第二单元第1课改革变法风潮与秦国历史机遇

第二单元第1课改革变法风潮与秦国历史机遇 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 第二单元 商鞅变法 第1课 改革变法风潮与秦国历史机遇 一、 教材 民兵爆破地雷教材pdf初中剪纸校本课程教材衍纸校本课程教材排球校本教材中国舞蹈家协会第四版四级教材 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 【课程 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 】知道春秋战国时期各国改革的基本史实，认识春秋战国时期的时代特征。 【教学目标】 1、知识与能力 ,1,识记:春秋战国时期农业、手工业和商业的发展概况,封建生产关系的确立,“百家争鸣”局面的形成以及法家思想的特点,“相地而衰征”、“初税亩”,李悝在魏国的变法和吴起在楚国的变法,秦穆公称霸西戎、秦献公改革,秦国面临的历史机遇和秦孝公支持商鞅变法。 ,2,理解社会经济的发展和各诸侯国改革变法之间的关系, ,3,探究各诸侯国改革变法的历史背景和秦国面临的历史机遇。 2、过程与 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 : ,1,通过对春秋战国时期政治、经济、军事、文化等方面的认识～提高分析归纳问题的能力, ,2,通过对“相地而衰征”、“初税亩”、李悝在魏国的变法、吴起在楚国的变法的学习～提高分析、归纳、总结历史问题的能力, ,3,通过对秦穆公、秦献公。、秦孝公等史实的学习～提高对历史问题的理解能力。 3、情感态度与价值观 ,1,生产力的发展必然会引起社会关系的变革。春秋战国时期是社会大动荡、大变革和大发展时期, ,2,改革变法是时代的潮流～同时～也是一场深刻的社会革命, ,3,抓住机遇～迎接挑战。改革改变了秦国的命运～改革也影响了整个中国历史的进程。 【教学重难点】 重点:春秋战国时期改革变法的历史背景。 难点:春秋战国时期改革变法的必然性。 【教学建议】 教材从三个方面介绍了“改革变法风潮与秦国历史机遇”:社会变化的新气象，风起云涌改革和变法，处在十字路口的秦国。春秋战国是中国历史上的大动荡、大变革和大发展时期。经济上，随着生产力的迅速发展，井田制瓦解，土地私有制确立，新的阶级关系产生。政治上，王室衰微、大国争霸，代表地主阶级利益的士大夫开始夺权，并且掌握了政权。随着经济基础的变化，必然带来上层建筑的变革。新兴地主阶级要求废除奴隶主贵族的特权，发展封建经济，改革和变法风起云涌。处在十字路口的秦国，面临着巨大的历史机遇，秦孝公发愤图强，重用商鞅进行变法，秦国迅速强盛起来。建议教师在讲授本节内容时，注意启发学生联系政治、地理等学科的知识，从不同的角度分析历史现象，认识社会发展的规律。 二、教学过程: ?新课导入: 本课引言由战国形势图和文字两部分组成。战国时期，群雄角逐，诸侯争霸，插图反映了战国时期这一社会形势。教师以文字内容和插图为素材，通过提问方式引导学生阅读理解引言内容。问题:秦国地处西陲，比较落后，然而，恰恰是偏远落后的秦国在群雄角逐中，脱颖而出，统一了六国，开辟了中国历史的新纪元。为什么秦国能够完成统一,学生结合问题自主探究，在此基础上，教师引导学生进入本课的学习。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, andakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged us brehrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focwork and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breaktision form, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervndustry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise refour iof "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster ifficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed and d he municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hoton from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of trther strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervisifacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on fu2 ?讲授新课 商鞅变法的背景 (一)社会变化的新气象——春秋战国变法的时代背景(必然性): 【温故而知新】 ?春秋战国概念: (1)平王东迁，东周开始:公元前770年，周平王东迁洛邑(洛阳) )东周的分期:分为春秋和战国时期 (2 (3)春秋战国时期(前770,前221)的基本特征:大动荡、大变革、大发展 ?大动荡:春秋诸侯争霸战争(春秋五霸)、战国兼并战争(战国七雄)，战乱频仍，政局动荡; ?大变革:春秋战国时期是中国由奴隶社会向封建社会过渡的时期，奴隶制(井田制、宗法、分封制)日益瓦解，封建 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 (封建土地私有制、中央集权制)逐步确立; ?大发展:随着生产力进步，封建经济迅速发展，商品经济繁荣。 ?引导学生用历史唯物主义生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑、社会存在与意识形态的原理分析春秋战国时期社会变化 生产力:即人类改造自然的能力。包括生产工具、劳动者、劳动对象。劳动者在生产中起主导作用。生产工具是生产力发展水平的重要标志。劳动对象的扩展程度也反映了人类改造自然的能力～科学技术是先进生产力的集中体现和主要标志, 生产关系:是指在物质生产过程中形成的人们之间的社会关系。包括生产资料所有制形式、生产中人与人的关系、产品分配关系, 生产方式:是人类借以向自然界谋取必需的生活资料的方式。包括生产力和生产关系两个方面。生产方式在社会发展中的决定作用 经济基础:是生产力和生产关系的总和。 上层建筑:指建立在一定的经济基础之上的社会意识形态以及与此相适应的政治法律制度和设施的总和。包括国家政府机器、法律与意识形态、政治、法律制度～军队、警察、法庭、监狱、政府部门、党派等国家机器和政治组织 社会存在:是指社会物质生活条件的总和～即人类赖以存在和发展的物质生活条件～主要包括地理环境、人口因素和生产方式～其中生产方式是社会存在的决定性因素。 