完全免费__CAD教程下载
完全免费第一章 简 介
CAD即计算机辅助设计(Computer Aided Design)的英文缩写。是目前国内最流行的辅助制图软件系统，广泛应用于土木建筑、装饰装潢、城市规划、园林设计、电子电路、
机械设计
机械设计简历机械设计简历机械设计简历机械设计简历机械设计简历
、服装鞋帽、航空航天、轻工化工等诸多领域。
在效果图应用中，CAD的作用主要在于精确制图。一是平面的参考，因为在很多园林景观效果图中，无法用3D来绘制精确的地形，一般的作法是将CAD绘制好的图导入3DMAX中作为参照;二是绘制复杂图形，在制作效果图的过程中遇到较为复杂、或者要求精确的图形在3D中难以完成，就要使用CAD来帮忙;三是部分模型库的使用，CAD的大量专业应用模块和软件决定了在某个领域和方面有其快捷和方便的特性，不客观对待也是不对的。
另外，工人们是难以根据效果图来施工的，因为效果图只制作可见部分，看不到的部分不做出来;绘制好的模型也无法测量出其精确尺寸。所以许多客户会要求在绘制效果图的同时也出一份施工图，包括平、立面图、剖面图、天花图、电路图、灯位图、局部大样图等等。这就要求我们有较强的识图以及绘图能力，如果连基本的平、立面图、剖面图都看不懂的话，就无法根据图纸进行精确的效果图制作，更别说反过来根据做好的效果图绘制施工图。
第二章 二维图形绘制的基本方法
2.1 直线的绘制
直线是图形中最常见、最简单的实体。命令是“Line”，或输入“L”按钮
是 ，菜单位置是[绘图] > [直线]。
?提示1:CAD的命令都可以从三个地方来操作:工具按钮、菜单命令、命令行命令，快捷键命令，基本上没有太大差别，取最方便者。在学习CAD中也要将命令的英文和快捷键记下来。
?提示2:用ESC键中断命令，用空格键确定、完成命令，等于Enter键，等于右键结束。
?提示3:CAD是一个基于命令式的软件，也就是说基本上都是由单独的命令和参数来完成某个工作的，只有单词，不需语法。一般不像3D需要多个命令交叉使用。
执行命令后，CAD的提示及操作如下: (看提示)
? 指? 定第一点:输入第一点坐标? 后按空格键结束，? 或在窗口拾取一点。
? 指? 定下一点[或放弃(U)]:输入第二点坐标? 后按空格键结束，? 或拾取一点。
? 指? 定下一点[或放弃(U)]:如果只想绘制一条直线，? 就直接按空格键结束操作。如果想绘制多条直线，? 可在该提示符下继续输入第三点的坐标? 值。如果想撤消前一步操作，? 输入“U”，? 空格，? 取消上一步操作。
? 指? 定下一点[或闭合(C)/放弃(U)]:如果要绘制一个闭合的图形，? 就需要在该提示符下直接输入“C”，? 将最后确定的一点与最初的起点连成一条闭合的图形。如果想撤消前一步操作，? 输入“U”取消上一步操作。
中括号表示可选项，小括号里是命令，/表示“或”。如何结束画线命令呢,空格，或者Enter，或者右键确认。
?提示1:学习看提示，我们现在使用的是中文版本的CAD2004，最大的好处是真正的中文化，所有的命令都有提示出现，很多情况下，大家按照提示去做就可以了。
?提示2:要结束命令时，可按空格键或Enter键来确定命令的执行。也可以单击鼠标右键，在弹出的菜单里选“确认”。
?提示3:要取消一个命令的执行，可在命令执行过程中按Esc键;使用Esc键还可以取消当前的对话框。
画精确的线，坐标系
下面我们先讲解进行计算机绘图的一个重要概念——CAD的坐标系统。
1.6 坐标系统
在使用CAD进行设计制图时，我们要告诉电脑把图形放到哪里，画多大。那么如何确定平面上某个点的位置，如何对图形进行表达和定位呢,这就必须涉及到坐标系和坐标的概念。它有三个垂直正交的坐标轴:X、Y、Z轴，其交点即为坐标原点。默认情况下，绘图窗口显示的是XOY平面，原点位于绘图窗口的左下角。也就是说，X轴位于窗口的底边水平向右，Y四位于窗口左边垂直向上，Z轴则是垂直绘图窗口向外，在三维视图中相当于顶视图。
绝对坐标 二维坐标 (x，y)
平面坐标系 极坐标 (d
:确定一个圆的中心点后，输入一个数值或指定一段距离。
? 圆心，? 直径画圆
指定圆的直径<默认值>:输入一个数值或指定一段距离。 ? 三点(3P)画圆
指定圆上的第一点:指定一点。
指定圆上的第二点:指定一点。
指定圆上的第三点:指定一点。
范例:三点定圆(范例“001直线的绘制”)
? 两点(2P)画圆
指定圆直径的第一个端点:在绘图区中指定一点。 指定圆直径的第一个端点:在绘图区中指定一点。 两点定圆必是该圆直径的两个端点。
? 相切，? 相切，? 半径画圆
指定对象与圆的第一个切点:捕捉一点。
指定对象与圆的第一个切点:捕捉一点。
指定圆的半径<默认值>:输入一个数值或指定一段距离。
切点的位置不唯一，若方向反了，可改变切点的位置再试试。 尽量不要点选在线条杂乱的地方。
(如范例“002圆的绘制”)
CAD的绘图命令是基于几何参数的，所以我们要根据自己已知的几何参数去找可用的命令套用即可。
2.3 圆弧的绘制
菜单位置是[绘图] > [圆弧]，有关圆弧的基本要素参看图“02有关圆弧的基本要素”。画弧有十种方法，默认情况下是以三点画圆弧，如果在激活了其他选项，则相应的提示如下:
? 圆心
指定圆弧的圆心:指定一点作为圆弧的圆心点。
? 终点
指定圆弧的终点:指定一点作为圆弧的终点。
? 长度
指定弦长:输入一个数值或指定一段距离作为圆弧的弦。 ? 角度
指定包含角:指定一个角度作为圆弧的包含角。
? 方向
指定圆弧的起点切向:指定一个方向。
? 半径
指定圆弧半径:输入一个数值或指定一段距离。
(如图“002有关圆弧的基本要素”)
范例:003绘制一个单开门的平面图
用直线命令绘制左墙体(100厚)。
用直线命令绘制右墙体。先点直线按钮，再点“捕捉自”按钮，用鼠标单击目标点，接着输入“@800,0”……
用直线命令绘制门(800x400)。
用圆弧命令，先捕捉门的右上角，再捕捉右墙体的中点，最后点击右墙体的左下角结束。
2.4 矩形的绘制
发出[直线]命令后，命令行的提示及操作如下:
