定语从句和状语从句都属于修饰语成分,定语从句用来修饰名词或代词,状语从句用来修饰动词或全句。引导定语从句的关联词是关系代词或关系副词。
23.1 定语从句
定语从句用来对名词或代词进行修饰,它由关系代词或关系副词引导,其中的关系代词或关系副词在从句中也充当一定的成分。例如:
the man who never gives up 永不放弃的人 (关系代词who做从句中的主语)
the house where he used to live 他过去住过的房子 (关系副词where做从句中的状语)
粗体部分分别是由who和where引导的从句,用来修饰名词the man和the house,称为定语从句。被它所修饰的那个名词the man和the house叫做先行词,定语从句通常紧跟在先行词后。又例如:
The boy who visited me was one of my students. 看我的那个孩子是我的一个学生。(先行词为人)
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。(先行词为物)
Do you remember the day when he arrived? 你记得他到达的日子吗?(先行词为时间)
He lives in a place where no one can find it. 他住在一个别人找不到的地方。(先行词为地点)
23.1.1 关系代词的使用
关系代词的使用首先取决于先行词是人还是物。它一方面用来引导定语从句,另一方面还在从句中充当一定的成分。先请看这张
表
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:
先行词种类
在 从 句 中 所 担 任 的 成 分
做主语
做宾语
做表语
做定语
先行词为人时
who / that
who(m) / that
that
whose
先行词为物时
which / that
which / that
that / of which
whose
⑴ 关系代词在从句中做主语,例如:
This is the man who / that wants to see you. 这就是那个想见你的人。
The girls who / that are coming are my students. 那些要来的孩子是我的学生。
She was not on the train which / that arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上。
说明:定语从句中谓语动词的人称和数与先行词一致。
⑵ 关系代词在从句中做宾语,例如:
The boy (who / whom / that) I know studies best in their class. 我认识的那个孩子在他们班上学习最好。
Are they the players (who / whom / that) you talked about yesterday? 他们就是你昨天谈论的运动员吗?
The story (which / that) he told was very interesting. 他讲的故事非常有趣。
说明:关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略,尤其在口语中是如此。
⑶ 关系代词在从句中做表语,例如:
She decided to be the writer (that) her mother wanted her to be. 她决定做她母亲希望她做的那样的作家。
The house is not the one (that) it used to be. 那座房子已经不是它过去那样了。
说明:关系代词在从句中做表语时可以省略。
⑷ 关系代词在从句中做名词的定语,例如:
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是那个汽车被盗的人。
The house whose / of which windows are big looks very beautiful. 那座窗户很大的房子外观很美。
说明:指物时,通常避免用whose,而用of which(尤其在正式场合中)。
⑸ 在以下情况中,关系代词常用that,例如:
① 先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, much, none, little等不定代词时。例如:
Nothing (that) he said was true at all. 他所说的话一点也不真实。
Everyone that / who knows him likes him. 每一个认识他的人都喜欢他。
② 先行词前有first, last, next, only, all等修饰语时。例如:
The only thing (that) he did was to call the police. 他所做的唯一的事情就是报警。
The first man (that) he mentioned yesterday was a driver. 他昨天提到的第一个人是一位驾驶员。
③ 先行词前有形容词最高级形式修饰时。例如:
He was one of the greatest scientists that ever lived. 他是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。
That is the highest mountain (that) he has ever climbed. 那是他所攀登过的最高的山。
23.1.2 关系副词的使用:
定语从句也可以由关系副词引导。关系副词在定语从句中充当状语,常见的关系副词有where(表地点)、when(表时间)和why(表原因)。例如:
the house where we lived 我们住过的房子
the day when we first met 我们第一次见面的日子
the reason why he was late 他迟到的原因
现举例说明如下:
⑴ 关系副词where(=介词+which)在从句中用作地点状语,其先行词通常是表示地点的名词,如house, school, city, village, place等。。例如:
The building where / in which we are working was built five years ago. 我们工作所在的大楼是五年前盖的。
This is the playground where / on which they played football. 这就是他们踢足球的操场。
⑵ 关系副词when(=介词+which)在从句中用作时间状语,其先行词通常是表示时间的名词,如day, year, last night等。例如:
I’ll never forget the day when / on which I won the prize. 我永远不会忘记我获奖的日子。
Do you remember the year when / in which she went abroad? 你记得她出国的那一年吗?
⑶ 关系副词why(= for which)在从句中用作原因状语,它总是以the reason为先行词,the reason why…意思是“……的原因”。例如:
Tell me the reason why / for which she was late. 请告诉我她迟到的原因。
Give me one good reason why I should help you! 请摆出一个我应该帮助你的正当理由!
⑷ 在使用关系副词时,要特别注意它的前面是否有先行词。如果有先行词则是定语从句,如果没有先行词则是其它从句。请比较:
That is the place where he was born. 那是他出生的地方。 (定语从句)
That is where he was born. 那是他的出生地。 (表语从句)
23.2 状语从句
状语从句充当主句的状语,引导状语从句的关联词主要是从属连词。根据从属连词的不同,可以判断出不同的状语从句,从而正确理解整个句子。
初中英语
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中常见的状语从句有:时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句。
23.2.1 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, until / till, as soon as等从属连词引导。时间状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来时间。例如:
When you cross a road, you must be careful. 你过街时要小心。
As soon as I got home, my brother went out. 我一到家,我哥哥就出去了。
You can come back whenever you want to. 你什么时候想回来就可以回来。
While I am writing this, you can be doing something else. 我在写字的时候,你可以做别的事情。
They talked as they walked. 他们边走边谈。
All things are difficult before they are easy. [谚语]事情总是先难后易。(寓意:万事开头难。)
It has been raining since I got up this morning. 今天早晨我起床以来,天一直在下雨。
It is just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里以来只有一星期的时间。
Let’s wait until the train stops. 咱们一直等到火车停住吧。
I won’t believe it until I see it with my own eyes. 直到亲眼见到它,我才会相信。
23.2.2 条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if, unless等从属连词引导,if表示肯定的条件,unless表示否定的条件。条件状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来时间。例如: