2012-2013-03大学语文复习提纲

2012-2013-03大学 语文 八上语文短文两篇二年级语文一匹出色的马课件部编版八上语文文学常识部编八上语文文学常识二年级语文一匹出色的马课件 复习提纲 大学语文复习提纲 2012-2013-03 第一讲 “大学语文”概论 1 “语文”教育的历史内涵 2 语文的含义 3 思考与练习: (1)三礼 五礼 (2)六 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 六艺(小、大) (3)三百千(千) (4)四书五经 第二讲 “窈窕淑女，君子好逑” ——从《诗经》爱情诗说起 1 “六义”之一:风，情也 2 《诗经》爱情诗的情感型态 (1)自由浪漫型 (2)和谐美满型 (3)礼制渗透型 (4)相思悲歌型 (5)畸形悖礼型 3 思考与练习: (1)名词解释 《诗经》“六义” 六诗 风雅颂 赋比兴 婚礼“六礼” (2)《诗经》爱情诗的基本形态 (3)试分析“六礼”在爱情婚姻中的双重影响 第三讲 是“至圣先师”，还是“丧家之狗”, ——以《论语》为中心 1 中国文化“轴心时代”(Axial Age) ——春秋战国时期文化创造的启示 2 孔子的原初形象 3 孔子的主要思想 4 思考与练习: (1)“轴心时代” 三教九流 九流十家 (2)以《论语》《史记?孔子世家》等文献为依据，试分析 孔子的原初形象。 第四讲 “史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”(本轮次未讲该内容) ——司马迁与《史记》 1 史官文化与中国历史要籍简介 2 司马迁的生平遭遇及其启示 3 《史记》的史学价值 4 《史记》的文学价值 5 思考与练习: (1)名词解释: 编年史 国别史 纪传体 典制体 十二本纪 二十四史(正史) 五帝三王 阴阳五行 春秋三传 战国四公子 (2)举例分析《史记》的史学价值。 (3)举例分析《史记》的文学价值。 第五//六讲 六朝烟水与魏晋风度:文学自觉与人的自觉 1 引子:魏晋风流 2 六朝:南北分合 3 六朝烟水:金陵怀古 4 人的自觉:魏晋风度(魏晋玄学?魏晋风度) (1)儒学衰微&玄学兴起 (2)魏晋风度(一):对玄学的实践 重才、重我、重生、钟情 (3)魏晋风度(二):放浪形骸 服药、纵酒、挽歌、冶游、容止、风韵气度 文学自觉:Art for Art’s sake 5 思考与练习: (1) 三玄 魏晋玄学 四大名注 (2) 魏晋风流//魏晋风度 (3) 列举历代“金陵怀古”代表作。 (4) 试析“金陵怀古”的情感内涵。 (5) 试分析“魏晋风度”的主要表现。 一、讲究雅量，喜怒忧惧不形于色，追求一种优雅从容的风度。 所谓“雅量”，是指一种恢宏不凡的气度。魏晋名士讲究雅量，喜怒忧惧不形于色，追求一种优雅从容的风度。 其二、能任情，举止不拘礼法，不随于俗;纵酒任性，放诞不羁。 其三，善于应对，诙谐幽默，戏谑调侃，以风趣之语，相互戏弄、嘲笑。 其四，崇尚自然，颂扬隐士，鄙薄功名利禄、荣华富贵。 魏晋士人通过登山涉水，咏风弄月，以寄胸怀。名流王子猷(徽之)，因夜静大雪，由“四望皎然”之景，引起他咏《招隐诗》之情;由情而思人，又激发他决意雪夜访隐士戴逵(安道)之兴。经过一夜的舟行，似乎莹莹白雪，深夜的静谧，大自然的美妙，与他的情思达到了契合，产生了共鸣，于是他要与戴安道交流的兴致得到了契合与满足，产生了共鸣。因此，访戴的初衷也就消失了，因而又做出了“乘兴而行”，“造门不前”，“尽兴而返”的行动。