?of?the?world?. 各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。 ?through:贯通，通过 the?students?walked?through?the?gate?with?uncle?wang?. check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。 (9)to?,for?,from ?到达„„地点(目的地)或方向 ??where’s?jack??he?has?gone?to?london.杰克上哪了,他去伦敦了。 ?for:表示目的，为了„„ do?you?know?what?he?comes?here?for???你知道他为什么来这儿吗, ?from:从„„地点起 ??how?far?is?it?from?london?to?new?york???从伦敦到纽约有多远, 3、表示手段和 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 的介词用 (1)with ?和„„在一起 these?plates?keep?moving?,like?great?ships?,carrying?the?continents?with?them?. 这些板块载着各个大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。 ?具有，带有 a?person?with?good?manners?is?always?kind?and??polite. 有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole ?用某种工具或方法 he?could?swim?with?some?special?swimming?shoes. ????穿着一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。 (2)in:表示用什么材料(例如:墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用in。 what’s?this?in?english.?这个用英语怎么说, (3)by:通过„„方法，手段 what?do?you?mean?by?the?word“island”,?“island”是什么意思 ????i?prefer?traveling?by?train?.我更喜欢乘火车旅行。 4、其他 (1)?of?,?from ?of??属于)„„的，表示„..的数量或种类 ??it?was?beginning?of?the?term?.这是学期开始的时候。 ?from:来自(某地，某人)，以„.起始 ??she?is?a?lady?from?canada?.她是一位加拿大的女士。 (2)without?,like?,as ?without?:没有，是with的反义词 she?often?worked?for?twenty-four?without?rest?.她通常工作24小时check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 而不休息。 ?like:像„„一样?? like?many?children?of?her?age?,ding?fang?is?a?young?pioneer?. 像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。 ?as:作为 they?are?carrying?us?as?passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。 (3)against:反对。靠着 ????everyone?tried?to?fight?against?the?locusts?.所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。 ???? (4)?about:? ?????????关于，各处，四周 nightingale?wrote?a?book?about?nursing?.南丁格尔写了一部关于 护理 卵巢癌的护理查房优质护理服务内容doc优质护理服务内容肺癌的护理常规消毒供应室优质护理 方面的书。 ?????????询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议? what?about?your?family???你家里人怎么样, 口??诀 口诀1:年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at，黎明用它也不借。?at也在时分前，说“差”用to，说“过”要用part。 口诀2:??in在„„里，??out在„„外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by?。?on在„„上， ??????under在„„下，??above在上头，??below在底下。 口诀3:?this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。?over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。'?beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。 口诀4:before、after表一点,?ago、later表一段。?before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。? since以来during间，since时态多变换。?与之相比beside，除了last?but?one。? 口诀5: ?早、午、晚要用in??例:in?the?morning?在早上 in?the?afternoon?在下午 check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole in?the?evening?在晚上 in?the?day?在白天 ?黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例:?at?dawn,?at?daybreak?在黎明时候 at?noon?在中午 at?night?在夜间 at?midnight?在午夜 at?six?o'clock?在6点钟 at?7:30?(seven?thirty)?在7点半 at?half?past?eleven?在11点半 at?nine?fifteen?在9点15分????? at?ten?thirty?a.m.?在上午10点30分 at?the?weekend?在周末 ?年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 例;in?1986?在1986年 in?1927?在1927年 in?april?在四月 in?march?在三月 in?december?1986?1986年12月 in?july?l983?1983年7月 in?spring?在春季?in?summer?在夏季 in?autumn?在秋季?in?winter?在冬季 in?the?fist?week?of?this?semester?这学期的第一周 in?the?third?week?在第三周 ?阳光、灯、影、衣、冒?雨用in，在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。 例:don't?read?in?dim?light.?切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 they?arecheck all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole ?reviewing?their?lessons?in?the?bright?light.???他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 they?are?sitting?in?the?shade?of?a?tree.?他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he?went?in?the?rain?to?meet?me?at?the?station.?他冒雨到车站去接我。in?the?bright?sunlight?在明亮的阳光下?the?woman?in?white??穿着白色衣服的妇女 ??将来时态in...以后??例:?they?will?come?back?in?10?days.?他们将10天以后回来。 ??i'll?come?round?in?a?day?or?two.?我一两天就回来。?we'll?be?back?in?no?time.?我们一会儿就回来。 come?and?see?me?in?two?days'?time.?两天后来看我。(从现在开始)? after...?(从过去开始)? ?小处at大处in? ??i'm?in?liaoning,?at?anshan.?我住在辽宁省鞍山市(? 有形with无形by，语言?、单位、材料in? ?? ?例:the?workers?are?paving?a?road?with?stone.?工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)? ???? the?teacher?is?correcting?the?paper?with?a?new?pen.? ????????这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)? ?? "taking?tiger?mountain?by?strategy"?is?a?good?opera.? ????????<<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole ???? the?product?is?separated?by?distilation?into?gasoline?and?gas?oil.?这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。?(表示方式、手段、方法--无形)? ?? i?really?can't?express?my?idea?in?english?freely?in-deed(? 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。?(表示某种语言用in)? the?kilometer?is?the?biggest?unit?of?length?in?the?metric?system(? 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。?(表示度、量、衡单位的用in?)? ????this?board?was?cast?in?bronze?not?in?gold.?这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。? ?特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in? ????特征或状态:? ????they?found?the?patient?in?a?coma.?他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。? ????he?has?not?been?in?good?health?for?some?years.?他几年来身体一直不好。? ????the?house?was?in?ruins.?这房屋成了废墟。? ????her?clothes?were?in?rags.?她的衣跟穿破了。? 还有一些心理短语也用in，如:?in?jest?诙谐地，in?joke?开玩笑地，in?spite?恶意地，?in?fairness?公正地，in??revenge?报复,?in?mercy?宽大，in?sorrow?伤心地等。 ?介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。? 介词at和to都可以表示方向;?用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole 往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。 she?came?at?me.?她向我扑过来。? ??????she?came?to?me.?她向我走过来。? ??????he?shouted?at?the?old?man.?他大声喝斥那老人。? ??????he?shouted?to?the?old?man.?他大声向那老人说? ??????she?talked?at?you?just?now.?她刚才还说你坏话呢。? ??????she?talked?to?you?just?now.?她刚才还同你谈话呢.? ??????she?threw?a?bone?at?the?dog.?她用一块骨头砸狗。? she?threw?a?bone?to?the?dog.?她把一块骨头扔给狗吃? check all wire the exact key inventory rotation and position wire. 4. basic operation: (1) familiar with the drawing process is the understanding of the whole project, prior to construction of the construction drawings. A comprehensive understanding, clarify the dominant size of the entire location, close position size, rotation, close approach, and the architectural style, and have a clear understanding of the whole