文华学院linux复习重点

文华学院linux复习重点 Linux复习重点 第一章: 1、一个典型的Linux发行版包括: 1、Linux核心 2、一些GNU库和工具 3、命令行Shell 4、 图形界面的X窗口系统和相应的桌面环境，如KDE或Gnome 5、数千种从办公包，编译器，文本编辑器到科学工具的应用软件。 2、国际主流linux的发行版本 Ubuntu Mint Fedora openSUSE Debian Slackware RedHat 国内中文桌面Linux版本 红旗Linux 中标普华Linux Xteam Linux 3、Linux 特点 完全免费 完全兼容POSIX 1.0标准 多用户、多任务 良好的界面 丰富的网络功能 可靠的安全、稳定性能 支持多种平台 4 、Linux 组成部分 内核:运行程序和管理像磁盘和打印机等硬件设备的核心程序。它从用户那里接受命令并把命令送给内核去执行。 Shell :系统的用户界面，提供了用户与内核进行交互操作的一种接口。Shell是一个命令解释器 ，Shell中的命令分为内部命令和外部命令。 文件系统:文件存放在磁盘等存储设备上的组织方法 应用系统:程序集，包括文本编辑器、编程语言、X Window、办公套件、Internet工具、数据库等。 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 5、自由软件是一种可以不受限制地自由使用、复制、研究、修改和分发的软件。 GPL许可是GUN通用公共许可证简称 BSD OSI:开放源代码促进会 OSS:开放源代码软件 6、自由软件和开源软件的区别 自由软件的目的在于自由“分享”与“协作”。自由软件基金会使用一个特定的许可证 开放源代码运动旨在提高技术等级，是一种技术等级发展的模式 第二章: linux的安装方法 以使用LiveCD，不必安装 ，光驱启动即可进入系统 。 如果实际使用，还需真正安装Linux系统。 可以采用双系统的方式安装Ubuntu，也可以使用虚拟机来安装和使用Ubuntu。 第三章: 1、unity桌面环境 Unity中:底部面板被移到了屏幕左侧，用于启动和切换应用程序 移到左侧后的控制面板为触控操作优化后，扩大尺寸，提供大图标，Unity控制台可以显示哪些应用程序正在运行，并支持应用程序间的快速切换和拖拽 顶部的控制栏更加智能化，采用了一个单独的全局菜单键 2、Gnome桌面 Linux系统可以改变图形界面--“集成式桌面环境”。 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between Gnome桌面是Linux系统的一大主流桌面环境。 Gnome,GNU Network Object Model Environment,是GNU计划的一部分。 在Gnome桌面环境中，鼠标的基本操作和windows相同 3、字符界面 与图形界面相对，也是一种对操作系统的输入和输出界面。 字符界面的特点: 命令行具有占用系统资源少、性能稳定且安全。 使用命令行登录系统，利用命令行对系统进行各种配置。 需使用专用的工具和软件。 第四章: 1、文件系统概念:文件系统是Linux操作系统的重要组成部分，用于对磁盘进行存储管理及输入输出。 文件系统包含文件中的数据、文件系统的结构。所有Linux 用户和程序看到的文件、目录、软连接及文件保护信息等都存储在其中。 组成每个文件系统的逻辑上的功能块:引导块、超级块、节点块、数据块等。 2、文件和目录的定义:逻辑实体 指文件与目录,非逻辑实体 泛指硬盘、终端机、打印机等。Linux文件系统中，结构上以根文件系统,root file system,最为重要， 根目录下有/etc、/dev、/boot、/home、/lib、/lost+found、/mnt、/opt、/proc、/root、/bin、/sbin、/tmp、/var、/usr等重要目录。 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 3、根目录下的各个目录内容 /etc 存放着许多系统所需的重要配置与管理文件 /dev 存放device file,装置文件,，使用者可以经由核心用来存取系统中的硬设备，当使用装置文件时内核会辨识出输入输出请求，并传递到相对应装置的驱动程序以便完成特定的动作, /boot 存放与系统激活的相关文件 ,不可任意删除 /home 登录用户的主目录,$HOME,放在此目录下，以用户的名称作为/home目录下各个子目录的名称。 /lib 存放许多系统激活时所需要的重要的共享函数库 /usr/lib 存放一些应用应用程序的共享函数库，例如Netscape、X server等。最重要的函数库为libc或glibc,glibc 2.x便是libc 6.x版本，标准C语言函数库,及文件名为library.a的静态函数库 /mnt 系统默认的挂载点,mount point,，默认有/nnt/cdrom和/mnt/floppy /proc 虚拟文件系统，它不占用硬盘空间，目录下文件均放置于内存中,/proc记录系统进程，硬件状态、内存使用等信息。 /root 系统管理用户root的主目录 /bin 存放一些系统启动时所需要的普通程序和系统程序及一些经常被其它程序调用的程序 /tmp 存放系统启动时产生的临时文件 /var 本目录存放被系统修改过的数据。在这个目录下的重要目录有 /var/log、/var/spool、/var/run等，它们分别用于存放记录文件、新闻邮件、运行时信息。 