指定第一个角点或[倒角(C)/标高(E)/圆角(F)/厚度(T)/宽度(W)]:确定矩形第一个角的坐标，或者选择一个选项。
指定另一个角点或 [尺寸(D)]:确定第矩形第一个角点对角点的坐标或输入矩形的尺寸。
这里我们只讲解二维绘图的相关提示。
? [倒角]
指定矩形的第一个倒角距离 <100.00>:指定第一个倒角距离或按空格键接受默认值。
指定矩形的第二个倒角距离 <100.00>:指定第二个倒角距离或按空格键接受默认值。
? [圆角]
圆角是指矩开的四个角呈圆形。在发出绘制矩形命令后，输入F选择该项，命令行提示“指定矩形的圆角半径 <100.00>:” 输入一个值或按空格键接受默认值。
若倒圆角半径是7，矩形的短边要大于7才有圆角出现。 设置后再画的圆会有半径是7的圆角，因为有一个“当前矩形模式”，要输入F把半径设为零才能去掉这个圆角的设置。
? [宽度]
用于控制矩形边框的宽度。发出绘制矩形命令后，输入W选择该项，此时命令行提示“指定矩形的线宽 <0.00>:”输入一个数值，确定矩形的线宽。
范例见“003矩形的绘制”，可用相对坐标(@65，40)也可用矩形的尺寸设置，使用相对坐标比较好控制。
范例:004 矩形的绘制
2.5 样条曲线的绘制
样条曲线是曲线中较为特殊的造型，相当天后工绘图的软尺或曲线板工具，通过定位几个点去拟合一条曲线。
发出该命令后，命令行的提示及操作如下:
指定第一个点或[对象(O)]:拾取一点。
指定下一点:拾取第二点。
指定下一点或[闭合(C)/拟合公差(F)]<起点切向>:拾取第三点或输入一个选项。
若要结束样条曲线的绘制，可直接确定(按空格键，或在单击右键选“确
定”)，结束拾取点，激活<起点切向>,此时光标跳至起点，可以输入一个角度，或者在窗口中拾取一点(此时起点至光标拾取点的连线的角度方向即为起点的切线方向)。接着又激活了<端点切向>,此时光标跳至终点，可以输入一个角度，或拾取一点，定义终点的切线方向。 第三章 辅助绘图功能
3.1 设置图形单位
[格式] > [单位]。
在该对话框中，可以在[长度]选项组中选择当前图形文件的长度单位和精度;在角度选项组中选择角度的单位、精度以及正方向;在[设计中心块的图形单位]选项组中可以选择将插入对象插入当前图形文件时所用的单位。
在[角度]选项组下方，有一个[顺时针]复选项，如果选取中该选项，将以顺时针方向为正，默认逆时针方面为正。
在[图形单位]对话框的下部，有一个“方向”按钮，单击它可以打开[方向控制]对话框。我们可以在该对话框中选择角度测量的起始位置。系统默认水平向右为角度测量的起始位置。
3.2导航系统
辅助绘图功能是协助做图的一系列功能，目的就是帮助我们更快更好地绘图。
实时平移:右键[退出]，也可按住鼠标中键平移。
在平移时，右键中还有[窗口缩放]即以框选的区域缩放;[缩放为原窗口]是回到上一次的缩放;[范围缩放]相当于3D中的充满，也可以通过
双击鼠标中键来实现。
在第三个按钮的下拉菜单中，也有这几个功能，另外还有一个加减缩放，滚动鼠标中键也可达到此效果。加减缩放的好处在于当图形无法缩放时，可用加减缩放无限制地缩放。
当然，还可输入“Z”，Enter后，以窗口方式缩放。此命令是“透明命令”，也就是说可以在其他命令正在运行时使用“Z”命令进行缩放。 平时简单的缩放以鼠标控制即可。按住中键平移，z键区域缩放，双击中键充满。
3.3选择对象
? 点选:默认就是点选，? 可以累加选择。在操作过程中选错了对象，? 可输入“r”减选择，? 输入“a”加选择。(必须在命令操作中才能使用。)
? 左框选:只有包含住物体才能选中。
? 右框选:只要碰到对象即可选择。
3.4使用绘图辅助工具精确定位点
3.4.1对象捕捉
通过定制和使用对象捕捉功能，十字光标可以被子强制性地准确定位在已存在对象实体的特征点或特定位置上，从而保证上了绘图的精确度，既精确又方便。
在任何需要点的时候都可以使用捕捉，也可以找开自动捕捉系统，快捷键是F3，或者在状态栏中捕捉按钮单击右键，可以关闭和设置自动捕捉的项目。
中点、端点、切点等不必多讲，有几个要讲一下，如: ? 象限点(或称为四分点):对于圆、圆弧是捕捉0o、90o、180o、270o上的点，? 即捕捉X、Y方向上的点，? 和坐标? 系相关;对于椭圆则是捕捉长、短轴上的四个点，? 和坐标? 系方向无关; ? 延伸点:用于捕捉对象延伸线上的点，? 用于直线、圆弧等有确定延伸方向的对象。
? 平行点:
范例:不用编辑命令，使用LINE和捕捉绘制一个任意的平行四边形。 3.4.2极轴追踪
极轴追踪就是把某些常用方向设为参考方向，可以在光标靠近这些方向时自动追踪距离和角度。比如在一张图里经常用到30o角，我们就用极轴自动锁定这个角。
快捷键F10。或者在状态栏中[极轴追踪]上单击右键，弹出对话框中设置增量角。增量角就是每隔多少度就锁定一条线。在[增量角]下拉列表框中选取一个角度。如果没有想要的角度，可直接在编辑框中输入，光标将以你设定的角度值的倍数进行追踪。
? [对象捕捉追踪设置]如下:
[仅正交追踪]:仅显示已获得的对象捕捉点的正交(水平的/垂直的)对象捕捉路径。
[用所有极轴角设置追踪]:当指定点时，对已获得的对象捕捉点允许光标沿任何极轴角度路径进行追踪。
? [极轴测量单位]设置如下:
[绝对]:根据当前用户坐标系确定极轴测量的角度。
[相对上一段]:单击该按钮，根据最后创建的对象确定极轴追踪角度。 有了极轴追踪，可用光标作引导，直接输入距离。
3.4.3对象追踪
就是CAD可以自动跟踪记忆同一命令操作中光标所经过的捕捉点，从而以其中某一捕捉点的X或Y坐标控制所需要选的定位点。快捷键F11。
范例:不用辅助线，找矩形的中心点(捕捉长短边的中点，交点即为中心点)
范例:画“凹”、“凸”字形的图形。
第四章 二维基本建筑图形的绘制
4.1 使用多线绘制墙体和窗体的平面图
4.1.1 多线的绘制
[多线]命令是一种多条平行线构成的线，它可以是开放的，也可以是封闭的，在建筑设计制图中，我们经常使用[多线]命令直接生成墙体和窗体。
通常，我们在使用多线绘制图形前，往往根据需要改变系统默认的STANDARDSU样式(标准样式)，在绘制新类型的多线前，要先对其进行设置。