意识形态:是与一定社会的经济和政治直接相联系的观念、观点、概念的总和。包括政治法律思想、道德、文学艺术、宗教、哲学和其他社会科学等意识形式。它表现人们之间的思想关系～通常称为思想上层建筑或意识形态上层建筑。 1、社会经济:生产力发展～封建经济产生 (1)表现: 1)农业: ?铁器和牛耕的出现和推广; 西周晚期～铁器开始使用,春秋时期～铁器用于农业生产,战国时期～铁农具的使用范围扩大。铁器时代的到来～标志着我国社会生产力的显著提高。 春秋战国时期～牛耕技术开始出现并逐渐推广。牛耕技术～只有与铁器的使用相配合～方可发挥出它的功能。耕犁的出现～使耕作效率大大提高。牛耕的运用～是我国农业技术史上农用动力的一次革命。当时～在人的姓名上把牛和耕一起使用～说明牛耕在当时社会生产中十分普遍且十分重要。孔子弟子冉耕字伯牛,司马耕～字子牛,晋国一大力士姓牛名子耕。《国语〃晋语》中记载:“宗庙之牺～为畎亩之勤”～这也证实了春秋时代存在牛耕的事实。 小结:铁器和牛耕的使用～大大提高了农业生产效率～为私田的大量开垦和农田水利设施的兴修创造了条件。 【资料回放】春秋战国时期铁农具的出现和推广: 材料一 1990年～考古学家在河南三门峡虢国墓地～发现一柄西周时期的铜柄铁器～经鉴定确认为人工冶铁制品。这就把我国用铁历史提前到了公元前的9世纪至公元前8世纪。 oothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned byght to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work sme riGovernment, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, th Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the ority.nt as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authet responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Governmetarg m of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of theand guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the syste t decision,roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfec-ss experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grasssucce he, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created ofe powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in tunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, morDid not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measures strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. taff, ng extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information sd to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, buildiresponnt offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to h a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Governmetablisent events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Esrengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to governming stquickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concernhes. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected clic the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, ic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizesdigging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynam2 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 材料二 《国语〃齐语》记载管仲的话说:“美金以铸剑戟～试诸狗马。恶金以铸、夷、斤～试诸壤土”。在这里～美金指的是青铜～恶金指的是铁～说明齐国已经用铁制造农具。春秋中叶齐灵公时的《叔夷钟》铭中有“造戜徒四千”的记载～“戜”～当是“铁”字的初文。但是～应当注意的是～春秋时代的铁制工具出土数量毕竟很少～这表明当时铁制工具的使用还很不普遍。 材料三 恩格斯说:“铁使更大面积的农田耕作～开垦广阔的森林地区～成为可能,它给手工业工人提供了一种其坚固和锐利非石头或当时所知道的其他金属所能抵挡的工具。所有这些～都是逐渐实现的,最初的铁往往比青铜软～所以石器只是慢慢地消失的。” ??《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷第159页 ?兴修水利: 教师可引导学生回顾必修?学过的相关知识～如都江堰、郑国渠等。 ?农田施肥:沤肥技术 ?荒地开垦: 2)手工业:冶铸、纺织、漆器工艺等都有新的成就。 3)商业:日趋活跃，出现邯郸、临淄、宛、陶等商业中心。 (2)影响:封建生产关系的产生 ?土地私有制的确立:削弱人身依附关系 铁器的应用～牛耕的普及～加之水利、施肥等技术的应用～使这一时期的生产力有了巨大的发展。生产力的进步引起了生产方式的变化～奴隶制集体劳作方式逐渐瓦解～以一家一户为单位的小生产和个体经营为特色的小农经济发展起来。随着私田的开垦和增多～私田主人为了增加收入～开始改变剥削方式。