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 4、Linux采用的是树型结构。最上层是根目录，其他的所有目录都是从根目录出发而生成的。无论操作系统管理几个磁盘分区，这样的目录树只有一个。 5、linux的主要文件类型 D rwx r-x r-x 2 root root 4096 2,硬链接数, ,所有者,,所属组,,文件大小, 普通文件 - 纯文本文件 目录文件 d 链接文件 l 设备文件 b /c 套接字文件 s 管道文件 p 6、linux的文件属性 读,r/4,、 写,w/2,、 执行,x/1, 7、文件操作命令 ,1,显示文件内容命令 echo命令 输出字符串到基本输出 echo [文件名] cat命令 用来串接文件或显示文件的内容 cat [选项] [文件名] more 命令 分页显示文件内容 more [文件名] ,2,显示目录内容及更改目录命令 ls 命令 列出目录的内容 ls [选项] [文件或目录] pwd 命令 显示当前工作目录的路径 pwd cd 命令 改变当前工作目录 cd [目录] ,3,建立、删除文件命令 touch 命令 成空文件和修改文件存取时间 touch [选项] [文件名] rm命令 删除一个目录中的若干个文件或子目录 rm [选项] [文件或目录] field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between ,4,建立、删除目录命令 mkdir 命令 建立目录 mkdir [选项] [目录名] -p :依次创建目录 rmdir 命令 删除空目录 rmdir [选项] [目录名] ,5,复制、移动命令 cp 命令 将给出的文件或目录复制到另一文件或目录中 cp [选项] [源文件或目录] [目的文件或目录] mv 命令 将文件或目录改名，或将文件由一个目录移入另一个目录 mv [选项] [源文件或目录] [目的文件或目录] ,6,压缩、备份命令 tar 命令 tar是一个归档程序，可以把许多文件打包成为一个归档文件或者把它们写入备份文件 tar [选项] [文件或目录] 压缩:tar -zcvf 解压缩 tar -zxvf gzip 命令 用Lempel- Ziv coding ,LZ77,技术压缩文件，压缩后文件格式:. gz gzip [选项] [文件] gunzip 命令 解压缩以gzip压缩的. gz文件 gunzip [选项] [文件或目录] ,7,权限管理命令 chgrp 命令 改变文件或目录的所属组 chgrp -R [群组] [文件或目录] chown 命令 将文件或目录的所有者改变为指定用户 chown [选项] [用户[:群组]] [文件或目录] chmod 命令 改变文件或目录的访问权限 符号模式:chmod [选项] [who] operator [permission] files Chmod u-w conda.txt field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 绝对模式: chmod [选项] mode files Chmod 777 conda.txt (8) Linux文件查找命令 whereis 命令 找命令的二进制文件，同时也会找到其帮助文件 whereis [文件] find 命令 寻找文件或目录的位置 find [搜索路径] [搜寻关键字] [文件或目录] locate 命令 寻找文件或目录 locate [搜索关键字] 8、输入输出重定向,了解, 第五章: 1、linux用户和用户组: 用户通过特定的用户名,username,在登录Linux系统时标识自己 系统上运行的每个进程都有一个相关的用户名，系统上每个文件被表明由某个特定用户所拥有，系统上每个用户不仅有唯一的用户名，也有唯一的用户id，用户id缩写为uid 与每个用户相关的默认组成为新建文件的组所有者，被称作用户的主要组 用户也可以根据需要在隶属于其他组，这些组被称作次要组 2、文件管理的4个命令 passwd文件:用户的关键信息被存放在系统的/etc/passwd文件中 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 用户数据格式:username: password: uid: gid: userinfo: home: shell 用户登可读的用户用户密码 用户组分配给用户ID 识别用 录默认名称 用户的ID 户的文 shell 主目录 本 shadow文件 :用户的密码被保存在专门的/etc/shadow文件中。 username: password: lastchg: min: max: warn: inactive: expire: flag 两次修两次修口令失加密用修改口禁止登禁止登保留 用户的改口令效前发改口令户的密令天数 录的时录有效登录名 天数 天数 警告 码 间 天数 group 文件 /etc/group文件把组名与组ID联系在一起，并且定义了哪些用户属于哪些组。 