4.1.2 多线的设置方法
[格式]>[多线样式]，命令“Mutiline”，或者输入“ml”,弹出多线样式对
话框。
如果要绘制一种新的多线样式，首先起一个新的样式名(简单易记最好，千万不要起afdfywry这样的名字)，点“添加”，再点“元素特性”。偏移正负0.5是指有两根线，从中线开始，一根向上偏移0.5，一根向下偏移0.5，总宽度1。
可以添加一根0，表示就在中线上，现在有三根线，分别是0.5 0 -0.5
依次类推，可以生成多种多线样式。
发出该命令后:
? 样式
输入样式名，再选择对正方式。
? 对正
(如图003 三种对正样式)
? 比例
指的是将多线宽度放大的比例，多线的总宽度=定义宽度X比例 正负0.5不要改动，因为其比例为1时，比例就是宽度。 4.1.3编辑多线
[修改] > [对象] > [多线]，或输入“mledit”。
对话框中第一列处理十字交叉的多线，第二列处理T形交叉(一定是要交叉)的多线，第三列处理角点结合和顶点，第四列处理多线的剪切或接合。
只需记住“十字打开”、“T型打开”和“拐角”三个常用命令。 范例:007用多线绘制一个房间墙体和窗体的平面图。
绘制房间的墙体
在多线样式中新建一个“墙体”,在多线特性中封闭起点和端点。 绘制房间的窗体
在多线样式中新建一个“窗体”,在元素特性中添加正负0.25两根线，不封口。
4.2绘制一个地花图案
范例:008绘制一个地花图案
步骤如下:
画圆
定数等分
命令:_divide
选择要定数等分的对象:
输入线段数目或 [块(B)]:
? 块
是否对齐块和对象,[是(Y)/否(N)] :如果输入Y，块将围绕它的插入点旋转，这样它的水平线就会与被定数等分的对象对齐并相切;如果输入N，块总是以零度旋转角插入。
输入线段数目: 输入要等分成的段数并按Enter键，对象按指定的数目用块作标记被等分。
定义图块后面会讲
点样式设置
[格式] > [点样式]
? 相对于屏幕设置尺寸:按屏幕尺寸的百分比设置点的显示大小。当显示缩放时，? 点的大小并不? 改变。
? 用绝对单位设置尺寸:按在“点大小”中指? 定的实际单位设置点的大小。当执行显示缩放时，? 显示出的大小随之改变。 连接点
修改点样式，隐藏点
填充图案
4.3填充图案
[绘图] > [图案填充]，命令“Hatch”/“Bhatch”，或输入“H”/“BH”。 对话框中的设置如下:
? [类型]:有三种类型。
预定义:使用系统预先定义的图案。
用户定义:定义平行线图案，可设置平等线的角度和间距，选中“双向”，可使平行线交叉。
自定义:在二次开发中定制图案。
? [图案]/[样例]:选择图案。
? [角度]:直接输入数字确定填充图案的旋转角度。 ? [比例]:确定图案的大小。
? 确定填充区域:
? [拾取点]:在封闭区域内拾取一点，? 程序自动寻找该区域的边界，? 确定填充区域。
? [选择对象]:通过一一选择封闭区域边界的对象，? 确定填充
区域的边界。
常用“选择对象”，因为“拾取点”常常会在长时间等待后却找不到合适边界。可新建图层，用Pline多段线人工选取边界，填充后将其隐藏。 ?高级
?渐变色
第五章 二维图形编辑的基本方法
5.1移动对象
命令“move”,或输入“M”。
选择对象:
选择对象: 继续选择，或者结束选择。
指定基点或位移: 如果知道移动的X和Y位移值，直接输入X，Y作为X和Y方向移动的位移值;也可在指定位移方向后，输入一个数值作为该方向上的移动距离。如果不知道，在窗口拾取一点作为基点。 指定位移的第二点或 <用第一点作位移>:如果在上一步给出了一个绝对坐标X，Y，在此直接Enter，用第一点作位移。如果在上一步拾取一个基点，在此应拾取另外一点或输入一个相对坐标，作为移动的目标点。
5.2复制对象
命令“copy”,或输入“co”。
选择对象:
选择对象: 继续选择或者结束。
选择对象: 指定基点或位移，或者 [重复(M)]:
5.3镜像对象
命令“mirror”，或输入“mi”。
选择对象:
指定镜像线的第一点: 指定镜像线的第二点:选择两个点定一条对称轴。
是否删除源对象,[是(Y)/否(N)] :是否将原始物体删除。 5.4旋转对象
命令“rotate”，或输入“ro”。
选择对象:
指定基点:
指定旋转角度或 [参照(R)]:
5.5缩放对象
命令:“scale”，或输入“sc”。
选择对象:
指定基点:
指定比例因子或 [参照(R)]:
5.6偏移对象
偏移命令是一种特殊的复制命令。对于开放二维线来说，对它们进行偏移就是将这些图形对象复制后，以原位置为基点，按照给定的偏移距离将复制后的新图形平移到某一个指定的位置;对于闭合图形来说，对它们进行偏移就是对这些图形对象复制，并将新图形以原位置的中
心点为基点，按照给定的偏移距离进行一定的收缩或扩大。 命令“offset”，或输入“o”。
选择对象:
指定偏移距离或 [通过(T)] <10.0000>: 输入一个数值来确定偏移的距
离或者输入T激活(通过)选项。
选择要偏移的对象或 <退出>:
指定点以确定偏移所在一侧:
5.7阵列对象
分为矩形阵列和环形阵列。命令“array”，或输入“ar”。 5.7.1矩形阵列
对话框设置如下:
输入行数;
输入列数;
输入偏移距离和方向:行偏移、列偏移、阵列角度; 选取对象;
预览;
接受或者修改。
?提示1:很多命令都可以使用对话框和命令行操作，若要取消对话框
只使用命令行，就在命令前加-(减号)。
5.7.1环形阵列
自己试试看
5.8裁剪对象
命令“trim”，或输入“tr”。
当前设置:投影=UCS，边=无
选择剪切边... 选择以哪条边为裁剪界线，可以什么都不选，表示以全部物体为界。
选择对象: 找到 1 个
选择对象: 继续选择边界，若无，Enter结束。
选择要修剪的对象，或按住 Shift 键选择要延伸的对象，或 [投影(P)/边(E)/放弃(U)]:延伸命令与其相同。
某边为“刀”，将别的物体裁掉;“刀”也可以被裁。
?提示:3D中的裁剪是主谓式操作，即先选中对象，再执行命令;而CAD则是动宾式操作，即先选命令，按提示进行选择。 5.9延伸对象