他的奇特举动，无疑体现了一个任情率意、卓荦不羁的知识分子的独特性格。像王子猷这样率意行、返，无拘无束，就是当时士大夫所崇尚的任其“自然”。 (6) 试分析卫玠过江时“百端交集”的具体内涵。 【成语故事】西晋时期，统治集团内部战争频发，“八王之乱”给国家和人民带来了深重的灾难。太子洗马卫玠面对动荡不安的时局，决心把家迁往南方，说服母亲南下，在将要渡长江时，他百感交集，思绪万千，始终牵挂着朝廷的安危 (7) 试分析魏晋“文学自觉”的主要表现。 袁行霈主编的《中国文学史》说:“文学的自觉是一个相当漫长的过程，它贯穿于整个魏晋南北朝，是经过大约三百年才实现的。”袁行霈指出，所谓文学的自觉有三个标志:第一，文学从广义的学术中分化出来，成为独立的一个门类。第二，对文学的各种体裁有了比较细致的区分，更重要的是对各种体裁的体制和风格特点有了比较明确的认识。第三，对文学的审美特性有了自觉的追求。 汉代的帝国 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的分崩，瓦解使得传统的制度，归则思维模式都要发生相应的变化，从大一统的治国模式变成分割混乱的新局面，文艺界的思想也从独尊儒术变成百家争鸣，尽管没有战国时代那么辉煌，但北地的质朴刚健，南方文学的绮迷清新都在这一时期有所体现。 从政治的角度看，门阀制度使得大批怀有胸襟抱负的寒门学子通过诗歌来抒发自身的不行，或心有寄托。这一时期的代表是古诗十九首。 从人物的自身来说，这一时期的任务由于历史的重大变故，文人自身命运的无从主宰，往往以旷达放诞的态度来蔑视旧有模式，比较有名的竹林七贤。 诗歌继承了诗经的传统。众所周知，诗经是由民间创作的，而魏晋南北朝的乐府诗更是在形式内容题材创作技巧方面进行了革新，使得那时的“民间文学”成为我国文学史的一朵奇葩，相对比较民间文学，文人创作受缚于统治阶级的操纵，作品的优秀往往是昙花一现，然而这一时期的文学属于酝酿或革新期，很多文学都出自落拓士人庶民，但对后世的影响较深，如志怪志人小说，乐府诗歌，赋体 散文 散文的阅读技巧警察的散文五分钟的朗诵散文文学类文本阅读之散文写人叙事类散文阅读 都对后世的小说诗歌散文的发展具有里程碑式的意义。 第七//八讲 盛唐气象，少年精神(上) ——以李白诗歌创作为例 1 引言:盛唐气象 2 盛唐气象形成的原因 (1) 经济发展 (2) 南北一统 (3) 思想自由 (4) 科举取士 (5) 艺术发展(文学与艺术互生共荣) (6) 历史积淀 3 思考与练习: (1) 名词:四唐 初唐)盛唐)中唐)晩唐 (2) 盛唐气象 盛唐时期诗歌的总体风貌特征 指出盛唐诗的特征是 “既笔力雄壮，又气象浑厚” (3) 吴中四士 张若虚、贺知章、张旭和包融。在初、盛唐之交， 四人齐名，他们又都是江浙一带人，这一带在古代也叫吴中，因此人 们称他们为“吴中四士” (4) 山水田园诗 源于东晋的谢灵运和晋代陶渊明，以唐代王维、孟浩 然为代表。这类诗以描写自然风光、农村景物以及安逸恬淡的隐居生 活见长。诗境隽永优美，风格恬静淡雅，语言清丽洗练，多用白描手 法 (5) 边塞诗 边塞诗是以边疆地区军民生活和自然风光为题材的诗。一 般认为，边塞诗初步发展于汉魏六朝时代，隋代开始兴盛，唐即进入 发展的黄金时代。据统计，唐以前的边塞诗，现存不到二百首，而《全 唐诗》中所收的边塞诗就达两千余首 (2) 举例说明唐代文学繁荣之表现。 (3) 举例分析“盛唐气象”(唐代文学繁荣)形成的原因及其现代启示。 (4) 以唐代诗歌为例，分析中国诗歌与其他艺术之间的互动关系。 (5) 以李白诗歌为例，分析“盛唐气象”在李白诗歌创作中的表现。 第九讲 崇理尚雅:柳暗花明的宋代文学 1 重文 2 尚理——以理为尚:以宋诗为例 3 崇雅——崇雅黜俗:以宋词为中心 4 思考与练习: (1) 名词:濂洛关闽指宋朝理学的四个重要学派。濂指周敦颐。因其 原居道州营道濂溪，世称濂溪先生，为宋代理学之祖，程颐、程颢的 老师。洛指程颐、程颢兄弟，因其家居洛阳，世称其学为洛学，关指 张载，张家居关中，世称横渠先生，张载之学称关学。闽指朱熹，朱 熹曾讲学于福建考亭，故称闽学，又称“考亭派“ (2) 苏门四学士北宋文学家黄庭坚、秦观、晁补之和张耒的并称 (3) 永嘉四灵中国南宋中叶的诗歌流派，代表南宋后期诗歌创作上的一 种倾向。永嘉四灵是当时生长于浙江永嘉(今浙江温州)的四位诗人: 徐照、徐玑、翁卷、赵师秀，形成中国南宋中叶的诗歌流派，代表南 宋后期诗歌创作上的一种倾向。因彼此旨趣相投，诗格相类，工为唐 律，专以晚唐贾岛、姚合为法，谓之唐体，字号中都带有“灵”字，而温 州古为永嘉郡，遂称之为“永嘉四灵” 南宋中兴四大诗人 中兴四大诗人，又称南宋四大家，中国南宋前期 尤袤、杨万里、范成大、陆游4 位诗人的合称 婉约派 婉约派为中国宋词流派。婉约，即婉转含蓄。其特点主要是内容侧 重儿女风情，结构深细缜密，音律婉转和谐，语言圆润清丽，有一种柔婉之美。 婉约派的代表人物有李煜、柳永、晏殊、欧阳修、秦观、周邦彦、李清照(宋 代最著名的女词人)等。 豪放派特点大体是创作视野较为广阔，气象恢弘雄放，喜用诗文的手法、 句法写词，语词宏博，用事较多，不拘守音律，然而有时失之平直，甚至涉于 狂怪叫嚣。南渡之后，由于时代巨变，悲壮慷慨的高亢之调应运发展，陈与义、 叶梦得、朱敦儒、张孝祥、张元傒、陈亮、刘过等人承流接响，蔚然成风。豪 放词派不但震烁宋代词坛，而且广泛地影响词林后学，从宋、金直到清代，历 来都有标举豪放旗帜，大力学习苏、辛的词人 (2) 举例说明唐诗宋诗的区别。 1)举例说明唐诗宋诗的区别 (1) 时代差异:唐:初唐中晚;宋:北宋和南宋 (2) 风格差异:唐:风神情韵;宋:筋骨思想 (3) 唐宋的交集:唐人开宋调，宋人有唐音者 通常区分唐、宋诗，除了时代概念以外，则还指风格。风格当然与时代有关，不能几械的用时间段来划开;唐诗从韩孟诗派起下启宋调，而宋朝也有传承唐音者，比如宋初的白体和西昆体。就总体而言，唐宋诗风颇有不同，自宋以后直到近代，我国古典诗歌的风格，一般都没有超出过唐、宋诗这两大类的范围。 《诗词散论?宋诗》中说:“唐诗以韵胜，故浑雅，而贵蕴藉空灵;宋诗以意胜，故精能，而贵深折透辟。唐诗之美在情辞，故丰腴;宋诗之美在气骨，故瘦劲。”这番话说的便是唐、宋诗各自的特色。 举一个例子说明，比如李白的《洞庭湖》(之一):“洞庭西望楚江分，水尽天南不见云。日落长沙秋色远，不知何处吊湘君。”此诗只是写洞庭西望之所见，信手拈来，毫不着力，读来的确是蕴藉空灵，情在景中，这是以韵胜。 再看黄庭坚的《题郑防画夹》(之一):“惠崇烟雨归雁，坐我潇湘洞庭。欲唤扁舟归去，故人言是丹青。” 这首诗前三句写的是湖中景致及景色之动人，待到诗人欲买舟一游时，方明白并非真景，原来乃是画。前三句的烘托作势，目的全为闪出最后一句，足见颇费匠心，深折透辟，即以意胜。 唐诗重韵致，所以大都情景交融，或情寓景中。又如像李白《望庐山瀑布》(日照香炉生紫烟)，四句均写景，并无特别深意，然其中洒脱高远，读者自能体会;其美全在情辞。这便是严羽在《沧浪诗话》中所讲的“不涉理路，不落言诠”。 