英语科普说明文阅读题

英语科普说明文阅读题 篇一:英语阅读理解说明文解题技巧 高考英语说明文阅读技巧 潍坊七中 郑秀春2011年7月17日 12:19 “英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据;更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文 1 的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的 语意理解。 一、说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来，英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who?what?when?where?how?why。 1. who:问的是这篇文章的主体是谁,(即所要说明和描述的人或事物) 2. what:问的是主体做了什么事情,(即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途) 3. when和where:是在何时何地发生的,(即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途) 4. how:通过什么方式表现出来的, 5. why:这种特性功能用途的原因是什么, 做说明文阅读阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 二(说明文阅读理解的类型 掌握说明文阅读理解题的类型对考生来说非常有必要。一般来说，高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种: 1. 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。?在列举处命题。如用first(1y)、second(1y)、 2 third(1y)finally、not only?but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 项。?在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。?在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much?as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。?在比较处命题。无端的比较、 相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。?在复杂句中命题。包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 2. 语义猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part “?” in paragraph?refers to?.或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文， 3 分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明 对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以 it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 3. 主旨理解题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks about ____.what is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以this passage mainly talks about the major surprising findings about?.为回答方法。答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 4. 判断推理题。 4 这种试题常以the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that?(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方 式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求 考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气 也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常 出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为 命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生 一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的 差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如:动物介绍性说 明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能 力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力 的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于 爬行、飞翔和游泳等。 观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对 象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象 的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类 题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the author?s attitude towards ...? 等。 【问题 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 】 according to the passage which is not likely to cause 5 desertification?a. climate changes. b. cutting down trees. c. digging up grass. d. saving water. 【试题简析】 (一)阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段，考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章的字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说，词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要且有相互联系的因素。阅读的方法可以使用以下几种: 1.跳读:就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读，找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。 2.略读:指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。 3.精读:即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。 在使用阅读技巧时尽量做到以下几点: 1.带着问题阅读短文。 2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。 3.推断单词、句子和文章的含义。4.尽快选择答案。 (二)不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧 1.记叙文 6 记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。 传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。 2.说明文 说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。 ? 数字说明文 在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。 ? 解释说明文 解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, how, why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。 ? 比较说明文 比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的 7 问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。 3.应用文 应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。 阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题(是指在短文中客观存在的事实，客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具体事实或抽象概念)和主观理解题(这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，须通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深理解，并据此进行判断和推理)。其中细节理解题和猜测词义题属于客观题;主旨大意题和推理判断题属于主观题。针对不同类型的题目，要在平时的练习过程中，结合具体的题目，给学生进行解题方法的指导和讲解。对于客观题，要提醒他们阅读时关注文章的细节，如时间，地点或一些具体数字，在选择答案时，务必从原文中找到确切的依据。 我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型，根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同，可采用不同的解题技巧来应付。 ?.事实细节题 属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节， 8 题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理 解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题， 正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要 抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节， 所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主 要提问方式常为: ?which of the following is true/not true in the passage? ?which of the following statements is not discussed/mentioned in the passage? ?which is the right order of the events given in the passage? ?all the following statements are not true except . 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。 对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、 分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法 加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的 时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此 类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功 能词，如:表因果关系的because, since, as等;表转折关系 的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。 ?. 猜测词义题 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是 被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识 9 的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手: 1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义 在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如: the herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。 2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如: though tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。 3)通过因果关系猜测词义 because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that 中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生 10 词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的 词义。例如:she wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思，我们 就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。 4)根据生活常识猜测词义 运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系 上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如:most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子 意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。 5)根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成 分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样 的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如: at forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy 可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。 6)根据列举的事例猜测词义 you can take any of the periodicals: “the world of english”. “foreign language teaching in schools”, or “english learning”. 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志” 的意思。 7)根据构词法知识猜测词义 11 根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义， 就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高 考题文章中有这样一句: — even teachers with tickets for the england-argentina game had trouble getting the day off. a.kind b.unwilling c. free d.careless 【解题思路】通 过破折号可知正确答案为b. ?.推理判断题 做这类题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，又要求学 生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判 断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。 不要主观臆断，凭空想象，任意发挥，而走入误区。学生要 学会运用主题句去推测、揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用归 纳、对比、演绎技能，运用背景知识去挖掘文章深层含义， 从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与 感情基调(如:否定、厌恶、反问、讽刺等)。这类试题常以 如下句式发问: ?what can you conclude/ imply from this passage? ?what’s the author’s attitude(态度)towards...? ?we can infer /learn from the passage that... 如: once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. the workers could do nothing but turn to a german 12 engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”the machine, with a new line on, began running well again. the engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. the following were what he wrote on a bill, “the new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.” q: what can you conclude from this passage? a. the engineer asked for too much moneyb. the workers should pay the moneyc. the knowledge is worth money d. the new part could cost more 这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事，那 么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢,虽然作者没有言 明，但是我们可以断定，发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识， 知识是创造价值的源泉，因此此题的正确答案应为c。 ?.主旨大意题 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题 和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑 思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。 一般主旨大意 题可以分为两类: 1(确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic) 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主 题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题， 13 首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相 关;其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中 的某些事实或细节;然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小; 最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖 2、概括 性强 3、短小精炼。 常见的标题型题干: 1) the best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2) the text (passage) could be entitled______. 3) what is the best title for the passage? 4) what’s the topic of the article? 如:in the 1930s, a lot of people in the usa were out of work. among these people was a man named alfred butts. he always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “lexico”. however, he was not 一、英语阅读文体类型简析 高考英语阅读常见的文体类 型有:记叙文、议论文、说明文 篇二:2015高考英语真题分类汇编:专题16 科普类说明 文 专题十六 阅读理解之科普类说明文 1.【2015?湖北卷】D 14 The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples. First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled (芭 蕾)dancer. ―I‘m an inside guy,‖ Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. ―I like to be wrapped up.‖ On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it‘s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible (隐形的) cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache. Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of 15 your seat,‖Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you‘re standing straight. That can be annoying—that‘s why some people feel sick.