group_name: group_password: group_id: group_members 用户组名 加密后用户组成员 用户组ID 组密码 gshadow文件 /etc/gshadow文件存储加密的组口令 group_name: group_password: group_id: group_members 同上 3、用户管理的4个命令 useradd命令 在Linux系统中创建新用户 useradd [选项] 用户名 Eg:useradd XXX -g conda -s /bin/bash -d /home/test passwd 命令 为新增加的用户设置口令，也可以更改原有用户的口令，管理员还可以使用passwd命令锁定某个用户账户 passwd [选项] 用户名 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between usermod 命令 修改用户账户的信息 usermod [选项] 用户名 Eg: suermod -G users test userdel 命令 删除系统中的用户 userdel [选项] 用户名 -r 删除账户时，连同用户主目录一起删除 4、用户组管理命令 groupadd命令 指定组名称来建立新的组账号 groupadd [选项] 组名 groupadd -g xxxx conda 新建组 groupmod命令 修改用户组属性 groupmod [选项] 组名 groupmod -g XXXX CONDA conda 修改conda为CONDA groupdel命令 从系统上删除组。如果该组中仍包含某些用户，则必须先删除这些用户后，方能删除组。 groupdel 组名 gpasswd命令 用来管理组。使用gpasswd为组设定密码，让知道该组密码的用户可以暂时切换具备该组功能。 gpasswd [选项] 组名 第六章: 1、文件系统类型 EXT2 :是Linux操作系统适用的磁盘格式。 EXT2文件系统使用索引节点(像windows的文件分配表)来记录文件信息，索引节点是一个结构，包含文件的长度、创建及修改时间、权限、所属关系、磁盘中的位置等信息。 系统给每个索引节点分配了一个索引节点号码，目录只是将文件的名称和它的索field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 引节点号结合在一起的一张表，目录中每一对文件名称和索引节点号称为一个连接。对于一个文件来说有唯一的索引节点号与之对应，对于一个索引节点号，却可以有多个文件名与之对应。因此，在磁盘上的同一个文件可以通过不同的路径去访问它。 EXT3:文件系统是直接从EXT2文件系统发展而来，稳定可靠，完全兼容EXT2文件系统，日志功能健全。 NFS 是sun公司推出的网络文件系统，允许在多台计算机间共享同一个文件系统，易于从所有计算机上存取文件 ISO9660 是标准的CD-ROM文件系统，允许长文件名 2、磁盘分类 常见的磁盘接口有IDE、SATA、SCSI接口， IDE设备 分配了一个有hd前缀组成的文件 SCSI设备分配了一个有sd前缀组成的文件 编号方法按照英文字母表顺序，如hda、hdb; sda、sdb、sdc等 主分区和扩展分区的编号方法为数字顺序 扩展分区继续分割出来的分区，就被称为逻辑分区,Logical, 逻辑分区的名称号码由5开始 3、磁盘配额管理,重点看操作命令, ,1,查看内核是否支持配额 grep CONFIG_QUOTA /boot/config-3.2.0-29-generic-pae field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between #CONFIG_QUOTA=y #CONFIG_QUOTACTL=y ,2,安装磁盘配额工具 安装quota和quotatool #apt-get install quota quotatool ,3,激活分区的配额功能 1、修改/etc/fstab文件 #sudo vi /etc/fstab 在/etc/fstab文件末尾添加如下行: /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1 2、重启系统让/etc/fstab文件生效，或执行命令: #sudo mount -a ,4,建立配额数据库 1、创建用户数据库文件aqupta.user Sudo quotacheck -avgu 2、将创建的数据库文件放在目标目录下 ,5,启动磁盘配额 使用quotaon命令启动磁盘配额，格式为: quotaon [选项] [设备名或挂载点] eg sudo quotaon -av ,6,编辑用户磁盘配额 配置conda用户的磁盘配额，输入 sudo edquota -u conda ,7,设定宽限期 编辑宽限时间的命令为 sudo edquota –t field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between ,8,其他配额功能 1、 查看磁盘配额信息 Sudo quota -u conda 2、复制磁盘配额信息 sudo edquota -p conda CONDA 3、关闭磁盘配额 sudo quotaoff /dev/sdb1 第七章 1、linux引导流程 ,1,开机自检: 计算机在接通电源之后首先由BIOS进行自检，然后依据BIOS内设置的引导顺序从硬盘、软盘或CDROM中读入“引导块”。 BIOS 由两部分组成:加电自检,POST,代码和运行时服务。 ,2,MBR引导: MBR:主引导记录，包含主引导加载程序，是一个512字节大小的扇区，位于磁盘上的第一个扇区中,0道0柱面1扇区,。当MBR被加载到RAM中之后，BIOS就会将控制权交给MBR。 ,3,GRUB 引导加载程序会引导操作系统。当引导它的操作系统时，BIOS会读取引导介质上最前面的 512 字节即主引导记录。在单一的MBR中只能存储一个操作系统的引导记录。 ,4,加载内核 内核映像是提前使用zlib压缩过的压缩映像。