考研英语冲刺：七选五就技巧

考研英语冲刺：七选五就技巧 1. 7选5的命题分析 本题型的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择出5个答案，分别放进文章中5个空白处。 此题型所考文章不仅长度上长于阅读理解A节中的文章(每篇约400~450词)，阅读量大，而且在文字难度和做题要求上也都高于A节。A节中的文章是完整的，在通读文章或查读细节时，思路不会被打断。而此题型文章中有5处空白，在阅读过程中，如果不明白文章的主旨和段落主题、作者的写作意图，就很难顺畅地读下去、读明白，自然就很难选出正确答案。而一个空填错势必又影响到对另外一个空的选择。另外，此题有5个空白处，却提供6~7个选项(根据大纲)，因此有1~2个选项是多余的干扰选项，从而又加大了选出正确答案的难度。 该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。可以说，此题型是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试，因此在要求上远远高于这两种题型，考生有必要对这类题型的答题思路多练习，以提高自己在这个部分的应试能力。 2. 7选5的考察要点 这一考查题型对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。 不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，出题位置，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。 1)出题位置 (a)句子(段首，段中，段尾 ，缺1句或1个以上的句子) (b)段落(一般是一段) 该节分为两个部分:主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的 原文 少年中国说原文俱舍论原文大医精诚原文注音大学原文和译文对照归藏易原文 约600词，其中有5段空白处，空白处的位置可能在段首、段中、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7段文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可 能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。 2)出题数量 非等额选项(题目5道，7个选项) 3) 文章结构 (a)描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点) (b)释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述) (c)比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比) (d)原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的) (e)驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点) 5的解题步骤 3. 7选 1)快速阅读 全文 企业安全文化建设方案企业安全文化建设导则安全文明施工及保证措施创建安全文明校园实施方案创建安全文明工地监理工作情况 要点词句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。 但是由于文章中空缺了五处，而且有的地方空缺的是几句话甚至是一整段，文章的整个结构和逻辑是被打断了的，因此在短时间内掌握文章要点或逻辑思路是很困难的。因此这一步可能对很多考生来说会花费很多时间。如果感觉困难而且收获不大，可直接进入第二步，即一开始就边阅读边分析做题。 2)边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。 3)重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的题或不确定的题，此时可将已选出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同时检查核对已选出的答案，看文章从内容上是否语义连贯合理，语篇结构上是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了， 格式 pdf格式笔记格式下载页码格式下载公文格式下载简报格式下载 以及用语是否恰当贴切。如果所选的答案可以满足上述 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，则表明各个问题的答案基本正确。 4. 7选5的解题策略 1)从意思上判断 在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。 2)从词汇上锁定线索 做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。 3)从关联词上查找 由于英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。关于这样的路标性信号词请详见下一节文章段落的语段特征之“连贯性”一部分。 在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性;而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立;而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。 5. 根据试题所在的不同位置确定不同的解题策略 1)如果问题在段首 (a)通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。 (b)与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。比如，如果选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。 (c)段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。 2)如果问题在段尾 (a)空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。 (b)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word 等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。 (c)与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。 (d)与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。 (e)所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。 (f)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。 3)如果问题是一整个自然段 (a)这个段落应该是承上启下，而且自成一体，即有一个段落的中心，因此可重点阅读选项中较长的选项，以此类推直至找到正确答案。 (b)着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句查找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头，因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。 (c)分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段。将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，就能得出正确答案。 7选5考查的是语篇的连贯性和一致性，因此就要使用到各种达到连贯目的的各种衔接手段，即:词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。通过对这些衔接手段的分类，7选5的解题方法主要有以下几种: 1)词汇复现法 复现，是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。复现关系，主要是指同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。 例1(2005年真题) Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments)， if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs。 They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs。 41 What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution。 ,A, Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent! ,B, Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report:“The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies。” ,C, What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council。 ,D, The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues。 ,E, According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices。 ,F, So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices。 ,G, Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it。 【解析】,E,空白前的一段说:They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs(省长们都在抱怨医疗成本飞涨，其中涨得最快的就是药品的费用)。在这句话中，谈论的关键是 pharmaceutical cost(医药成本)，同时我们注意到文章的第一段谈论的主题也是关于health costs(医疗成本)的问题，因此可以判断文章下一段谈论的话题一定围绕“药品成本”展开，也就是“药品成本”这个概念会在下面的一段文字中复现。对比选项，只有选项,E,中出现了关于“药品成本”(drug costs)的论述，同时从内容上来看，试题前面的句子说“药品的成本飞涨”，选项,E,对前面的句子作了补充说明，解释了药品上涨的原因(Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices)。 例2(2005年真题) What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution。 42 But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body。 ,A, Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent! ,B, Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies。” ,C, What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council。 ,D, The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues。 ,E, According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices。 ,F, So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices。 ,G, Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it。 【解析】,C,试题前的一段提到了要成立全国性的机构(create a national institution)，并讲到了它的特点。空白后的一段以But 开头，解释national 的含义:“National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body(“全国性”也可以说是省际间的，也就是说，各省可以共同努力成立一个机构)，试题的前后都出现了关于national的信息，由此可以判断，要填入的句子中一定会复现关于national的内容，比较选项可以发现选项,A,和选项,C,中出现了关于national的复现信息，但选项,A,讲的是Quebec’s resistance to a national agency(Quebec对国 家医疗机构的抵制)，作者对national的定义还没有交代清楚之前，不可能出现选项,A,中的信息，因此选项,C,是正确答案。 例3(2006年真题) In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being。 42 The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun … and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”， intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will。” Well。 ,A, Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected。 ,B, It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? ,C, By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit。 ,D, Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government。 ,E, David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it。 ,F, It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will。 ,G, The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so? 【解析】,A, 空格前面一句the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being的主语是letter，letter后面的宾语从句讲的是letter的内容:David Williams在进入赌场之前要提交能证明不会对他的人身安全和财务造成威胁的信息。紧接着这句话的句子所表达的信息应当还要提及关于信件 (letter)及其内容的信息，因此要填入的选项要表达这一方面的内容，才能在语义上和上文连贯。比较选项可以发现，选项,A,中出现了letter的同义词mail，同时从内容上分析，选项,A,中的Although no such evidence was presented和上文中的he would have to present medical/psychological…语义上衔接紧密，语义连贯。因此选项,A,是正确答案。 2)词汇同现法 词汇同现是指属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。 例1(大纲样题) 42 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting。 ,A, The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。 ,B, Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate。 ,C, The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air。 ,D, The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world。 E, The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very , simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks。 ,F, When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved。 ,G, Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。 【解析】,F,本题出现在一个段落的首句，从答题策略来看，应当重点看后文的叙述，后文中water重复了两遍，说明这一信息是本段落的重点信息。同时这一信息很可能会在上下文中，即我们要填入的信息中出现复现词或同现词。对比选项，选项,F,中出现了 lake，stream，river，sea等同类词汇，因此可以判断这一选项为正确答案。本题最大的干扰项为,G,，因为,G,项一开始就有how fossils ate preserved与下文Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks…所表达的内容从形式上来看似乎是吻合的;但是,G,项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织(organism)可能转化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下来)，语义上主要说明泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用，因此两者在语义的衔接上是不连贯的。 例2(2006年真题) The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall。 44 Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities。 ,A, Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected。 ,B, It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? ,C, By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit。 ,D, Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government。 ,E, David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it。 ,F, It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will。 ,G, The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so? 【解析】,F,首先可以利用词汇同现的方法解答此题，试题前句的diagnostic(诊断上的)，选项中的medicalize(医学化)以及空格后面的physical(身体上的)虽然不是近义词或同义词，但很明显它们属于同一医学范畴，因此属于同一范畴词汇对应;其次，还可以利用结构衔接法，选项中的defining as(注意选项中有倒装结构，原结构应该是define …as…)与空格后的reclassifying…as…是近义词表达法，都是表示“归类为，定义为”;再次，可以利用词汇复现法，选项中的 weakness of will(意志上的弱点)和空格后句中的character flaws(性格的缺陷)是上下义词的关系，前者属于后者。 3)代词线索 英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。 例(大纲样题) There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet。 44 Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast。 ,A, The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。 ,B, Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate。 ,C, The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air。 ,D, The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world。 ,E, The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks。 ,F, When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved。 ,G, Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。 【解析】,A, 下文一开始就出现了指示代词these，这说明试题前面的句子表明了一类事物，也就是说，试题部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，对比答案只能是选项,A, The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.,A,里面出现了many different kinds of，这个短语和后面的指示代词these形成了对应关系。 4)数字线索 包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio, rate等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。 例1(2006年真题) He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”， which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine。 41 In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem。 ,A, Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected。 ,B, It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? ,C, By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit。 ,D, Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government。 ,E, David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it。 ,F, It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will。 ,G, The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so? 【解析】,C,从前后文表达的语义来看，前文的第一句话表明了本段的主题He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left。