[汇总]高考英语概括

[汇总]高考英语概括 高考英语概括 一、概括的要求: 简洁明了，主题突出。 概括可采用总?分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的(这句话举足轻重)，后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。 二、概括的方法: 1、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。 2、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。 3、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。 4、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。 三、概括的写作步骤: 1、寻找关键词。文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就„„”主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是“college/university life”。 2、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第一段(总起段)和最后一段(总结段)，或每一段的第一句或第二句(总起句)和最后一句(总结句)。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 3、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。 4、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 四、概括的形式:“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。 文体 主题句 支撑句 议论文 文章论点(一句) 文章论据(两三句) 记叙文 故事的写作目的/ 主题(一句) 故事大意(两三句) 说明文 说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象 解释/ 分述 五、概括的常用句式: 记述文: “主题+故事简述”，其主要句型为:The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, „ 议论文: “主题/论点+论据”，其主要句型为:论点/主题:The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas, importance/effect„/focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that„ 论据:For example,„ /such as„ 说明文:“主题+解释/分述”，其主要句型为:主题:This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that„ 解释/分述:for example,„ [写作内容] 学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的 发言 中层任职表态发言幼儿园年会园长发言稿在政协会议上的发言在区委务虚会上的发言内部审计座谈会发言稿 之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”, 内容要点 包括: 1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点; 2(然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括: (1) 对中学生活的感受; (2) 理想的大学生活; (3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。 因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大学生的看法或认识，是一篇夹叙夹议型的发言稿。此发言稿共有三段，其中，第一段讲述了适应大学生活的困难，第二段则阐述了适应期过后大学生活的优点，在第三段中Mike对大学生活提出了一个建议。而且，我们不难从文中找到主题句:第一段:The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.第二段:Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it.第三段:One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. 找到主题句后，我们所要做的就是用自己的语言将这些每段话的主题句串联成文，从而我们得出如下概括: In his talk, Mike talks about how hard it was for him to adjust to college life and that he finds college life interesting after his tough adjustment. Also, he advises college students to be active on campus. (37 words) 解读“读写任务”的概括技巧 来源:08-09学年度第一期 作者:清远市华侨中学 何燕萍 2008-11-06 一、概括的要求: 简洁明了，主题突出。 概括可采用总?分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的(这句话举足轻重)，后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。 二、概括的方法: 1、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。 2、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。 3、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。 4、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。 三、概括的写作步骤: 1、寻找关键词。文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就„„”主题发表自己的看法的 要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题 词就应是“college/university life”。 2、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是 文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第 一段(总起段)和最后一段(总结段)，或每一段的第一句或第二句(总起句)和最后一句 (总结句)。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 3、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。 4、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 四、概括的形式:“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。 文体 主题句 支撑句 议论文 文章论点(一句) 文章论据(两三句) 记叙文 故事的写作目的/ 主题(一句) 故事大意(两三句) 说明文 说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象 解释/ 分述 五、概括的常用句式: 记述文: “主题+故事简述”，其主要句型为:The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, „ 议论文: “主题/论点+论据”，其主要句型为:论点/主题:The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas, importance/effect„/focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that„ 论据:For example,„ /such as„ 说明文:“主题+解释/分述”，其主要句型为:主题:This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that„ 解释/分述:for example,„ 下面以2008年广东卷为例: 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment. I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I need to know some basic life skills, such as balancing a check-book, laundry, and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick. Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it –good facilities, helpful instructors, and a good library. The Students’ Union organized various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs. One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance team in college and met a ton of people that way…it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground. [写作内容] 学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”, 内容要点包括: 1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点; 2(然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括: (1) 对中学生活的感受; (2) 理想的大学生活; (3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。 