在这个内核映像前面是一个例程，它实现少量硬件设置，并对内核映像中包含的内核进行解压，然后将其放入field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 高端内存中，如果有初始 RAM磁盘映像，就会将它移动到内存中，并标明以后使用。然后该例程会调用内核，并开始启动内核引导的过程。 ,5,运行INIT进程 INIT进程是系统所有进程的起点，是所有进程的发起者和控制者，INIT进程的编号PID永远是1 。 作用: 作为失去了父进程的子进程的父进程 进入某个特定的运行级别,Runlevel,时运行相应程序 ,6,通过/etc/inittab文件进行初始化 INIT进程根据/etc/inittab来执行相应的脚本进行系统初始化，如设置键盘、字体，装载模块，设置网络等。INIT执行的第一个脚本/etc/rc.d/rc.sysini主要在各个运行级别中做相同的初始化工作，包括设置初始的$PATH变量、配置网络、设置主机名、检查root文件系统即配额、设置时钟、检查文件系统等 ,7,执行/etc/rc.d/rc脚本 当/etc/rc.d/rc运行通过每个特定的运行级别子目录的时候，它会根据数字的顺序依次调用各个命令脚本程序执行。它先运行以字母K打头的命令脚本程序，传递Stop参数,再运行以字母S打头的命令脚本程序，传递 Start参数 ,8,启动mingetty进程 /etc/rc.d/rc执行完毕后，返回INIT进程。打开登录界面，以便用户登录系统。在Ubuntu中默认为图形界面，但可以通过按Alt+Fn(n对应1-6)切换到6个终端去 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 2、Ubuntu的运行级别 0 关机 1 单用户模式 2-5 图形界面的多用户模式 6 重新启动 修改运行级别的方式不同: Redhat Linux只需修改/etc/inittab文件 Ubuntu系统默认没有/etc/inittab文件，修改Ubuntu系统的运行级别可以通过以下两种方式: 1、手动创建 手动创建/etc/inittab文件后，在该文件中添加内容: id:3:initdefault 2、 修改/etc/init/rc-sysinit.conf 使用文本编辑器修改 /etc/init/rc-sysinit.conf文件中“env DEFAULT_RUNLEVEL”的值 3、交换分区swap的使用 ,1,从内核的角度 eg:创建交换文件大小6.5M，输入设备/dev/zero，读写块1024bytes Sudo dd if=/dev/zero of =/data/swapfile bs =1024 count=6553 ,2,激活和使用swap分区 1、mkswap命令指定作为交换分区的设备或者文件。mkswap命令的格式为: mkswap [参数] [设备名称或文件][交换区大小] eg: 例:指定/data/swapfile作为交换文件 sudo mkswap /data/swapfile 2、设置交换分区后，使用swapon命令激活交换分区， eg:sudo swapon /data/swapfile 3、如果重启系统后，也使新增的swap分区可用，需要编辑/etc/fstab文件，在/etc/fstab文件中添加如下代码: field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between /data/swapfile none swap sw 0 0 ,3,删除swap分区 删除swap分区时使用swapoff命令 sudo swapoff /data/swapfile 第八章: 1、vi编辑器各种模式的切换 末行模式回车 :输入x,q,wq，q! 命令模式输入 ctrl +z 输入i/I,a/A,o/O,r/R输入Vi文件名 Esc键 Linux 输入模式 2、vi编辑器的三种工作模式 命令行模式:vi打开一个文件 处于任何模式时，按下“Esc”键 输入模式:编辑文件内容 末行模式 :命令行模式下按“:”键进入末行模式，提示符为 “:” 末行命令执行后，vi自动回到命令模式。若在末行模式的输入过程中，可按退格键将输入的命令全部删除，再按一下退格键，即可回到命令模式。 vi编辑器的三种工作模式之间的转换: I，a，A ,1,命令行模式?输入模式:i， ,2,输入模式?命令行模式:Esc field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between ,3,命令行模式?末行模式:: 3、vi命令的操作,很多要花时间看, 第九章:,重点的shell编程, 多看书,多做题吧,必考内容,纯理解 第十章: 1、linux系统的网络配置 ,1,查看网络配置 使用ifconfig命令查看和更改网络接口的地址和参数，格式: ifconfig -interface [options] address up:激活指定的网络接口卡。 down:关闭指定的网络接口。 broadcast address:设置接口的广播地址。 pointopoint:启用点对点方式。 netmask address:设置接口的子网掩码 ,2,查看网络连接状态 通过netstat可以显示网络连接、路由表和网络接口信息 netstat -[选项] –s 显示各个协议的网络统计数据。 –c 显示连续列出的网络状态 –i 显示网络接口信息表单。 –r 显示关于路由表的信息，类似于route命令。 –a 显示所有的有效连接信息 –n 显示所有已建立的有效连接 –t 显示TCP协议的连接 –u 显示UDP协议的连接 –p 显示正在使用的进程ID field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between eg:netstat -natu 查看当前系统所有的监听端口 ,3,修改网络配置 1. 使用命令修改 例1:修改eth0接口的ip地址、子网掩码 #sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 例2:修改默认网关 #sudo route add default gw 192.168.0.1 2.使用配置文件修改 在/etc/network/interfaces配置文件中，可以修改网络接口的ip地址、子网 掩码、默认网关 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.0.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.1 ,4,测试网络配置 1. ping 命令 ping [选项] 目的ip地址 2. tracepath命令 tracepath命令用来跟踪记录从源主机到目的主机经过的路 径 tracepath 目的主机的域名或ip地址 2、samba服务器的配置 前提是已经安装了samba服务器 ,1,创建Samba共享文件夹并设置权限对所有用户可读可写 /home/conda/share chmod 777 /home/conda/share ,2,创建一个samba专用账户 ,3,配置Samba服务器 ,4,测试并重启samba服务 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between 配置完成，使用 testparm 命令对前面的配置进行测试，检查 samba 服务前 期的配置文件 /etc/samba/smb.conf ,5,启动与关闭Samba服务器 重启samba服务 #sudo /etc/init.d/smbd restart 关闭samba服务 #sudo /etc/init.d/smbd stop ,6,登录Samba服务器 field is downwind, brooding House separate from the breeding shed, and ... Building chicken farms must also consider the construction of chicken manure treatment facilities such as septic tanks, methane-generating pit, do not let the chicken manure directly. Five to do a disease prevention and control, do not cut corners. Built into the chicken in chicken farm, will be required to do a variety of vaccine injections and disinfection in chicken farm, do not hold the chance, and do scientific farming. Reasonable problems in building a chicken coop hen house layout, can provide a good environment for chicken, making its full productive potential, so other than in understanding the physiological characteristics of the chicken itself, and must be properly planned and constructed sheds. A chicken layout considerations 1. Sites to choose away from populated areas, traffic convenient, away from the road 2. Gaozao terrain, a lot of sunshine. Winter sun as possible, summer wind, and not after the rain water. Larger, leaving room for development 3. Abundant water resources pollution-free, easy to access, sufficient power is guaranteed 4. Building structure, the economy, saving money, and saving energy, it is facing in accordance with local environmental and physiological condition, lighting is good, easy to ventilation, easy to operate, so conducive to cooling in the summer, to insulation in winter cold 5. Layout of premises should be reasonable, do distinguish between