试题后面的句子是In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days，两者的侧重点都集中在lost(输钱)上，同是前后文中都出现了一些数字加以说明，因此从语义上判断，要填入的内容一定和此人输钱有关，同时选项中很可能会出现数字。对比选项，选项,C,中出现了$5,000和$5，500和前后文的数字形成照应，由于其他选项中没有任何数字，考生应该很快能看出这个答案。此外，从语义逻辑上看，试题所在的选项句和试题后面的一句其实是用具体的事实数据在描述David Williams的赌瘾越来越大，两者的语义逻辑表达方向一致，因此选项,C,是正确答案。 5)逻辑关系线索 (a)并列与递进关系: and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as,besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to ,what is more 例(大纲样题) 43 There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet。 ,A, The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。 ,B, Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate。 ,C, The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air。 ,D, The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world。 E, The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very , simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks。 ,F, When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved。 ,G, Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。 【解析】,E,本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，语义上对前文进行补充和说明，这就证明本题前面的句子中应当与 also后的crab-like creatures(类似螃蟹的生物)相并列的内容，或者出现了有关“类似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比较选项可以发现，选项,E,中出现的信息 Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks描述了一些生物具有“类似螃蟹的信息”: had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rock(有长腕 且通过长柄附着于海床或岩石上)。因此，选项 ,E,是正确答案。 (b)因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result ,because of ,in that, for this reason, of course 例(2005年真题) Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price。 43 A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join。 ,A, Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent! ,B, Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies。” ,C, What does “notional” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council。 ,D, The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues。 ,E, According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices。 ,F, So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices。 ,G, Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self interest would lead them to deal with it。 【解析】,G,试题前的一段讲到the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price(全国的机构是代表3100万人去谈判，潜在的顾客的人数越多，得到底价的可能性越高)。通过这段话可以得知，建立全国性机构后，医药的价格会下降，医药公司会做出反应，即上一个段落和本题之间是因果关系。因此选项,G,是正确答案。选项,G,中的of course 起承上启下的作用，表达了某种因果关系，从of course后面的语义来看，表达的正是关于医药公司的内容:Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream，这儿的scream 原作“尖叫”解，在这里作“高声抱怨”解。因此选项,G,是正确答案。 同时，本题还可以根据和后面一个段落之间的关系做出选择。从后面一个段落的第一句话A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency来看，讨论的是如何解决国家机构的问题，这是一个表示结果的句子，由此可以推知要填入的试题中一定会出现关于如何对待national agency的论述。选项,G,的最后一句话They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it表达的正是这个含义，不论从内容上，还是从措辞上和下文的内容非常的衔接，因此是正确答案。 (c)转折让步关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than ,instead of, it is true that,of course,although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 例(大纲样题) Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now。 41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate。 ,A, The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。 ,B, Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate。 ,C, The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air。 ,D, The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world。 ,E, The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks。 ,F, When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved。 ,G, Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。 【解析】,B,从试题前后的语义逻辑关系来看，试题前面的一段话表明的信息是Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now(尽管这些动物是某些活到现在的物种的祖先，但有的动物却灭绝了，也就是说它们现在已经没有子孙后代活在这个世界上)。试题的后面的句子表明的信息是 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago(有时候这些石头可以将它们的外表展现出来，这样，除了颜色我们就可以对那些数百年前死掉的生物形成一个比较准确的印象)。从语义关系里看，前文中说动物灭绝了，暗含的意思是我们不可能得到这些动物的任何信息，而后面的句子说我们可以对这些动物形成准确的印象，因此，前后文形成了明显的对比关系，四个选项中能够表达这种关系的，只有选项,B,。 本题还可以采用词汇的复现来确定正确答案，从试题后面的句子Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin来看，rocks的前面使用了定冠词the修饰，这表明rocks在前文中一定出现过，但我们考察第一段时发现，第一段中并没有出现关于 rocks的内容，因此可以确定，关于rocks的内容一定出现在要填入的试题中。选项,B, Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate中出现了动物的骨骼被保存在the rocks中，变成化石的论述，由此可以判断选项,B,是正确答案。 (d)时间关系:afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具体的时间。 例(大纲样题) …Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 45 About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings。 ,A, The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。 ,B, Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate。 ,C, The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air。 ,D, The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world。 ,E, The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks。 ,F, When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved。 ,G, Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。 【解析】,C,从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”:前面几段讲的都是动物不断的进化过程，而下文中表示时间的短语“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over” 很可能向我们传达了这样一个信息:文章对地球上动物进化过程的描写很有可能是按照时间顺序的，因此本题所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在时间上的延续关系，即本题所在的段落很可能会提到比75 million years ago更早的时间。通过对比选项可知选项,C,中的两个表示时间的短语375 million years和150 million years和下一个段落中提到的时间状语具有了延续性，是正确答案。 此外，还可以采用词汇复现法解答本题。试题后面一句话About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out中的reptile在本题前的文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有,C,项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是,C,。