‖ Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts‘ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears. Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That‘s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars. 63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space? A. Deciding on a proper sleep position B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D. Finding a right time to go to sleep. 16 64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____. A. the y circle around on their bikes B. they use microcomputers without a stop C. they exercise in one place for a long time D. they watch a movie while pedaling 65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____. A. their senses stop working B. they have to stand up straight C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly D. whether they are able to go back(来 自:WWw.cssyq.Com :英语科普说明文阅读题) to the station 66.One of the NASA‘s major concerns about astronauts is _____. A. how much exercise they do on the station B. how they can remain healthy for long in space C. whether they can recover after returning home D. whether they are able to go back to the station 【解析】 试题分析:这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生 活的奇妙:在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰 17 当的睡眠姿势;宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头 痛;宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告 诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家 后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。 63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句―First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.‖可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战 在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。 64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中―But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache‖可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性 头痛。故选C项。 65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中―Your inner ear thinks you‘re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you‘re standing straight. That can be annoying-that‘s why some people feel sick.‖可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会 感到恶心。故选D项。 66.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句―The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how 18 maintain strength and fitness…‖可知美国国家宇航局对宇 航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。 【考点定位】说明文阅读 【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意: 1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(高考题中一般不给出标题)、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。 2.【2015?北京卷】C Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals 19 typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, ―These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they‘re eating it, or unless something is eating them.‖ And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It‘s trickier than you might think. The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily. But a transparent object doesn‘t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn‘t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don‘t see it ----you see the things behind it. To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific 20 colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn‘t have pigments, so its tissues won‘t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering. Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it . Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they‘re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white. 篇三:2015高考英语分类专题16 科普类说明文 1.【2015?湖北卷】D The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here 21 are some examples. First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled (芭 蕾)dancer. ―I‘m an inside guy,‖ Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. ―I like to be wrapped up.‖ On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it‘s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible (隐形的) cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache. Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,‖Your inner ear thinks your‘re falling . 22 Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you‘re standing straight. That can be annoying—that‘s why some people feel sick.‖ Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts‘ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears. Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That‘s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars. 63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space? A. Deciding on a proper sleep position B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D. Finding a right time to go to sleep. 64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide 23 headache when _____. A. the y circle around on their bikes B. they use microcomputers without a stop C. they exercise in one place for a long time D. they watch a movie while pedaling 65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____. A. their senses stop working B. they have to stand up straight C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly D. whether they are able to go back to the station 66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____. A. how much exercise they do on the station B. how they can remain healthy for long in space C. whether they can recover after returning home D. whether they are able to go back to the station 【解析】 试题分析:这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生 活的奇妙:在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰 当的睡眠姿势;宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头 痛;宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告 24 诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家 后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。 63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句―First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.‖可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战 在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。 64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中―But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache‖可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性 头痛。故选C项。 65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中―Your inner ear thinks you‘re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you‘re standing straight. That can be annoying-that‘s why some people feel sick.‖可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会 感到恶心。故选D项。 66.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句―The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…‖可知美国国家宇航 局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。 25 故选B项。 【考点定位】说明文阅读 【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重 点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体 把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应 注意:1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常 见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉 科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(高考题中 一般不给出标题)、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。 导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。 主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重 点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并 与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在 进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实 为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。 2.【2015?北京卷】C Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple 26 touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, ―These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they‘re eating it, or unless something is eating them.‖ And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It‘s trickier than you might think. The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping you can see it easily. But a transparent object doesn‘t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn‘t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don‘t see it ----you see the things behind it. To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn‘t have pigments, so its tissues won‘t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. 27 The real challenge is preventing light from scattering. Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it . Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they‘re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white. 63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______. A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged C. appear only in deep oceanD. are beautiful creatures 64. The underlined word ―dead‖ in Paragraph 3 means__________. 28 A. silentlyB. gradually C. regularly D. completely 65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________. A. change the direction of light travel B. gather materials to scatter light. C. avoid the absorption of light D. grow bigger to stop light. 66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________. A. move more slowly in deep water B. stay see-through even after death C. produce more tissues for their survival D. take effective action to reduce light spreading 【解析】 试题分析:文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透 明原理，以及形成机制。 63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行:Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。得知B选项:透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选B。 64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文 提到了:你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射;而另外 29 一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就 完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。 65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。可知，想变透明就要避免散射 或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸 收。故选C。 66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。其中 slowdown对应reduce。故选D。 【考点定位】科技类说明文 【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能:理解语篇主 旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生 词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此 次出现了新型科技类说明文。往年科技类说明文的阅读难点 在于专业类词汇，但是今年的―新型耳机‖在问题设置上难 度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。所以要理解好文章 做好此题就不是难题。 3.【2015?江苏】B In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a 30 growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher inSo-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals. Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment. Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the 31 producing process are harmful as well. 32