将自己的“私田”分成小块～租给奴隶和破产的平民耕种～向租种者收取地租。为了继续维护自身的利益～一些奴隶主也主动改变剥削方式～实行更适应生产力水平的地租剥削。奴隶制社会的经济基础??井田制走向没落～封建土地私有制确立起来。 ?产生新的阶级力量:新兴地主和自耕农阶级，要求进一步解放生产力。 2、政治:上层建筑的变革～新兴地主要求改革奴隶制度 (1)原因:经济基础的变化 (2)目的:地主阶级要求建立和强化封建专制统治; (3)途径:变革 (4)措施: ?以选贤任能、奖励军功取代世卿世碌制, ?以实行俸禄制取代封邑制, ?以中央集权取代君主与贵族联合执政, 3、军事:王室衰微～诸侯争霸与兼并～战争频繁(富国强兵成为改革的内在动力) (1)春秋:诸侯争霸战争 (2)战国:以兼并战争为主 (3)变革动力:富国强兵 战国时期～群雄角逐～战争频繁。为了富国强兵～各诸侯国纷纷变法。进而说明了改革的必要性。 4、思想文化:学术自由～百家争鸣～思想大解放 (1)背景:春秋战国时期，激烈的政治斗争和经济繁荣促进了学术思想的空前发展。 (2)表现: ?私学兴盛打破了学在官府的格局。,学在官府是指奴隶主阶级垄断教育, ?战国时期出现了百家争鸣:儒家、道家、墨家、法家等学派陆续诞生～出现了百家争鸣的活跃局面。 (3)影响:法家思想成为变法改革的思想理论武器。(法家的代表人物有李悝、吴起、商鞅等) , consents, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requiremeventsaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as nce", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government lecelled, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Exout things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targete diggingd heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, andange, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, anugh chnovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthroy of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in ind city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work anconstruction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and cit y, andinsisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industrblems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a t progovernment, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficul following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipalrther strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on fumeasuresDid not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective be criticized. hip and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks toTownsof key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the stem, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Roleuty syituations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect dequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical s3 reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, andakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged us brehrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focwork and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breaktision form, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervndustry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise refour iof "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster ifficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed and d he municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hoton from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of trther strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervisifacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on fu4 【学思之窗】“兵家和法家都重视战争，他们为什么会有这样的认识,变法改革和战胜攻取有 什么关系,” 参考答案:,1,原因:思想是现实的反映。战国兼并战争迫使各诸侯国发展经济、富国强兵, 法家思想产生于战国时期的变法运动,兵家思想产生于战争实践。 ,2,关系:只有变法才能富国强兵,只有富国强兵才能在兼并战争中战胜对手。 