而同是写庐山，苏轼《题西林壁》(横看成岭侧成峰)便不尽相同，前两句还是写景，但后两句却是议论，不过正因有此议论，更能让人充分领略到庐山的峰回路转。清人赵翼评论道:“庐山名作如林，若再实做，断难出色。坡公想落天外，巧于以偏师取胜。” 的确，本诗与李白诗相比，意思较为深刻，以气骨见长;但情辞之丰腴则有所不如了。苏轼此诗的意义还不仅于此，读者还可从中领悟到深刻的哲理;而这也是宋诗的特色之一，即富于理趣。 至于富理趣，唐诗中本有，像王维的《酬张少府》“晚年惟好静，万事不关心。自顾无长策，空知返旧林。松风吹解带，山月照弹琴。君问穷通理，渔歌入浦深。”诗人只是叙事写景，松风山月、解带弹琴，均可资以悟道。最后以不答作答，耐人寻味。理寓于景，意在言外，这是唐诗说理的特色。 而宋诗说理的特色，则可以照看黄庭坚的《次韵答斌老病起独游乐园二首》(之一):“万事同一机，多虑即禅病。排闷有新诗，忘蹄出兔径。莲花出淤泥，可见嗔喜性。小立近幽香，心与晚色静。”相对上一首而言，二诗其实含义相同，但黄诗在写法上较为曲折，说理更加透辟;只不过言尽句中，论到含蓄则有所不如了。 在说理诗上唐、宋诗各有各的特色，写景诗亦然。再如像岑参的《白雪歌送武判官归》(北风卷地百草折)，虽然极尽描摹之能事，但款款道来，数换韵脚以作停顿，步骤合拍。宋诗中例苏轼的《百步洪》(长洪斗落生跳波)，效仿韩愈《送石处士序》中的比喻手法，一气呵成，使人应接不暇;且中间不换韵脚，大有直下之势。诗的优美与文的流畅兼有，写作技巧可说比岑诗有进步，但不免失之急迫，没有唐诗的雍容之态。 宋诗不仅在章法上，在音调上也一改旧观，多挺拔瘦劲，以黄庭坚诗为代表，与唐诗的浑雅之音迥异。此外，严羽曾指摘黄庭坚和江西诗派“以文字为诗，以议论为诗，以才学为诗。”实际这也正是宋诗区别于唐诗之处，是宋诗的一大特点。 宋人既求新求变，于是天地万物、嬉笑怒骂皆入文章，独辟蹊径。而唐诗中香草美人、男女情辞，在宋诗中却很少能见到;这主要是唐末出现并在宋代发展起来的词，其体裁形式适于 言情，故宋人的这类情感大多转注到了词中。 唐、宋诗的孰优孰劣历来纷争不止，褒贬取舍因人而异。宋诗的长处在于技法上较唐诗有所进步，以及题材的扩大，不过文学技巧越是进步，天籁自然越失，难免露出斧凿之痕，失却雍容浑厚之美，这也是无可奈何之事。而与此同时，若一味求新求变、求深求险，一但无新意所得，只好留意于字句之间，舍本逐末，便有损诗境，因辞害意。而宋诗不及唐诗之处也正在于此。 就文学的发展而言，贵独创而不贵拘泥，宋诗人在唐诗已然兴盛至斯的情况下，难以为继;穷则思变，于是开辟新境，涉足唐人未到之处，另创一格与唐诗形成分庭抗礼之势。元明之后，诗尽管也有所变化，却均越不出这两大派的藩篱。 (3) 举例说明宋诗崇尚“理趣”的审美特征及其原因, (4) 举例说明李煜在词史中的特殊地位。 (5) 如何理解宋词由俗到雅的嬗变,(以温庭筠、李煜、柳永、苏轼、李清照、姜夔等为例)浅谈宋词由俗至雅的转变关键 摘要:宋词，乃我国宋代最具特色及代表性的一种文学样式，是我国重要的文学成就之一。宋词前与唐诗并称双绝，后与元曲争奇斗艳，无疑是我国文学史上的瑰丽闪耀的明珠。犹如苏轼，辛弃疾，李清照，晏殊，欧阳修等流芳千古的人物，无一不是宋词鼎盛的代表人物。然则，无论宋词曾发展到何等高度，在那之前，总会有一段从有到无，从坏到好的变化过程。在此，便谈一谈宋词如何完成由俗至雅的重大转变，乃至成为国家五千年历史长河中文化瑰宝的存在。 关键字:花间派，柳永，晏欧体，东坡体 一(宋词的起源到出现 (一)词的起源 词乃诗歌的一种，始于唐朝，定型于五代，兴盛与宋朝。词又因是合乐的歌词，故还有曲子词，乐府，乐章，长短句，琴趣等多种别称。