因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大学生的看法或认识，是一篇夹叙夹议型的发言稿。此发言稿共有三段，其中，第一段讲述了适应大学生活的困难，第二段则阐述了适应期过后大学生活的优点，在第三段中Mike对大学生活提出了一个建议。而且，我们不难从文中找到主题句:第一段:The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.第二段:Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it.第三段:One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. 找到主题句后，我们所要做的就是用自己的语言将这些每段话的主题句串联成文，从而我们得出如下概括: In his talk, Mike talks about how hard it was for him to adjust to college life and that he finds college life interesting after his tough adjustment. Also, he advises college students to be active on campus. (37 words) 在“读写任务”中指导学生如何概括大意 读写任务属于具有一定开放性的写作命题，它要求学生先通读一篇短文，然后用30字左右概述短文的大意，再按要求进行作文。不少学生在概括短文大意这一环节就觉得难以下笔，据了解，困难之处包括:(1)缩不短;(2)抓不住重点;(3)不知道哪些内容该删减;(4)概括不全面。 针对以上问题，第一步，我先向学生介绍概括大意常用到的几种方法: 1. 综合归纳法 如写事的文章。记叙文一般包含有时间、地点、人物和事件(主要经过)四要素。找出文中的四要素，并合理组织它们，这就是主要内容。 (如果有故事的启示，要再加这一要素。) 2. 段意归并法 把每段的段意分主次连起来，就是文章的主要内容。 3. 抓重点词句(中心句、中心段或过渡段) 有些文章结构上的总起句、过渡句、总结句或内容上的中心句结合起来就是文章的主要内容。 4. 取主舍次法即重点归纳法 有时一篇文章，其重点部分十分突出，而 全文 企业安全文化建设方案企业安全文化建设导则安全文明施工及保证措施创建安全文明校园实施方案创建安全文明工地监理工作情况 的主要内容就在其中。因此，只要抓住这个重 点部分的段落大意，再加上一些必要的补充交代，全文的主要内容就归纳出来了。 第二步，在以上四种方法中确定一种方法，通过不同难度和不同体裁的文章，让学生熟练掌 握方法的技巧，做到归纳准确全面。我选定了“段意归并法”，因为高中学生接触的英语文 章多数层次较分明，各段意思较独立。 文章(一)如下，这篇文章在语言理解方面难度较低，可以使学生集中注意力于大意的揣摸 上。 Learning to study is not difficult. The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn. It doesn’t mean that you must always like the subject. It does mean, however, that you must be willing to learn whatever is necessary. Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later. Knowing mathematical facts will be useful in your whole life. Knowing how to spell words makes any kind of writing easier. Sometimes the subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be attractive when you begin to work on it. Learning things can be fun if you can try your best. Here’s some advice for you. Have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study, so that you can concentrate on your study without interruptions. Have everything ready before you sit down to study, a dictionary, paper, a pen and books. Be sure you understand what you should learn before you start. Read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things. When memorizing, find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing. Check your homework after you finish it. Never forget the importance of review and preview. 该短文分为两个自然段，第一段的第一个句子提出观点:Learning to study is not difficult. 第 一段的其余部分都是在阐述分析该观点的前提条件。于是，在这一部分提炼主要意思并用"if" 连接起来就是第一自然段的段落大意:The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. 第二段非常明显，第一个句子即是本段的主题句。其余部 分是具体内容，应删减。但应提醒学生不可照搬，应该用自己的语言换一种说法，如:He also gives us advice on how to learn well.然后把两个自然段的大意归并一起，得出短文的大意:The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. He also gives us advice on how to learn well. 最后，在概括准确、全面的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 上，让学生互相交流，感受多种表达，比如:In the author’ s opinion, if you are willing to learn and try your best, you’ll find learning not difficult but fun. And some suggestions are put forward to help us to learn well. 接下来，以相同的阅读、分析、思考、概括(分段概括后合并)的过程让学生学习如何概括 语言理解程度深一点的文章，如以下选择的文章(二) Many people go to school for an education. They learn languages, history, geography, physics, chemistry and math. Others go to school to learn a skill so that they can make a living. School education is very important and useful. Yet no one can learn everything from school. A teacher, no matter how much he knows, can not teach his students everything they want to know. The teacher’s job is to show his students how to learn. He teaches them how to read and how to think. Much more is to be learn outside school by the students themselves. It is always more important to learn to study by oneself than to learn every word from the book. Great scientists, such as Einstein, Newton and Galileo, didn’t get everything from school. But they were all so successful. The reason for their success is that they knew how to study. They worked hard all their lives, wasting not a single moment. They would ask many questions as they read and they did thousands of experiments. (概括范例一:Schools are the important place where people can get knowledge and skills. However, teachers’ job is not to teach students everything but to show them how to learn by themselves. Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in practice.) (概括范例二:Schools are the important place where people can get knowledge and skills. However, teachers’ job is not to teach students everything but to show them how to learn by themselves. Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in practice. ) 让学生接触学习概括语言理解程度更深的文章，如以下选择的文章(三) The UK is currently in the early stages of introducing a National Identity Card scheme( 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ). A debate concerning the issue is going on across the country. Those in favor think that it benefits the society. Identity cards will help to fight crime, terrorism, and fraud. If the police are able to check rapidly the identities of the people near a crime scene, their investigation will be both quicker and effective. It benefits the user as well. We need to establish that people are who they claim to be. Identity cards provide additional security in a modern society. Those who are against hold the view that introducing identity cards would threaten one of the most important rights of any man and woman---the right of privacy. A widely used identity card allow the state to watch closely the movements of its citizens. Identity cards for specific purpose (e.g., driving licenses) are permissible because these are limited and essentially voluntary. A compulsory universal card is not. It is inconvenient as well. It is unreasonable to expect people to carry a specific card at all times---sunbathing at the beach, dancing at a club etc. Perhaps worse, failure to present your card when asked could bring you in unnecessary trouble. (概括范例:The UK is introducing a National Identity Card scheme, which has led to a debate. Supporters believe that it will help to make the country safer and make it easier for users to believe in each other, while those who hold opposite view worry that the scheme will threaten people’s privacy and bring people inconvenience and trouble.) 经过方法指导和循序渐进的训练，学生对“无从下手”的“30词概括大意”逐渐感到可 以操作，并喜欢上这种文段文字处理，且从中获得写作的动力和满足感。 广东高考读写任务 --- 概括 (2009-03-01 22:19:42) 一、What is a Summary? It is a short—but thorough—objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a passage. A summary may also mention some of the examples the author used to illustrate key points. 二、How to summarize : a. 阅读材料,找关键词(句) ;找出全文主题句/中心句或关键词 b. 理清关键词(句)间的关系;理清文章脉络，看看文章分几个要点来展开论述此主题. C. 改写在文章里直接找到的主题句/中心句(通过变换词汇、语态、句式等到方法)。 d. 借助关键词，用自己的语言恰当地概括要点。 注意:1、Mainly use the key words and phrases in the original passage. Do not include your own opinion, but be sure to use our own words. 2. Write it in the third person .(第三人称) 3.Control the number of words between 28 and 35. 、 Write in the present tense (he shows, we work, they allow)4 三、议论性文体: 1、概括所给短文内容要点30字2、过渡词引出主题句---自己的观点---理由(100)3、总结句 约10字 第一段概括要做到开门见山: 例如: 1) According to the passage, we know… 2) This article is mainly about… 3) The writer states that 英语“任务型写作”——概括部分初探 概括短文的方法 “概括短文的内容”，实际上就是客观简要地转述作者的论点、论据和结论。根据不同文体，我们把它归纳为“主题句+支撑句”的概括模式。不同文体，它的概括模式略有区别: 文体 主题句 支撑句 议论文 论点(概括性的) 补充论证的论据。(对立观点式论据的补充是并列关系，句子间 多用while\however等:批驳观点式论据的补充是递进关系，句子间多用what’s more\in addition\besides\what’s worse\moreover等;现象评论式论据的补充需要现象重点方面的多 面性。 记叙文 叙述要素(时间、地点、人物、事情的过程和结果) 记叙的中心(升华故事内涵的 句子)。短文里没出现揭示规律或主观感受的内容不得发表自己的观点。 说明文 说明的对象 对象的原因或对象的说明(尽量把不同的信息点合并起来) 例题1(对立观点式的议论文): We all love new inventions. They are exciting amazing and can change our lives. But have all these developments really improved the quality of our lives? Picture this: you’re rushing to finish your homework on the computer. Your mobile phone rings, a QQ message from your friend appears on the screen, and the noise from the television is getting louder and louder. Suddenly the computer goes blank and you lose all your work. Now you have to stay up all night to get it done. How calm and happy do you feel? Inventions have sped up our lives so much that they often leave us feeling stressed and tired. Why do you think people who live far away from noisy cities, who have no telephones, no cars, not even any electricity often seem to be happier? Perhaps it is because they lead simple lives. 本文主要阐述了“发明”改变了我们的生活和生活的质量。第二段讲了发明带来的方便，紧 接着第三段介绍了发明拥有的缺点。综上所述，我们可以得出本文的大意: 参考答案:The author discussed whether new inventions really improve the quality of our lives(主题句). While new inventions have brought us much convenience(从第二段得出的支撑句), they can also get us into troubles(从第三段得出的支撑句). 