【小结】春秋战国时期社会面临着怎样的大变革, 经济:生产力发展，封建经济产生; 政治:上层建筑变革，新兴地主要求改革奴隶制度; 军事:诸侯争霸与兼并，战争频繁; 文化:百家争鸣，法家思想成为变法改革的思想理论武器。 大发展 大动荡 大变革 铁器、牛耕使用 生产力 私田增多 决定 经济 井田制瓦解 基础 生产关系 封建土地私有制确立 新兴地主阶决定 级要求变革 上层 建筑 百家争鸣 (二)风起云涌的改革和变法——为商鞅变法提供经验教训: 春秋战国时期各国的改革与变法(商鞅变法前) 时间 国家 改革者 变 法 内 容 作 用 军事:整顿和发展军备 增强了齐国实力，使管仲 齐国 经济:发展工商业、改革赋税制度(“相齐桓公成为春秋第一春秋 改革 地而衰征”，事实上承认了土地私有) 个霸主 鲁国 初税亩 经济:“履亩而税”公开承认土地私有 经济:“尽地力之教”，发展农业;推行使魏国在战国七雄中李悝 魏国 “平籴法”，保护小农经济 率先强盛，为各国改变法 法制:制定《法经》，加强法制 革树立了榜样 政治:限制贵族权力，改变分封制，三取得一定成效，成为战国 吴起 代以后收回爵禄;强令贵族迁居，变相没收战国中的强国(成为楚国 变法 其土地;裁撤冗员，削减俸禄，奖励军功;强国) 严格吏治禁止私门请托 齐国邹忌改革;赵国公孙连改革;韩国都促进了经济发展和其它诸侯 申不害改革 社会进 备注: hes. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected clic the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, ic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizesdigging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned byght to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work sme riGovernment, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, th Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the ority.nt as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authet responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Governmetarg m of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of theand guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the syste t decision,roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfec-ss experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grasssucce he, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created ofe powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in tunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, morDid not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measures strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. taff, ng extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information sd to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, buildiresponnt offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to h a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Governmetablisent events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Esrengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to governming stquickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concern4 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 1、齐国“相地而衰征”: 《齐语》记载管仲对齐桓公说:“相地而衰征则民不移。”“衰”即等级次第;含义是:根据土地多少和田质好坏征收赋税;这样，农民就不迁移。如果不分土地好坏都收一样的税，住在坏地的农民就想往有好地的地方迁移，所以“相地而衰征则民不移”。实质是:用实物地租代替力役地租，事实上承认了土地私有; 管仲改革，淡化了公田、私田的界限，实质上承认了私人对土地的所有权。管仲改革调动了土地所有者经营土地的积极性，推动了生产的发展，为齐国的强大奠定了物质基础。 2、鲁国初税亩(公元前594年) “初税亩”从字面意义上解释，就是:初，为开始的意思;税亩就是按土地亩数对土地征税，具体方法是:“公田之法，十足其一;今又履其余亩，复十取一。”对公田征收其收成的十分之一作为税赋，对公田之外的份田、私田同样根据其实际亩数，收取收成的十分之一作为赋税。 “履亩而税”:含义是:按亩收税，不分公田、私田，凡占有土地者均按土地面积纳税，税率为产量的10,。实质是:公开承认土地私有。 ,、“尽地力之教”: 战国时代，李悝关于发展农业的经济思想。意思是:提高单产，充分利用土地，增加收入。 《汉书?食货志上》记李悝向魏文侯提出“尽地力之教”的建议:将一部分荒地分给农民，国家因此增加什一之税的收入。在农业种植上应采取多种经营方式，如若一种作物受到自然灾害，还有其他作物可以收获，耕地要深，除草要勤，收割时要象防备寇盗到来那样迅速，以免遭受损失。这些都是很好的农业技术经验，对提高农业劳动生产率有很大的作用。 ,、“平籴(dí)法”: 背景:三家分晋后，于公元前445年，魏国的君主魏文侯即位。不久他就认命李悝为相，主持变法。这次变法的一项主要内容就是“平籴法”。 