词最初是起源于民间，是一种流行于市井酒肆之间，适合寻常百姓的通俗艺术形式。广泛地流传之后，文人依照乐谱上声律节拍而创作新词，称为“填词”或“依声”，有些类似于当今部分先有曲，后有词的歌曲创作形式。 (二)词的音乐性 “音乐性则是诗词的一个重要艺术特征,其主要包含两点:音乐的节奏美和音乐的语音美。诗词是脱离了音符用文字表达的音乐。”?可以说，词的出现，传播，创作都与音乐有着密 不可分的关系。撇去最初词的创作是由乐谱填词不说，词的出现很大程度上是因为唐朝时期西域各民族的音乐传入所致。当时以胡乐为主产生的燕尔，整齐的五言，七言诗已无法适于。这才出现了 句子 关于阅读的唯美句子关于古风的唯美句子执行力的经典句子鼓励人努力奋斗的句子用沉默代替一切的句子 长短参差不起的格律诗，亦为“词”。这样的转变使得诗词的形式更为的灵活多变，以歌曲所唱。 (三)宋词的出现 就前文提到的燕尔，最初是由北周至隋时期的民间曲与西域胡乐相融合产生的一种新型音乐，主要用于宴会娱乐之用，同时期便已形成配合燕尔的词地出现，二者早在隋代民间便已流传开来。直到中唐时期，诗人刘禹锡，白居易等人才开始写词，正式将这一文学体式引入文坛。随后到晚唐时期，文人所作的词已得到较大的发展，甚至出现了温庭筠等人所代表的“花间派”。而后词不断成熟发展，进入人才辈出的宋代之后更是逐步呈现大观，名篇佳作层出不穷，蔚然成风。也因此词在宋代发展至巅峰，宋代的词具有极高代表性，逐渐便有了“宋词”的说法。 二(宋词的初俗 当词发展至宋代已具有一定的规模及成就，然而除了晚唐时期的“花间派”外，再无其他流派与文体风格。这对词这一发展了近四百年且已有文人使用创作的文体显得不大正常。而宋初时期，能让大部分人所熟悉的词人似乎仅柳永一人，但一人又怎能代表一个时期的词题,是以引宋人刘熙载所言:“宋子京词是宋初体，张子野始创瘦硬之体，虽以佳句互相称美，其实趣尚不同。”?撇去“瘦硬体”不谈，刘熙载“宋初体”的观点引起了笔者的注意。“对于“宋初体”，目前学术界还没有使用这个概念，但已有学者将宋初一代词人归列为一个时期加以关注，如有学者称《全宋词》列在柳永之前的从和岘到杨适这十七位文士为“沉寂期”，时间截止在仁宗继位之年，这可以说是“宋初体”大致的别样说法，之所以这样说，是由于此十七位词人基本上可以划入到宋初体之中。”?而宋初体呢，确实又是传承于晚唐的“花间派”(花间体)。而晚唐的“花间派”的创作内容多是咏叹旅忧闺怨，悲欢离合，多局限与男性与女性之间的燕婉之私，加之花间派词人创作的少数暗伤亡国的作品和边塞词外，花间派词在思想上并无什么可取之处，是以造成较低甚至粗俗的格调。然而若是联想词最初产生于民间，流传与酒肆之地，便可理解有这样一段俗的历史。 (一) 词人柳永 也有学者认为，“柳永体”就是“宋初体”，淡我并不赞同这一观点。而此处谈及柳永，并非想借柳永一人证明宋初的词风格，而是希望从宋初成就颇高极具代表性的词人身上看到宋初词的创作潮流。 柳永乃一个落魄书生，终日流连于坊曲，得以充分采纳市井之声，利用市民情调取代贵 族情调，改变了词的审美内涵和审美情趣，变“雅”为“俗”。仔细看柳永词的内容，大多描写是男欢女爱陈旧题材，借以表现社会底层人士生活的酸楚;亦或工于羁旅行役，抒发包括自身在内的江湖漂泊人士的寂寞。引“柳永其人本身含有雅词的一面，但俗词更是它的本质属性。柳永其人本身就有另阿哥属性，他本身应该说还是士大夫的一员，也自然拥有雅文化的一面，但他的词作，更多地是代市民立言，是写给市民看的，后者更是他的本质。”? 