命令: ex EXTEND
5.10断开对象
命令:br Break
选择对象:
指定第二个打断点或 [第一点(F)]: f
指定第一个打断点:
指定第二个打断点:
?提示:如果要将一个对象拆分为二而不删除其中的任何部分，可以将同一点指定为第一断点和第二断点(指定第二断点时输入相对坐标符号@， 然后Enter结束)。
5.11炸开对象
将组成整体的块、多线等复合元素炸开成单独元素。 命令: x EXPLODE
?提示:对象一旦被分解后便无法复原，因此要慎重。特别是填充图
案、尺寸标注等一般不应分解。
5.12 拉伸对象
将物体弹性处理，使物体被选中部分拉长或缩短。 命令: s STRETCH
以交叉窗口或交叉多边形选择要拉伸的对象... 选择对象:
指定对角点: 找到 1 个
选择对象: 拉伸只能最后一次交叉窗口选择有效。 指定基点或位移:
指定位移的第二个点或 <用第一个点作位移>: 5.13倒角
5.13.1 倒斜角
命令: cha CHAMFER
(“修剪”模式) 当前倒角距离 1 = 10.0000，距离 2 = 10.0000:显示当前
倒角信息。
选择第一条直线或 [多段线(P)/距离(D)/角度(A)/修剪(T)/方式(M)/多个
(U)]:
[距离]:
[角度]:
[修剪]:
[多个]:多次选择产生多个倒角。
[多段线]:选择一条多段线后，该二维多段线的所有角点全部创建倒角。 范例:009倒角
5.13.2 倒圆角
两个圆也可以倒圆角
?提示1:注意发命令后的设置，如果需要修改圆角或斜角的参数要先设置，设置完毕后
?提示2:采用0距离的倒角可以快速修整边界。
5.14非命令编辑
比如偏移后，发现某根线短了，可以点中其端点拉扯;移动(线的中点、圆的圆心);改圆的大小，等等。缺点是不准确，可用于摆放家具、文字等不需要准确摆放的物体。
第六章 图 层
6.1设置所绘图形的图层
在CAD绘图中，图层相当于一张张透明图纸，我们可以分别在不同的透明纸(图层)上绘制不同的图形实体，然后将这些透明纸叠加起来，得到最终的复杂图形。在CAD绘图中，图层是最有得的工具之一，它对于图形文件中各类实体的分类管理和综合控制具有得要意义。因此任何图纸一开始都需要设计和分层。
如何分层、分色,
CAD允许我们根据需要建立无限多个图层，并为每一个图层设置相应的名称、颜色、线型等。图层的创建与设置通过[图层特性管理器]对话框来进行。直接按[图层特性管理器]的按钮，或者[格式] > [图层]。 系统默认有一个“0层”，在尺寸标注过程中还会产生一个“定义点层”，这两个图层是系统默认产生的，不能删除，建议不要在这两个层上操作和绘图。
如何分层呢,目前没有国家统一标准，不同的公司会有不同的
规范
编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载
。一般分层
方案
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如下:
? 按照图形的功能分层:如轴线、墙线、门窗、家具、标? 注、注释等。
? 按照打印的线宽线型分层:粗线细线分开，? 实线虚线分开。 ? 按照显示和操作的速度分开:文字、填充、复? 杂形体单独分层，? 可将其冻结隐藏，? 加快速度。
层的颜色:给层分颜色有两个目的，一是绘图中的清晰明确，二是将来打印出图时容易区分线宽和线型等需要，所以要给出不同的颜色。颜色的设定没有固定的标准，但有一些大致的规范:
? 尽量使用标? 准色，? 特殊的线宽使用特殊的颜色。 ? 按明度来区分对象:主要的线条用白色和黄色，? 最次要的线条使用深灰色，? 如地花填充物。
? 每次使用的颜色尽量统一。如墙体用白色，? 窗用品红，? 门用蓝色，? 标? 注用黄色。
? 比较能体现物体性质为佳，? 水面用蓝色、草地植? 物用绿色。
6.2图层的相关属性
? 创建新图层
创建新图层时，如果已经在列表中选取定了一个图层，那么新图层将继承选定图层的特性。如果想使用默认设置创建图层，就不要选择列表中的任何一个图层，或在创建新图层前先选择一个具有默认设置的图层。
? 删除
? 设置为当前图层
CAD只能在当前图层上绘图，而且只能有一个当前图层。 ? 打开/关闭图层
当图层关闭时，该图层上的图开是不可见的，不能进行编辑和打印。 ? 冻结/解冻图层
被冻结的图层也是不可见和不可输出的，但是被冻结的图层不参加运算处理，可以加快视窗缩放、视窗平移和许多其他操作的运行速度，增强对象选择的性能并减少复杂图形的重生成时间。建议冻结长时间不用看到的图层。
? 锁定/解锁图层
被锁定的图层是可见的，但是不能编辑
? 改变图层名? 称
先选择图层名称，然后单击式键盘输入新图层名，不可快速双击左键。
? 改变线型
加载 > 设置全局比例因子。全局比例因子的命令是“Itscale” ? 改变线宽
线宽是绝对线宽，即不随着打印比例而改变。
? 打印属性
可控制选定图层是否可打印。关闭图层打印只对图开中的可见图层(图层是打开的并且是解冻的)有效。
某些线条放错了层应该尽快修正:选中对象，直接改到应放置的层。 提示:绘图时，先选择应该操作的图层，再开始。
6.3物体的个体属性
对于第一个具体的线条或者对象(文字、填充、标注等)也有自身的一些参数和特性，我们可以选取中基本一个具体的对象，可以直接在特性工具条上看到这个物体是哪个层，什么颜色，什么线型等，不过一般都是随层(就是和所在层保持一致)，或者在右键中点开“特性”按钮可以查看一这个对象的全部参数和属性。
? 随层:以“随层”设置绘制的对象都将采用所在图层的特性。 ? 随块:如果把对象的颜色特性设置为“随块”，? CAD将以默认的颜色特性绘制新对象，? 直到它们被编组到图块中为止。当对象被编组到图块中时，? 这些对象继承插入图块所在图层的颜色特性设置。
但是整个图形中的个体线条数量庞大，以至于不能过多地强调单独的对象的属性，所以虽然我们要以单独修改某个线的颜色或者线型，但
是强烈建议不要这样做，在CAD中，大家永远记住个体服从全局，个体的修改应跟随整体的修改。
如:“墙线”层是白色