目的:使城里人和乡里农民都不受损害，调动农民生产积极性; 实质:发展封建经济 内容:李悝推行的重农抑商的“平籴法”，由国家控制粮食的购销和价格。他认为粮价若太贱则伤农，太贵则伤民(城市居民)。因太贵太贱，都不利于统治，于是他实施“平籴法”。其做法是:把好年成分为上中下三等，坏年成也分为上中下三等。丰收年按年成的丰收情况，国家收购多余的粮食。歉收年则按歉收的程度，国家拿出收购的粮食平价卖出。上等歉收年卖上等丰收年收购的粮食，中等歉收年卖出中等丰收年收购的粮食，下等歉收年卖下等丰收年收购的粮食。这样“虽遇饥馑水旱，籴不贵而民不散。” ,、《法经》: 《法经》是战国时期魏相李悝在系统总结各诸侯国成文法的基础上编定的，是魏国变法的重要内容。是维护封建国家的统治秩序，保护封建地主阶级利益的有文字可考的较为系统完备的刑法法典。 (1)《法经》的指导思想是: “ 王者之政莫急于盗贼 ” ，即将保护地主阶级的私有财产、人身安全及统治秩序作为首要任务。 (2)《法经》共有6篇，即盗、贼、囚、捕、杂、具。其中《杂法》概括了盗贼以外的各种犯罪行为。《具法》的内容是 “ 具其加减 ” ，即统一规定以上各篇定罪量刑的通例与原则，类 似于近代刑法典中的总则，而其他五篇皆 “ 罪名之制 ” ，类似于近代刑法典中的分则。 (3)《法经》是中国历史上第一部较为系统的法典，其立法技巧已初步走向成熟，后世中国的封建法典均以《法经》为蓝本。 商鞅入秦主持变法革新时，携《法经》入秦，并在变法过程中将《法经》改编为秦律，史称 “ 改法为律 ” 。 ,、吴起变法 战国初期，楚国民不聊生，饿殍遍野，楚声王竟至为“盗”所杀。而此时北方三晋正在兴起，国力强 equences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical s, consents, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requiremeventsaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as nce", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government lecelled, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... 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Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on fumeasuresDid not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective be criticized. hip and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks toTownsof key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the stem, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Roleuty syituations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect d5 reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, andakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged us brehrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focwork and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breaktision form, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervndustry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise refour iof "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster ifficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed and d he municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hoton from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of trther strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervisifacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on fu6 大，对楚步步进逼，楚国处于一种十分困窘的境地。在楚国内忧外困之时，中原的政治家吴起从魏国来到楚国。楚悼王素闻吴起贤能，公元前382年，楚悼王任命吴起为令尹，主持变法。吴起变法，从打击大贵族入手。变法的内容散见于典籍中，归纳如下: (1) 均爵平禄。楚国爵禄是世袭的，即先辈如有功受爵禄，后代子孙虽无功，亦可承袭享有爵禄;而后来一些在战争中立大功者却无爵禄，极大地伤害了将士的积极性。吴起乃“均楚国之爵，而平其禄，损其有余，而继其不足，厉甲兵以时争於天下。” 另外，“封君之子孙，三世而收爵禄，绝灭百吏之禄秩，损不急之枝官，以奉选练之士。”吴起要取消世袭的封君、世袭的爵禄，用从封君那里得到的爵禄去奉养经过挑选的有功将士。 (2) 废除无用、无能的官职，剥夺王室贵族的威权，使他们不能徇私情，因私废公。“废公族疏远者，以抚养战斗之士” 。“禁游客之民，精耕战之士。”削减无用的开支，以奖励真正为国出力报效的战斗之士。 (3) 春秋至战国时期，楚国用武力灭掉许多国家，开濮地、伐杨粤等，得到了广大领土，但都未及开发。吴起责令楚国一些与王室关系疏远的贵族到僻远的地方去开发。吴起对楚悼王说:“荆所有余者，地也，所不足者，民也。今君以所不足，益所有余。” 这是一种新的拓土殖民形式。 吴起变法，旨在富国强兵。变法的内容是消灭世卿世禄制，任用贤能，因此这又是一次打击世袭贵族政治经济特权的运动。吴起变法打击了楚国大贵族既得的政治经济利益，遭到大贵族的激烈反对。楚国官员皆楚王室宗支，决不许异姓插足。吴起作为一个外诸侯国的异姓人，跻身于楚上层贵族之间，依靠楚悼王的信任，打击大贵族特权和利益，所遇到的阻力之大，反对之烈，是可以想见的。 新法行之期年，楚悼王死去。