词源于民间，本就带有浓厚的下层属性，而柳永重回民间，更是将词推向社会真实的“俗”。引“以文人词融合民间此，以文人眼光审视和汲取民间此，发展到宋初的似乎有些失去活力的文人词，在柳永手中，得到活水源头，立即显得生动鲜活起来。可以视为文人词产生以来的第二个阶段。我们这样来审视柳永体的词体地位，就可以将他视为一个旧时代的结束者，也可以将其视为一个新时代的开拓者。”? 三(宋词转雅 (一)晏欧体 1.晏殊词 晏殊对柳词的创作方式是不赞同的。然而晏殊的词作品，却是宋早期“宋初体”词特点的创新。在笔者看来，晏殊与柳永最大的区别莫过于，柳永写的是平民生活，而晏殊写的是贵族生活。然而二人又是同样地反应了社会的现状，加之对艳词的创作，二者有共同点，却无甚影响。在晏殊的数十首酒筵祝寿词中，晏殊所表达的是丰富的诗酒生活，富贵而闲愁。引“由于一生富贵,仕途风顺,在晏殊的词里,很难找到对某种事物的执着、激情,也很难找到对理想的追求、苦痛,就连常人所具的节日狂欢和功成名就后的沾沾自喜也没有。我们所能感受到的是脉脉的温情,点点的闲雅,淡淡的哀愁以及对人生的无奈和寂寥。”?同时晏殊的《珠玉词》中的绝大部分内容抒写的是男女之间的相思爱恋别愁之情。在内容上，晏殊将男欢女爱含蓄化，典雅化，做到艳而不淫，哀而不伤，与先前柳永等人轻佻浅薄的词风完全不同，风格上典雅含蓄，情中更引人深思，充分突出婉曲细腻的丰富情感，多了一层深刻反思的意味。透过晏殊等人，意味着宋词词体已逐渐由早期的宫廷词演变为表现士大夫生活和情感的载体。 (二) 欧阳修词 在欧阳修之前，包括晏殊在内大部分诗人都不接受柳永词风。但欧阳修则不同，引“从宋初体到晏殊词，都没有显示出柳词影响的痕迹，而欧词却大量学柳，有学者统计:“欧阳修艳词占总数的四分之三”。但艳词还不能等同于学柳，艳词中也有晏殊式的士大夫类型的艳词。完全学柳的市井艳词，也达到欧词总数三分之一左右。从宋初体到张先体，八廓晏殊词，都有明显的花间体影响的痕迹，却罕见柳永体的市井化女性写作方式，因此欧词的学柳， 就可以视为北宋中前期士大夫词人集团对于柳永体的第一次接纳。”?加之从欧词艳词数量多，慢词长调的采纳，写作内容和方式等方面，都与柳词有大量的相似之处。 此外，欧词虽然对柳词有着许多接纳，但在创作前进方向上，却是进一步创新士大夫化的词体写作，主要特征表现为:(1)深厚的情感内涵。(2)渐大之堂庑。(3)典故的使用。(4)以诗为词的艺术表达方式。 是以，从晏殊词开始，艳诗的词创作形式，才真正为士大夫阶层所接受，并成功将市井，艳科的小道词转变为适合士大夫阶层的士大夫词。 (二)东坡体 苏轼，号东坡，乃我国北宋著名文学家。苏东坡天性豁达，与我国大诗人李白一样，同是天生具有浪漫情怀的文学天赋。苏东坡在诗作方面的造诣颇深，但更令后人津津乐道，议论不休的则是苏东坡那些烂漫豪爽的词作。而自东坡体出现之后，无数文学家受之感染，并激起创作热情，走出一条新的文学形式道路。究竟东坡体有何魅力，如何形成，又对宋词的发展做出了怎样贡献,以下我们一一看来。 苏轼自小勤奋好学，幼年的刻苦用功加上早年行遍各方的经历，为日后苏轼作诗作词打下了深厚的基础。此外，苏轼传奇一生中，早年还有两个重要人物:一为张方平。张方平于眉山与苏轼相识，且曾推荐苏轼为官，后苏轼被人诬陷，亦不顾自身安危挺身而出，二人相交匪浅。张方平为人性格豪放，诗酒豪迈，与苏轼甚为投机，苏轼早年士大夫词作已受此人影响。引“东坡的早期之作，主要是承接张先体的应社而来，其绝大多数的词作，产生于士大夫的酒筵，送行，赠酬等应体场合。”?其二为欧阳修。苏轼早年仰慕及崇拜欧阳修的才学，而后在考取进士后更得欧阳修赏识，遂拜欧阳修为师。