例题2(记叙文) Sept.4th, 2008 Thursday It was raining outside when I got up early in the morning. It’s too bad, so I had to go to school by bus. I said to myself. It was almost seven o’clock before I left home. I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop in a hurry, for I thought a lot of people might be waiting there. Hardly had I gone there when a bus was coming. I got on the bus immediately, hoping it was possible for me to take a seat. I saw an empty seat and took it. But I found an old lady standing behind me. I stood up at once and was about to ask her to take the seat when a young girl I a modern skirt made a dive for it. I could hardly believe it. I glared at her, thinking, ―What bad manners! She cares for nobody but herself. Won’t she grow old in the future?‖ 上文讲述了作者一次雨天让座给老妇人但被一个穿着时髦的年青女人抢占(make a dive for)的故事。作者对此事感到遗憾(bad manners.)和愤怒(glared at her. Won’t she grow old in the future?) 。 参考答案:On a rainy day, the writer saw a young lady making a dive for a seat on a bus leaving an old lady standing aside. She felt very angry about it and sorry about such bad manners in our society. 三、要提高写作能力，只知道写作技巧还不行。 就像一个建楼房的人，知道怎样建房，甚至图纸都 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 好了，但是没有材料，怎能建房呢, 所以在平时的训练中可选用以下的学习方法来使文章的句子合理流畅，内容生动充实，过渡 自然，观点明确，条理清晰，语言优美。 (3)、善于归纳 学习过程中要注意归纳总结。学生可以把一些常用于写作中表示各种句子关系的词或词组及 一些语篇衔接标志(如连接词)进行归纳。区分它们的用法，并对不同关系的连接词进行归 类，这样写作时可信手拈来。如 递进关系(besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover, to make matters worse, what’s worse, furthermore等); 转折关系(however, but, while, in spite of, otherwise等); 个人观点(in my opinion, personally, as far as I’m concerned, as for me, from my personal point of view 等); 总结(in short, in a word, on the whole, all in all, to sum up briefly, in general, in conclusion等) 其它(for one thing, for another, last but not least, each coin has two sides, according to, compare to, on the one hand, on the other hand, as a matter of fact 等)。 (6)、学会扩展句子。如分析句子的主干，中间加一个定语从句进去，或改成名词性从句， 或改成状语从句、并列句还有非谓语的使用等等。 读写任务议论文写作导练 (一) 阅读下面这篇短文，按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 No one can believe that the over 6,300-kilometer Great Wall might disappear some day. Believe it or not, the Great Wall is being destroyed by people. Less than 20 percent of the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty is still perfect, but about 80 percent is in danger. The Great Wall can be called ―great‖ mostly because of its amazing length. But we should realize that the length was made up of one brick at a time. If we do nothing to save the Great Wall, it will become a series of separate wasteland rather than a historic site. The Great Wall is actually a series of walls built and rebuilt by different dynasties over the past 2,000 years. It began in the rule of China’s first emperor, Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC—206 BC), and lasted into the Ming Dynasty. The parts built before the Ming Dynasty have nearly disappeared. The bricks on the Great Wall are carried off by countryside people to build their houses, sheep corrals and pigsties. Some were taken away to build roads. Bricks carved with people’s names are put away as remembrances. Rubbish is spread over the battlements. The bricks can be sold for 15 yuan per tractor load. Those who destroyed and are destroying the Wall know its name, but are not clear about its cultural meaning. It will take a long time to let them know this. The local farmers not only carried off the body of the Wall but also dug out the entire base. [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点; 2)然后以约120个词就“如何保护我国的文化遗产”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点: a)你是如何看待我国的文化遗产遭到破坏的现象的, b)保护文化遗产有何意义; c)保护我国的文化遗产的建议。 (注:因[写作要求][评分标准]与第一篇相同而省略，以下同) [写作指导] (1)确定体裁:阅读材料，可以了解到万里长城目前因为种种原因遭到了破坏，并以小见大， 引发对我国其它历史文化遗产保护的必要，要求写一篇议论文。 (2)拟定标题:How to protect the cultural heritages in our country, (3)如何概括:?找出论点(Great Wall might disappear some day)和论据(the Great Wall is being destroyed by people: to build their houses, sheep corrals and pigsties; to build roads; sold for 15 yuan per tractor load);?用自己的话将上述论点和论据表达出来。 (4)发表看法:?提出问题并加以分析:如何看待我国的文化遗产遭到破坏的现象，并分析 其产生的根源;?问题的支持:写保护文化遗产有何意义;?问题的解决:提出保护我国文 化遗产的具体措施。 (佛山 胡邦仁) (二) 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 You must have heard stress contributes to 80% of major illness and is responsible for 75% to 90% of doctor’s visits. But that’s not stress; it’s distress. ―Stress is the only anti-aging agent we know of – the exact opposite of what we think,‖ says psychologist James E. Loehr. What really brings happiness is meeting obstacles and overcoming them. The damage occurs when stress levels never go down. A recent study showed it took nine days longer for the constantly stressed family caregivers of chronically(慢性地) ill patients to heal from wounds than it took other people the same age. Stress is essential. Life without it would be like having a brand-new cherry-red Porsche and driving it only in the driveway. [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点; 2) 然后以约120个词就“你如何看待压力”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点: a)你是如何看待压力的, b)在你的学习或生活中压力是否大,如何正视压力, [写作指导] (1)扼要概括:本文的论点、论据、结论。 