在楚悼王的灵堂上，楚国贵戚大臣作乱而共攻吴起。吴起跑到楚悼王的尸体下躲藏，贵族射杀了吴起，也射中了王尸。按照楚国之法:“丽兵于王尸者，尽加重罪，逮三族。”群臣射王尸者，尽当其罪，因而被夷宗者70余家。但变法也因楚悼王和吴起的死而受到挫折。 春秋时期的改革增加了国家收入～加速了井田制的瓦解。但主要是改革经济基础～没能触及上层建筑。战国改革由经济基础转移到上层建筑～维护地主阶级统治。 (三)处在十字路口的秦国: 导入:一个地处西陲～比较落后的秦国～能够虎视中原～最后吞并“连横”的六国～一统天下。靠的是什么,靠的是制度创新??“商鞅变法”。秦国在公元前4世纪～面临着巨大的历史机遇。秦国当政者抓住了机遇～任用商鞅～以法家思想为指导思想～进行了改革。经过变法～秦国迅速强盛起来～最终完成了统一中国的大业。在改革开放的今天～我们重温这段历史～依然饶有兴味。 1、改革的必要性: (1)秦穆公称霸西戎(公元前7世纪后期)——落后 秦国地处西陲～一向为诸侯各国所轻视～称之为“夷狄之邦”。秦穆公时～任用百里奚、蹇叔、由余为谋臣～击败晋国～俘晋惠公～灭梁芮两国。后在崤(今河南三门峡东南)遭晋军袭击～大败。转而向西发展～攻灭十二国～称霸西戎。秦国从此步入了强国的行列。但是～秦国比中原各国的经济、政治和文化都要落后。 (2)秦献公改革(公元前4世纪初)——无改观 内容:废除人殉制度;迁都栎阳;制定户籍制度。 结果:秦国的整体面貌无根本改观。 2、改革的可能性: (1)有利条件: ?国君权力集中，奴隶主贵族势力较弱;,权力集中, ?注重实用、讲求功利的发家学说容易得到认同;,法家学说, ?民风质朴，充斥尚武精神。,民风质朴与尚武精神, 教师可引导学生阅读“历史纵横”:主要介绍了秦国质朴、强悍、尚武的民风。急公斗勇的民风士气～只要有合理严格的制度约束～就能凝聚成统一的意志～形成强大的战斗力。 (2)历史机遇: ?三家分晋，阻秦力量大受大削弱; 三家分晋是指中国春秋末年～晋国被韩、赵、魏三家瓜分的事件。周威烈王二十三年,前403年,～周 ic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizesdigging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned byght to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work sme riGovernment, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, th Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the ority.nt as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authet responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Governmetarg m of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of theand guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the syste t decision,roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfec-ss experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grasssucce he, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created ofe powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in tunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, morDid not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measures strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. taff, ng extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information sd to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, buildiresponnt offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to h a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Governmetablisent events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Esrengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to governming stquickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concernhes. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected clic the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, 6 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 威烈王封三家为侯国。司马光的编年体史书《资治通鉴》的记载就从这一事件开始:“周威烈王二十三年～初命晋大夫魏斯、赵籍、韩虔为诸侯……”～作为春秋与战国的分界。前376年～韩、赵、魏废晋静公～将晋公室剩余土地全部瓜分。因此韩、赵、魏三国又被合称为“三晋”。 公元前,,？年～韩、赵、魏三家打发使者上洛邑去见周威烈王～要求周天子把他们三家封为诸侯。周威烈王想～不承认也没有用～不如做个顺水人情～就把三家正式封为诸侯。打那以后～韩,都城在今河南禹县～后迁至今河南新郑,、赵,都城在今山西太原东南～后迁至今河北邯郸,、魏,都城在今山西夏县西北～后迁至今河南开封,都成为中原大国～加上秦、齐、楚、燕四个大国～历史上称为“战国七雄”。 三家分晋是历史上具有划时代意义的重大事件。它是中国奴隶社会瓦解～封建社会确定的标志。 ?中原士人游说各国，为秦国招揽贤能提供了可能性; ?诸侯卑秦，秦孝公决心发奋图强、实现富国强兵。 (3)主观条件:商鞅的个人才干。