二人亦师亦友，于颍州相聚时不但畅谈诗歌创作美学理论，求医问药治病救人的闲话，更是将许多宝贵的人生经验交予苏轼。欧阳修对苏轼极为赞赏，评价极高。可以说，欧阳修是将诗文革新的重任交予了苏轼。 苏轼的豪放词无论在内涵，结构，内容等方面都在前人传统的词作上做出了突破，以诗为词，开创婉约而豪放的词风，由“俗”向“雅”的方向发展。苏轼作词随意，兴致所至，具有以我观照万物的特点。例如苏轼早年的词作中，多也描写女性形象，却以自身参照万物，有“老夫聊发少年狂”和“我欲乘风归去”等酒徒亦或豪杰等男性形象的词句。而在苏轼之前，就女性形象而言，晏殊，欧阳修多是描写上层女性形象，柳永描写的则多为沦落风尘的女性形象;而就男性形象而言，这些前人塑造的多是含情脉脉的晴朗。苏轼的这样创新，等若将自己推到了世人面前，自我内心的想法展露无遗。此外，就对“酒”这一道具的使用而言，古往今来大多诗词名篇借酒抒情，更有一种有酒即豪放的错觉，放荡洒脱不羁。而苏轼的酒，很多时候是有“酒后吐真言”之意，吐了真言，不但不能豪兴大发，反而增添忧愁，贴近事实，引人深思，可谓妙极。 然而，一定程度上的创新，即便豪放，却不能说“雅”。引“在苏轼的美学思想体系里，存在着对柳永“从俗”倾向的批判意向，并有意识地建立与之抗衡的“虽无柳七风味，亦自是一家”的词。这种词不是用“豪放”一次所能概括得了的，它应是一个比“豪放”风格更高更大一些的概念，这就是雅。”?而雅又如何体现, 在创作手法上，苏轼以议论入词，词句大气磅礴，常以大手笔勾勒场景，结构上大开大合，情绪上更是大起大落，以俯览之势看待世俗，充溢狂放野性，借以突出苏轼旷达的人生哲理，从而达到豪放与雅格完美结合的艺术形态。引“坡词境界之雅，又是由深刻的思想内涵，高卓的才学识见，启人心智的人生哲理构成。没有思想内涵的人或作品，往往流俗，或只能附庸风雅。苏词中的思想深度，恐怕两宋词坛无人刻意比肩。”?总的来说，苏轼的作品中流露真实本性，生动而有力。敏锐的触感，透彻的思想更是其不会因世俗而变。其词突破了传统的局限，拓展出更大的词境，开创宋词的新时代。 结语: 宋之初，由前朝“花间派”的影响，拓展出一条追溯文学传承的探索道路。也正是由每个时期文人对前人的接受与创新，才将本“俗”的词，逐步推向“雅”的殿堂。 第十讲 古典与现代裂变——王国维及其文学思想 1 王国维的心路历程 2早期文论所表现的文学观 3《红楼梦评论》的文学思想 4 《人间词话》的“境界”说 思考与练习: 1 名词解释:意境(境界)意境指文艺作品或自然景象中所表现出来 的情调和境界。 2 王国维心路历程的现代启示 “古今之成大事业、大学问者,必经过三种之境界。‘昨夜西风凋碧树,独上高楼, 望尽天涯路。’此第一境也。‘衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴。’此第 二境也。‘众里寻他千百度,回头蓦见,那人正在灯火阑珊处。’此第三 境也。此等语皆非大词人不能道。然遽以此意解释诸词,恐为晏、欧诸 公所不许也。” 3 试分析王国维《红楼梦评论》的主要思想。 4 试分析王国维《人间词话》的主要思想。 期末考查注意事项 1 考查形式:开卷笔试 2 题型:名词解释 问答题 阅读理解 3 答题要求: (1) 回答问题时必须举例 (2) 可以联系自己体验 (3) 书写规范 4 考查时期:2013年6月2日(周日) 5 考查地点:金坛院 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.