“门”层是蓝色
某个墙线，如果单独改成蓝色，别人也许就认不出这根线的层次了，将会带来识别和修改的混乱。
第七章 图 块
在设计制图中，我们经常会遇到一些需要反复使用的图形，如门窗和家具等。如果建立一些常用符号、部件、标准件的标准库即“图块”，就可以将同样的图块多次插入到图形中，而不必每次都重新创建这些图形元素，从而大大提高制图的效率。类似于3D中的“群组”。 7.1 创建图块
“图块”是将一些线条按照功能组合起来形成单个图形对象的集合。在对图块进行各种操作之前首先要创建图块。
?提示:0图层的块具有插入层的特性，也是就是说0图层的图块会随着插入目标层的属性变化而变化，在其他层创建的块则不行。因此，创建块时最好在0图层上。
[绘图] > [块] > [创建]
命令: -b -BLOCK
输入块名或 [?]: 01 块的名字，应当好记，记不得可用,查询。 块“01”已存在。是否重定义,[是(Y)/否(N)] : y 指定插入基点: 块将来插入时的定位参考点，需要设置特征点。
选择对象: 找到 1 个 选择组成块的元素
选择对象: 完毕后结束。
块“01”已重定义
7.2 插入图块
[插入] > [块]，
命令:-i -insert
输入块名或 [?] <02>: 块的名字
指定插入点或 [比例(S)/X/Y/Z/旋转(R)/预览比例(PS)/PX/PY/PZ/预览旋转(PR)]: 用鼠标指定插入点。
输入 X 比例因子，指定对角点，或 [角点(C)/XYZ] <1>: 5 (X方向上的缩放比例)
输入 Y 比例因子或 <使用 X 比例因子>: 3 (Y方向上的缩放比例) 指定旋转角度 <0>:
7.3 块的编辑
块不能编辑内部元素，可以整体复制、移动、阵列、镜像、删除等，但是不能裁剪、延伸、打断。
?通过重定义块进行关联修改:
在插入很多块后发现块需要修改，此时不必得新做过，可以通过重新定义的方法关联修改全部。
步骤:
插入0层;
炸开，修改;
重新写块，以相同的名称命名，指定相同的插入点。
重定义后，全部相关图块自动全部修改，当然炸开的不算。 ?标准块
标准块就是制作单位尺寸的块，去适应不同比例大小的场合。如图中的门有800宽，也有700宽，600宽，就做一个1000宽的块，输入时改比例为0.8,0.7,0.6即可。
7.4 写块命令生成图形文件
用创建[块]定义的图块只能在图块的当前图形文件中使用，为了使图块还可供其他图形文件插入，CAD提供了[写块]命令，将图块单独以图形文件的形式存盘。可将大量的常用块输出到一个文件夹，注意起好明确的名字和分类。
命令:wblock
?[来源]:
[块]:指定要存为文件的块，从列表中选择其名称。
[全部图形]:将当前图形文件选择为一个块。
[对象]:指定要存为文件的对象。
[基点]:默认值为(0，0，0)
[对象]:将所选对象保留，或转换为块，或在当前图形中删除。 ?[目标]:
[文件名字和路径]
[插入单位]:毫米
图块的跨文件调用还可以这样:[窗口] > [垂直平铺]，用右键拖动图块
到新的图，如果原来就是块，点“复制”;如果原来不是块，点“粘贴成块”。可从“平面图库”中拖出来使用，最好将图库处理为0图层。 7.5 设计中心
如果说物体的“特性”单独管理物体的资料，“块”是管理几个常用的组合线条，“图层”是对一大类图形的管理，那么，“设计中心”则是对于整个图形包括电脑上和网络上的CAD图纸的管理。
设计中心精辟Windows资源管理器很相似，它是一个直观的图形的文件管理工具。可以在CAD文件的文件夹查看文件夹里的CAD文件，双击打开CAD文件可以直接开放这个文件内部的元素，包括各种样式和图层图块，可以直接将其拖放到图中，这样不仅节省了时间，还保证了图形之间的一致性。
按钮是 ，快捷键是Ctrl+2。
打开图库文件目录，预览，找到需要的图块，用左键拖入图形。 打开某个图形文件，可看到标注样式、布局、块、图层、线型等等，事实上，设计中心不仅可以调用图块，还可以调用这些元素。 Ctrl+3，打开“工具板”，有些常用图块，可以打开设计中心，在目录中，把图块左键拖入工具板。(试试)
第八章 标注文字
在CAD中，总有一些图形无法说明的内容和信息，这就需要加注必要的文字注解和尺寸标注。
8.1 创建各种标注文字样式
在进行文字标注之前，首先要定义自己想要的文字样式。我们可以定义字体、字高、文字倾角等参数并赋名保存。
?创建新文本样式
[格式] > [文字样式]，打开对话框。
?设置名称
样式名:新建、重命名、删除
?设置字体
字体名:带@符号的表示文字竖向排列。
字体样式:
高度:输入数值设定固定高度。
?提示:如果在该文本框中指定文字高度，那么每次使用该样式输入文字时，CAD命令行都不再提示输入文字高度;如果不在该文本框中指定文字高度，即文字高度为零，那么每次使用该样式输入文字时，CAD命令行都会提示输入文字高度。建议使用后一种方法。 大字体:只有选中*.shx文体时，才可以使用大字体。 ?设置字体效果
宽度比例:输入值如果小于0.1将压缩文字宽度;输入值如果大于0.1将扩大文字宽度。
倾斜角度:有效值在-85到85之间。
?预览
?确认
?形文字体
CAD中有两种字体形式，在“字体名”中可看到，一种是T开头的，是windows自带的矢量字体，在别的软件中也能用。如果安装别的字体，如方正字库，也属此类。
另一种是后缀名为*.shx的形文体字体，是CAD自带的，只能在CAD中使用。存放在CAD安装目录中的Fonts目录里。
在文字标注中，会使用多种文字，如中文、西文、符号等，有时会错误显示:
? 错误一:显示成乱码(像日文)
本质:字体不见了。
原因:对方使用的字体在我自己的电脑上没有。
解决一:安装此种字体。拷CAD文件时附带字体文件，将其放入安装目录中的Fonts文件夹里。
解决二:尽量使用windows自带的四大标准字体:宋体、黑体、楷体和仿宋体。
解决三:用自己电脑上现有的字体替代。
? 错误二:显示成问号,
原因一:用西文显示中文，反之出现方框?(如果多换几种字体也改不回来，说明字体已丢失)。
原因二:用了全角符号。
? 错误三:显示成方框?