,重点放在下节课讲解, 商鞅,约前390年—前338年,～卫国,今河南安阳市内黄梁庄镇一带,人～汉族。战国时期政治家～思想家～著名法家代表人物。卫国国君的后裔～公孙氏～故称为卫鞅～又称公孙鞅～后封于商～后人称之商鞅。 商鞅“少好刑名之学”～专研以法治国～受李悝、吴起等人的影响很大。后为魏国宰相公叔痤家臣～公叔痤病重时对魏惠王说:“公孙鞅年少有奇才～可任用为相。”又对惠王说“王既不用公孙鞅～必杀之～勿令出境。”公叔痤死后～商鞅听说秦孝公雄才大略～便携同李悝的《法经》到秦国去。通过秦孝公近臣景监三见孝公～商鞅畅谈变法治国之策～孝公大喜。前359年任左庶长～开始变法～后升大良造。 【课后小结】 春秋战国时期是奴隶制崩溃、封建制确立的大变革时期，在这一时期，铁制农具的使用和牛耕的逐步推广，导致奴隶主的土地国有制，逐步被封建土地私有制所代替。随着封建经济的发展，新兴地主阶级的经济和政治势力越来越大。新兴地主阶级纷纷要求在政治上进行改革，发展封建经济，建立地主阶级统治。各国纷纷掀起变法运动，如魏国的李悝变法、楚国的吴起变法等。再加上秦孝公招揽贤才，商鞅变法正是在这种背景下发生。这种社会变革、变法运动体现了生产关系必须适应生产力发展、上层建筑必须适应经济基础变化的规律。 ?春秋战国时期是社会大动荡、大变革和大发展的时期，生产力发展引起生产关系变革，经济基础变动引起了上层建筑的变动; ?改革是时代发展的潮流，改革也是深刻的社会革命; ?抓住机遇，迎接挑战。商鞅变法改变了秦国的命运，也影响了中国历史进程。 三、问题解答: ?【学思之窗】 请你想一想，当时兵家、法家都主张重视战争，赢得战争。他们为什么会有这样的认识,变法改革与战胜攻取又有什么关系, 答案提示:思想是现实的反映。战争是战国时代的显著特点～“战胜强立”是战国历史的主线。战国时期～各诸侯国为了战胜对方～都十分重视发展农业和奖励军功。法家是地主阶级的改革派。法家思想直接产生于战国时期的变法活动。而兵家思想来源于战争实践～是在战争实践基础上的理论升华。进步思想为社会变革提供思想基础～指导社会变革的进程。 各诸侯国只有通过改革变法～发展封建的经济～才能够富国强兵。只有实现富国强兵～才能够达到对内巩固统治、对外战胜对方的目的。 ?本课测评 1、春秋战国时期，各诸侯国实施改革变法的根本原因是什么, d, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... 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One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of trther strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervisifacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on fu8 答案提示:春秋战国时期～生产力迅速发展～社会经济发生了根本性的变化。生产力的发展促进了土地私有制的确立～进一步削弱了人身依附关系～引起了阶级关系的变化。新兴地主和自耕农出现。新兴的地主和自耕农要求打破束缚～进一步解放生产力。而经济基础的变化～必然会引起上层建筑的改革。因此～改革变法的根本原因是社会生产力的发展。 2、春秋战国时期除商鞅变法外，还有哪些国家进行的改革变法影响比较大, 答案提示:春秋时期～社会生产关系与上层建筑的变革已经开始。著名的有齐国管仲改革和鲁国的改革。齐国管仲采取“相地而衰征”的政策～实质上承认了私人对土地的所有权。鲁国实行了“初税亩”～公开承认了土地私有权。 战国时期～李悝在魏国主持变法。实行“尽地力之教”、推行“平籴法”、制定《法经》。魏国在战国诸雄中率先强盛起来。吴起在楚国的变法影响也较大。主张限制和削弱贵族势力、整顿吏治和改良社会风气。楚国经过改革～成为了战国中的强国。 ?学习延伸 (略) ic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizesdigging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamoothly. 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Third, to put the focal point in the syste t decision,roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfec-ss experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grasssucce he, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created ofe powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in tunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, morDid not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measures strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. taff, ng extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information sd to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, buildiresponnt offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to h a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Governmetablisent events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Esrengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to governming stquickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concernhes. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected clic the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... 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