CAD提供了两种创建文字的方法:多行文字和单行文字。单行文字也可以输入多行文字，但每一行都是独立的对象;多行文字则易于编辑
较长、较为复杂、不同字体、字号的文字;炸开后为单行文本。区别在于单行文字要先设置样式再输入文字;多行文字先写出文字再编辑。 8.2 单行文字标注
[绘图] > [单行文字]，
命令: '_style
命令: dt TEXT
当前文字样式: 宋体 当前文字高度: 2.5000
指定文字的起点或 [对正(J)/样式(S)]: s
输入样式名或 [?] <宋体>:
指定文字的起点或 [对正(J)/样式(S)]:j
[对齐(A)/调整(F)/中心(C)/中间(M)/右(R)/左上(TL)/中上(TC)/右上(TR)/左中(ML)/正中(MC)/右中(MR)/左下(BL)/中下(BC)/右下(BR)]: 指定高度 <2.5000>: 100
指定文字的旋转角度 <0>:
输入文字: 输入文字，按一下Enter键继续创建单行文字或连续按两次Enter键结束命令。
范例:010文字标注
8.3 多行文字标注
类似文字软件的排版，可以字距行距。
命令:mt Multiline text
8.4 符号输入
?分数:用多行文本中的堆叠，如:
M2:M2^,选中2^，堆叠。
1/2 :1#2
: 7/9
?“度”(90o):[%%d](多行文字中右键 > [符号]) ?“正负号”:[%%p]
?“直径符号”:[%%c](出现方框，改为西文字体Arail) ?其他符号:(多行文字中右键 > [符号] > [其他]，调出windows自带的“字符映射表”，选定>自制>粘贴。)
?提示:同一符号，不同字体，会有不同的显示。 8.5编辑修改文字标注
?大量同类的文字可输入一个后，复制，再修改。也可用匹配刷快速修改。(看提示)
?修改命令: ed DDEDIT(可用于查看问号)
?使用[特性]管理器编辑文字
快捷键:Ctrl+1
第九章 尺寸标注
尺寸标注是一种通用的图形注释，可以显示图形对象的测量值，能准确无误在反映物体的武装大小和相互位置关系。 标注并不难，难在要标注得规范。不同行业有不同的规范。 ?提示:对于标注，最好新建一个层。
9.1尺寸标注组成
(范例011尺寸标注)
? 尺寸文字
表明实际测量值，可用文字或符号表示。
? 尺寸线
表明标注的范围。如果空间不足，CAD将尺寸线或文字移到测量区域的外部。对于角度标注，尺寸线是一段圆弧。
? 尺寸箭头
CAD提供了多种形式的箭头符号以供选择，也可以创建自定义符号。 ? 尺寸界线
从被标注的对象延伸到尺寸线。
? 尺寸原点
表示尺寸标注时尺寸测量的起始点。
? 起点偏移量
从尺寸原点到尺寸界线端点的距离。
? 超出尺寸线
尺寸界线超出箭头的部分。
9.2 创建与编辑尺寸标注样式
与标注文字一样，进行尺寸标注也要首先根据绘图界限和绘图尺寸大小、根据不同图纸的需要来设置多种标注样式。
[格式] >[标注样式]，打开[标注样式管理器]。默认为ISO-25。“新建”，打开“创建新标注样式”对话框，命名 > 用于 > 继续。
以“建筑标注”为例，[直线和箭头]中的箭头设为“建筑标记”;[文字]设为宋体，置于尺寸线上方，水平置中，与尺寸线对齐。 [主单位]中可设置[单位格式]和[精度]。建筑标注没有单位。还可以设置前后缀，输入符号，如在前缀中输入“%%P”为正负号，输入“%%C”为直径符号;在后缀中输入“%%d”为度数符号。
设置好后，一定要点“置为当前”。
[调整]:使用全局比例是指全部放大，全部缩小。当标注太小，不只是文字小，箭头也小，首先调整全局比例，如果觉得还不合适，再调文字、箭头、偏移大小……
[公差]:机械行业使用。
?提示:最好不要炸开，否则不能用样式管理。
9.3基本标注、效率标注和引线标注
?六种基本标注方法:线性标注(用于标注水平和垂直间距)、对齐标注、坐标标注、半径标注、直径标注、角度标注。
?另外还有三种效率标注:快速标注、基线标注和连续标注。 快速标注:先作辅助线再标注。
基线标注:从上一个或选定标注的基线处创建线性、角度或坐标标注。 连续标注:可以创建一系列连续的线性、对齐、角度或坐标标注。 ?引线标注
设置:直线或样条曲线
附着:最后一行加下划线
9.4尺寸标注的编辑与修改
?编辑标注:修改文字内容。选中后“新建N”，弹出对话框，<>表示文字内容，全选中即可修改;如果想增加符号，就在<>的前后加 代码即可。用命令“ed”也可以。
?编辑标注内容:修改标注文字的位置。
?使用[特性]管理器修改尺寸标注
选中物体后，鼠标右键最下行“特性”，快捷键是“Ctrl+1”。 第十章 快速输出
CAD打印有三种形式:标准打印、快速打印和虚拟打印。标准打印太复杂，先讲快速打印。
10.1快速打印
快速打印就是直接从模型空间打印输出，不用布局。 先画图框，确定打印范围，图框的比例根据出图的图纸比例，如A4(210x297毫米)，A3(420x297毫米)。A4的1:100不够大，就用了1:200。
[文件] > [打印]，
打印机:检查[打印设备]，惠普(HP);
打印纸:[打印设置]，选A4纸，A4纸有很多种，选一个标准尺寸(ISO A4 210x297 毫米),
打印方向:横向，
打印比例:1毫米=200单位(1:200);
打印偏移:居中打印;
完全预览。
打印样式表，为了确定出图的颜色、线宽、线型等，如出图要求为黑白两色，而不是彩色。
[文件] > [打印]，[打印样式表]。
1 起名2
3 新建
4 创建新打印样式表 > 勾选“对当前图形使用此打印样式表”和“对CAD2004以前的图形和新图形使用此打印样式表”(以后也能用) 5 打印样式表编辑器: 选中全部颜色，6 右边选“黑色”(默认时为“使用对象颜色”)。如果不7 做这一步，8 彩色图在黑白打印机上出图为深浅不9 一的黑色，10 不11 规范。“线宽”只能设基本线宽，12 因为在不同13 的打印机上的线宽不14 一样。基本颜色、线宽、线型设置好后，15 再设置特殊的颜色、线宽、线型(如墙线为粗线、轴线为线的点划线)。此时可明显看出制图时为什么要分不同16 的颜色。
预览，检查后打印出图
?提示:平时制图要规范，打印样式只用设置一次，就可以多次使用。 10.2标准打印
制图时要求按照真实尺寸制图。
[开始] > [设置] > [打印机]，添加打印机，惠普(HP)。[文件]> [打印机管理器] >添加打印机向导，选“系统打印机”，下一步，下一步……完成。
先有打印机才有布局，如果换了打印机就要换布局。
[插入] > [布局] > [布局向导]，对话框如下:
[开始]:起名“布局a”
[打印机]:选“惠普(HP)”;
[图纸尺寸]:A4纸;
[方向]:横向;
[标题栏]:无。其他的都是国外的标题栏标准;
[定义视口]:无，为了自定义。什么叫“视口”,一会就知道了。 [拾取位置]:下一步;
[完成]:完成。
完成后进入了“布局a”的布局，所见的纸就是打印纸，虚线框以内是可打印范围，虚线框以外不可打印。
如何把图形往纸上摆呢,是通过[视口]工具条来操作的(在工具栏上右键，打开[视口]工具条)。第二个按钮“单个视口”，用其创建单个矩形视口，每摆一张图就是一个视口;也可用第三个按钮创建“多边形视口”;还可用“对象视口”，如在图中画一个圆，将其转换为视口。 每个视口可单独设置不同的比例:在[视口]工具条上的数据框中输入小数，如1:1000，就输入0.001;1:2000，就输入0.0005。 摆放视口里图的位置:在“辅助工具按钮”上，点一下[线宽]旁边的[图纸]，改为[模型]，就可以平移视口里的图。不可缩放，因为比例值会改变。平移后，再点一下[模型]，改为[图纸]。
在图纸空间里的操作对模型空间没有影响。在不同的视口中进行操作，对别的视口没有影响。
在同一张纸上摆放不同的图。在[模型]空间中，[插入] > [外部参照]。与插入“块”相似，但“外部参照”并没有把图真的放进来，而是像“超级链接”一样链接进来。修改时，也跟着修改。
示范:[插入] > [外部参照]，把插入的图放得离原图远一点。在图纸上指定比例和旋转。插入立面图、立体图后，打开“布局a”，新建视口，在“辅助工具按钮”上，点一下[线宽]旁边的[图纸]，改为[模型]空间，平移，缩放，设置一个大致比例，再转回“图纸”空间。
插入“光栅图像”(如JPG格式的彩色图片)，[插入] > [光栅图像]。 在[图纸]空间里，还可以画图框、会签栏、标题栏，可以输入文字，写设计说明。这时画的图框，输入的文字，在[布局]前的[模型]中，是看不到的。
设置“布局”之后，就不用再做“打印设置”了，只用做“打印样式表”。[文件] > [打印]，新建“打印样式表”，设置打印颜色、线宽、线型。 10.3虚拟打印
一些园林、规划平面图是彩屏图，如何制作彩屏图的线框呢,我们现在在CAD中看到是矢量图，Photoshop里的是位图。怎样把矢量图转换为足够大、精度足够高的位图呢,先来看几张图 插图: 彩屏图 我们是用“虚拟打印”法，有两种方法，方法一如下:
准备工作:删除不需要的、对今后填充有影响的的图形，如填充、地花、石块、文字等。把没封闭的图形封闭起来
准备打印:到打印机管理器里添加一个位图格式的位图打印机。[文件] [打印机管理器] > 添加打印机向导 > 下一步 > 我的电脑 > 生产商
选“光栅文件格式”，型号选“TIF 不压缩”(把CAD图纸通过打印的方式转换为图片)> 一直“下一步” > 在“完成”之前，编辑打印机配置，可以看到图片的大小为1600x1280像素，如果不够大，可以改“自定义图纸尺寸”，因为是虚拟的图片，可任意定义大小。完成后，发现多了一个虚拟打印机“TIF Version 6 (不压缩)”。
[文件] > [打印]:[打印设备]选“TIF Version 6 (不压缩)”;[打印设置]选尺寸;[窗口]在图形上选范围;居中;比例“按图纸空间缩放”;[文件]选路径。
方法二:
1、[文件] > [输出]，文件格式选“封装PS(*.eps)”,矢量格式。 2、打开PS新建一个足够大的白背景图片。
3、[文件] > [置入]，只有一次缩放机会，Enter后就不能再缩放。 4、如果颜色太淡，就连续复制十个八个，再合并图层。 缺点:不适合多次导入，且分辨率太低，易出现锯齿。
第十一章 三维建模
11.1 三维对象动态观察
二维图形的所有绘制工作都是在XOY平面中进行的，绘图的视点不需要改变。但是在绘制三维立体图形时，一个视点往往不能满足观察图形各个部位的需要，这就需要经常变化视点，从三维不同的角度来观察三维物体。
11.1.1 设置用户坐标系平面视图
[平面视图]“plan”命令提供了一种从平面视图查看图形的便捷方式。选择的平面视图可以基于当前用户坐标系、以前保存的用户坐标系或世界坐标系。[平面视图]命令只影响当前视口中的视图。在图纸空间中不能使用[平面视图]命令，要设置UCS(用户坐标系)平面视图，可以采用以下两种方式来发出命令:
单击菜单栏中[视图]下拉菜单中[三维视图]子菜单中的[平面视图] 直接输入plan
执行命令后，命令行提示:
“输入选项 [当前 UCS(C)/UCS(U)/世界(W)] <当前 UCS>: ” [当前用户坐标系]:重新生成平面视图显示，以使图形范围布满当前用户坐标系的当前窗口。
[UCS](用户坐标系):修改为以前保存的用户坐标系平面视图并重新生成此平面视图显示。选择该选项后，命令行提示:“[新建(N)/移动(M)/正交(G)/上一个(P)/恢复(R)/保存(S)/删除(D)/应用(A)/?/世界(W)] ” [世界]:重新生成平面视图显示，以使图形范围布满世界坐标系屏幕。 11.1.2 设置等轴测三维视图
CAD为我们提供了四个标准的等轴测视图，分别是西南等轴测视图、东南等轴测视图、东北等轴测视图和西北等轴测视图。 11.2三维图形维制的辅助工具
11.2.1 建立用户坐标系
二维图形绘制使用一般平面坐标系就够了。然而在绘制三维空间中，其每个点的X、Y、Z坐标值不可能完全相同。此时若仍使用世界坐标
系或某一固定坐标系就不能很好地体现三维视图。因此，用户可以根据需要定制自己的坐标系统，即UCS(User Coordinate System，用户坐标系)。CAD2004提供了UCS和UCSII两个工具栏。在UCS(用户坐标系)中可以很容易地绘制出三维空间中各个平面上的三维面和三维实体。事实上，在三维物体设计绘图中，我们往往是在不断地建立和移动变换UCS(用户坐标系)，通过在不同的平面上操作绘制出三维立体图形。
11.2.1 三维物体的消隐
在今后创建或编辑三维物体图形时，处理的将是对象或表面的线框图，很多时候为了使图形的显示更加简洁，设计更加清晰，需要隐藏被前景对象遮掩的背景对象。
消隐命令不考虑被冻结的图层和已关闭的图层。
11.3 三维建筑模型的绘制
11.3.1 准备工作
准备图层
建筑三维模型包括墙体、线角、瓦、清水砖、窗框、玻璃、阳台等基本构成图形元素。
准备平面图
11.3.2建立规则墙
所谓“规则墙”就是指墙面是由四个点控制的一个面，从立面上看，它是一个长方形面，包括窗下墙、窗间墙和窗上墙。
三维墙体是通过二维平面墙线增加“厚度”值生成的，也就是把二维墙线
在Z轴方向上“拉伸”形成的。
在CAD中，我们称墙高为“厚度”，称墙宽为“宽度”。 窗下墙
设置“墙体”为当前层;打开等轴测图。
捕捉“端点”和“中点”。
PL(多段线)
点第一点后，设置起点宽度和终点宽度。
用“特性”管理器，把“厚度”项修改为900。
窗间墙
输入ELEV，输入“0”，表示当前标高为0，即多线起点在XY平面上; 输入1500为厚度，即窗间墙的墙高。
PL。捕捉a、b两点。不必给多段线赋宽度数值，CAD将延用上次PL命令的线宽数值。
提示:a、b两点并不在一个水平面上，但多段线的起点和终点却在一个水平面上，这是因为多段线命令是一个二维绘图命令，它终点的Z坐标数值是由起点的Z坐标数值决定，所以多段线的终点并不与b点重合，这是绘制三维模型的技巧。
窗上墙
输入Elev，修改“当前厚度”为600，即窗上墙的墙高
PL
11.3.2建立窗户
由于窗框平面与水平平面垂直，我们不能在水平平面上直接绘制，而
是需要改变坐标系统的原点和旋转角度，使当前坐标系平面与窗框平面一致。这就要用到“用户坐标系”。
窗框
当前层为“窗框”
UCS:3Point UCS
端点捕捉，
UCS，保存刚才定义的用户坐标系。命名为“UCS1”
elev，厚度为80，表示窗框厚度为80毫米。
PL，起点宽为160，终点宽为160
输入C，使多段线闭合。
由于我们是沿着窗户的外边界绘制的多段线，实际上，160毫米的窗框只有80毫米在外面，另一半在墙内。
中间窗框
厚度80
移动
玻璃
当前层为“玻璃”
UCS，世界坐标系
Elev，厚度设为1500，表示多段线的厚度为窗高1500毫米 PL，起点、终点宽度都为0，表示将来生成的只是一个面，没有宽度。 生成的玻璃只是带有1500毫米厚度的多段线线框。
为了更明确地表示窗框、玻璃之间的关系，为了将来渲染时产生足够
的阴影关系，我们把窗框和玻璃向后移动80毫米。
Move，输入“@0，80”，表示沿Y轴正方向移动80毫米(此时为世界坐标系)。
11.3.2建立阳台
阳台墙
elev，厚度为-400毫米
PL，起点、终点宽度为120
Copy，输入“@0<900”，表示将向Z轴正方向900毫米处拷贝(此时为世界坐标系)
选中复制后的墙，特性中“厚度”改为-180
阳台底
阳台是有底的，否则在将来渲染模型时会漏光。阳台底面是一个规则的长方形，可以通过修改用户坐标系并用宽度为0、厚度为阳台宽的PL生成，与生成玻璃一样，在此将介绍另一个绘制三维面的命令——3D face。
3D face(三维面)生成的“三维面”是由3个或4个顶点组成的，每个顶点的Z坐标也可以不同，也就是说“三维面”是空间上的面，而不像带有厚度的[多段线]生成的面那样是与XY平面相垂直平面上的二维面。我们在使用3D face绘制三维面时，不必考虑当前坐标系的状态。 1、[曲面]，输入3Dface
捕捉点
提示:使用3Dface命令点取四个顶点时要按照一定的顺序依次点取，
相邻两点之间的边接线彼此不能相交叉，否则生成的面也将是相交叉的面。(不明白)
装饰柱
用多线画一个截面
画轨迹线
[旋转曲面]，输入Revsurf，
输入0，表示从0度开始旋转。
输入360，表示旋转一周。
删除轨迹曲线和旋转轴
提示:系统变量Surftabl控制着回转体的曲面光滑程度，Surftabl的值越大，曲面越光滑，默认值为6。
11.3.2建立线角
PL画出截面，
UCS，恢复前面定义的用户坐标系UCS1
PL画路径
移动截面至路径的起点处
输入P，选择路径
提示:用拉伸命令时，所需的二维图形必须是封闭的，它所在的平面要与路径的起点方向垂直，而且路径的起点要在剖面线图形平面上，否则拉伸会产生错误的结果。(不好做)
11.3.2建立窗套
建立窗套——实体布尔运算
窗套由三块不同尺寸和高度的部件组成，可以使用[拉伸]命令建立这三块部件的实体模型，然后通过使用实体布尔运算把它们合并成一个实体。
1、“窗套”为当前层，确认坐标系为UCS1坐标系，并恢复西南等轴测图。
2、绘制三个封闭的二维图形
3、[实体] > [拉伸]，a形体拉伸200，b、c形体分别拉伸300和500。 4、输入Union，加运算。
移动到合适位置
11.3.3建立阁楼
包括阁楼墙、阁楼檐、阁楼窗和阁楼瓦四部分
阁楼墙
UCS，恢复UCS1
PL和画圆，作为阁楼墙和阁楼窗的二维图形
拉伸
布尔差运算
移动
阁楼檐
PL
a形体拉伸350，b形体拉伸550
布尔加运算
移动
阁楼窗
提示:如果直接用[圆]命令绘制圆形窗框，将不会带有宽度，而只有厚
度，因为[圆]命令生成的圆形不是多段线，不能给它赋宽度。 前视图
Elev，厚度为80
PL，起点宽度160，选择“圆弧”，
生成一段宽度为160mm，厚度为80mm的半圆弧段。 输入CL，使多段线闭合
“玻璃”为当前层
西南等轴测图
画圆，厚度为0。用“中心”捕捉方式确定圆心点。 把圆向Z轴正方向拉伸1mm
移动
阁楼瓦
确保坐标系为UCS1坐标系
Elev，设置当前多段线[厚度]为-6000，表示多段线将向Z方向增加6000mm厚度
3、PL，宽度为0，沿着阁楼檐依次点取三个端点 11.3.4建立坡屋顶
屋顶脊线
UCS，恢复世界坐标系
Elev，设置当前厚度为0
画直线，画一条从房屋中间穿过的直线
变换坐标系为UCS1，向上(即Z轴正方向)移动4000mm 屋顶面
[曲面]，输入3Dface，捕捉端点
11.4三维物体的着色和渲染
11.4.1三维着色
着色是CAD中形象地显示三维实体的重要手段，用户绘制出的三维实体经过CAD消隐和着色后，将变得更加逼真清晰，观察起来更加方便。消隐可以使设计更清晰，而着色可以生成更真实的模型图象。 11.4.2三维渲染
生成阴影
赋上背景
(英文版 )
Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen
party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations
repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth
Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department
The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political
Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision
of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and
to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on
a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a
total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >
real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and
responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years
implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.
Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,
exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should
be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective
convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of
10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts
of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application
of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation
made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give
expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence
Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental
organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post
processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in
the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority
Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in
the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management
of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives,
around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given
Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one
size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are
relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions <
new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly
Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform
comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation
of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150
about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily
blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement
And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres
should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection
with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits.
Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace
with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of
the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline
must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline
characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be
held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision
responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.
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