论点 Stress is the only anti-aging agent we know of 论据 Distress contributes to 80% of major illness and is responsible for 75% to 90% of doctor’s visits. 结论 Stress would bring you happiness. 用自己的话表达: 论点?stress is not an obstacle but a power in our life, it is good for us to stay young. 论据和结论?According to the study, we know that stress is necessary in our life, which can motivate us to go ahead. (2)构思经历:作者认为压力是抗衰老的有效药剂，生活的真正快乐来源于压力给予我们的 不断的动力。因此，可以介绍我们在平时学习中是如何将压力变为动力，及如何正视压力。 (中山 肖维娜) (三) 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Scientists find that hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidence shows that the jobless are in poorer health than the job-holders. A study shows that whenever the employment rate increases by 1%, the death rate increase correspondingly(相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health. Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. By work, people come into contact with each other. By collective activities, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and makes him likely to disease. Besides, work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or teacher sees his students grow, they are happy beyond words. [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点; 2)然后以约120个词就“努力学习，快乐生活”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点: a)你赞同“努力学习也可以快乐生活”这一观点吗,为什么, b)举例说明你的同学是如何努力学习并保持健康乐观的心态的, c)简述如何才能做到努力学习并快乐生活, [写作要求] (1)可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接 引用原文中的句子; (2)标题自定。 [评分标准] 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。 [写作指导] (1)拟定标题:根据议论的主题及写作内容确定标题:Study hard and enjoy yourselves。 (3)扼要概括:找出议论文的基本要素，然后用自己的话表达出来。 论点—观点 work is helpful to health 论证—理由 a. work keeps people busy, away from loneliness b. work serves as a bridge between man and reality c. work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement (3)确立观点，实施论证:首先要定好自己的观点，不一定是自己本来持有的观点，主要是 看文章怎么好写就怎样立论。然后，根据所给“写作内容”进行构思，此处要求举例说明你 的同学是如何努力学习并保持健康乐观的心态的，那么，写之前可以想一想平时的学习过程 中，什么时候会发笑，会高兴，再把它们搬到同学的身上，用第三人称即可。如一起分享攻 克难题后的喜悦;新学会的谚语刚好应景而生;开同学一个无伤大雅的玩笑;学习之余，抽 半个小时来一场三人小组篮球赛进行自我调节等等。 论点—观点 the harder you work, the happier you will be 论证—理由 a. hard work can keep a person busy; b. hard work can make one feel fruitful and proud of himself; c. the above factors can lead to a healthy body. 最后，用一两句话简述你的看法。 (广州 李渊) (四) 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerable, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of the environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped(受阻碍) environmentally, it is likely that his brain will stop to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be proved by the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster(寄养) homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his brother. [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点; 2)然后以约120个词就“环境与人的智力发展”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点: a)你是否赞同“环境决定智力的发展”这一观点,为什么, b)请举出具体事例说明你的观点; c)你认为如何才能最大限度地发展智力, [写作指导] (1)扼要概括:找出并转述议论文的基本要素。 论点—观点 The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence 论证—理由 If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will stop to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. 论据—事例 the identical twins brought up in separate environment. (2)确立观点，实施论证:首先要定好自己的观点，然后也可以按上面的表格去构思。现以 “环境决定人的智力发展”这一观点为例: 论点—观点 Environment is a key factor to the development of a person’s intelligence 论证—理由 Environment can offer more opportunities to increase his knowledge and broaden the horizons as well as the chances to practise. 论据—事例 Zhongyong (中国古代故事--《伤仲永》) 除了这些，要紧靠主题，从环境入手，阐述你对如何才能最大限度地发展智力的看法。 (广州 李渊) (五) 阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed. Science has improved transportation and communication facilities a great deal. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. Traveling—whether within one’s country or abroad—brings many invaluable benefits. People travel for pleasure, business or for education and knowledge. In the world of yesterday most people were only able to read about strange and fascinating places across the mountains and seas. Later, with the coming of the cinema and television, man’s curiosity about faraway places with strange sounding names was further stirred up. Today man’s curiosity can be satisfied in luxurious comfort. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take him where his dreams lie. We travel to increase our knowledge of the world in which we live. Knowledge obtained from books alone is not enough. New knowledge of different lands and peoples enrich our mind and soul. Books generally do not give us a very true picture of lands beyond our shores. Some of them are even misleading. [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点; 2)然后以约120个词就“现代交通的利与弊”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点: a)通过古今对比说明现代交通给我们带来的好处; b)现代交通方式给我们带来的负面影响; c)就如何消除这些负面影响提出你的建议。 [写作指导] (1)写摘要:首先，找准主题句，?Science has improved transportation and communication facilities a great deal. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.(第一段最后两句) ?论点:Traveling brings many invaluable benefits.(第二段第一 句);论据是:People travel for pleasure, business or for education and knowledge. (第二段第二 句) We travel to increase our knowledge of the world. (第三段第一句)。然后，用一两句自己的 话把他们有机地联系起来。 (2)列要点:根据要点列提纲，表达个人看法。 Para. 2: advantages—In the past…. But now… disadvantages—air pollution, traffic jams, lack of energy… Para. 3: suggestions—a) make rules b) use bicycles instead of cars (3)扩展成句，连句成文:?使用句子连接。如，用I can’t agree more.把摘要和个人看法联接 起来。?使用连词或连接性副词。如:a)also b) Firstly…. Secondly… c) To begin with… What’s more /Besides /Moreover… Last but not least … (广州 帅飞飞) (六) 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 When we meet with difficulties in life, we notice that some of us choose to bury heads in the sand. Unfortunately, however, this attitude will do you no good, because if you have no courage to face them, how can you conquer them? Thus, be optimistic; as it can give you confidence and help you see yourself through the hard times. Keeping optimistic, you will be able to realize, in spite of some hardship, there’s always hope waiting for you, which will lead you to the ultimate success. Thomas Edison is optimistic; if not, the light of hope in his heart could not give light to the whole world. Alfred Nobel is optimistic; if not, the explosives and the Nobel Prize would not have come into being. A rose may be beautiful, or may be not. That depends on your attitude only. So does success, and so does life. Difficulties do exist, but if you are optimistic, then they are only episodes(插曲) on your long way to success; there are more bridges than obstacles! The great British poet Shelley’s lines say, ―If winter comes, can spring be far behind? [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点 2)然后以约120个词就“人为什么要乐观,”的主题发表看法，并以自己的亲身体验为例， 说明乐观至少有下列好处: a)使人身心健康; b)使人每天心情愉悦，开心度过每一天; c)使我们能够勇敢地面对学习中所遇到的挫折; d)使人性格随和，能与他人和谐相处。 [写作指导](略) (深圳 叶将花) (七) 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Competition and Cooperation Competition is common in our daily life now, and it exists everywhere. But it is very important. We always expect to do better than others in study, sports, and business and so on. It is believed that in a certain sense competition can propel the advancement of our society. For example, to build a skyscraper we need the combined efforts of the workers, or a beautiful blueprint would never be turned into a high building. A cooperative architect will not shut himself in his office. Instead, he will visit the construction site and talk with other engineers and the workers to solve the problems that occur in the process of construction. A cooperative worker bears in mind the designs of the engineers every moment he is on the scaffold. A smart building is the crystallization of collective wisdom and skills. On the other hand, competition is also important in modern society. If you were a businessman and want customers to buy your products, you have to compete with others. If you want to find a good job you have to be competitive. What’s more, by attempting to compete at different activities, we learn to win and to lose. We learn our strengths and weaknesses. Cooperation and competition are closely related. Actually both of them are required in many activities. For instance, in learning English, we compete with each other. As a result, we all make great progress. But in the meantime, our study also demands teamwork. We often help each other by pointing out each other’s mistakes and exchanging ideas. [写作内容] 1)以约30个词概括短文的要点; 2)然后以约120个词就“竞争与合作”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点: a)竞争是我们生活中一种普遍现象; b)竞争和合作是密不可分的; c)我的看法。 [写作指导](略) (茂名 苏伟) 参考范文 (一) How to protect the cultural heritages in our country, The Great Wall is one of the Seven Wonders of the World and a symbol of the ancient Chinese civilization, but now it is in danger and some day it may disappear because of some local people’s destroy. What a pity～As we can see，some other valuable and important relics in our country have been destroying as well. Why are some people doing that so foolishly,Because the local people are not aware of their importance. Cultural heritages are left to us by our ancestors and are also symbols of their wisdoms, which played a very important role in history. How should we protect our Cultural heritages? In my opinion, firstly, we should make some people who lack of cultural knowledge know about the importance of the historic relics. Destroying them means destroying ourselves. Secondly, the government should take some measures to protect them, and if necessary, laws will be made to punish those who destroy them on purpose. Only in this way can we make our history richer and richer. (二) Stress keeps you young The passage tells us that stress is not an obstacle but a power of success in your life. What’s more, it is good for us to stay young. According to the study, we know that stress is necessary in our life, which can motivate us to go ahead. Everyone is affected by stressful situations. How to manage your stress? I hold the same view with the author: stress is essential and we should be lucky to be together with it. As for me, I am keen on studying and enjoy the stress from study now. Once upon a time, I was discouraged because of too much stress from heavy study task. Later, I found the key to taking stress head-on is being relaxed. The better you relax, the better mood you can get from study. Don’t be pessimistic when stress comes into view, maybe it’s a turning point in your life. (三) Study hard and enjoy yourselves The author highlights the effect of work on people’s health, because it can rid one of loneliness, and make one feel fruitful and proud of himself, which always contributes to a good body. In common with the author, I agree that the harder you work, the happier you will be, as hard work can keep a person busy, and gives one a sense of achievement, hence he will be self-confident and feel happy. Around me, some of my classmates work very hard, hoping to fulfill their dream. However, they don’t seem unhappy. Oppositely, they try to find fun even under the pressure of the NMET. For example, they may share the joy with others when working out a problem. Sometimes they may play a trick on his partner using the newly-learned idioms, thus refresh themselves quickly. As for me, I think only when we truly experience what fun it is, can we spare no effort to study hard and meanwhile enjoy ourselves. (四)How to fully develop our intelligence? The writer argues in support of the importance of environment in terms of the development of a person’s intelligence by giving an example of a twin brothers, who were brought up in different environment. Personally, I believe environment is crucial to an individual intelligence, as a good environment can offer more opportunities to increase his knowledge and broaden the horizons as well as the chances to practise. There was such a famous example in Chinese history. Zhongyong, born with a high IQ, distinguished himself by reciting and even writing poems as a child, which astonished others. Unfortunately, his father didn’t offer him a good environment to foster him but instead, he often took him everywhere to show off his intelligence. Gradually, Zhongyong became an ordinary person. Thus, I think we, including our parents, our teacher, even the whole society, should try to create a good environment for the children to fully develop their intelligence, and for the children, they should also learn to exploit everything available to develop themselves. (五)On Modern Transportation With the help of science, transportation makes traveling safer and easier, which brings lots of benefits like satisfying man’s curiosity and increasing man’s knowledge of the world. I can’t agree more. As the legend goes: To carry the news of the Greek victory, Pheidippides, a professional runner, had to run 42 kilometers without stopping. He dropped dead of exhaustion after shouting, ―Rejoice, we conquer!‖ That happened in 490BC, but now it’s easy for us to cover this distance by car. With the help of modern transportation, we can go everywhere we prefer to. Even the journey to outer space is not a dream any more. Despite the obvious advantages of modern transportation, it has also created many negative effects such as air pollution, traffic jams and lack of energy. To solve the problems, in my mind, there are two ways. On one hand, rules should be made for drivers to follow. On the other hand, if possible, we’d better use bicycles instead of cars to save energy as well as easing traffic jams. (六)Keeping optimistic We can know from the passage if we are optimistic we can conquer different kinds of difficulties in life when we meet them, and we will succeed in the end. In my study, I will get discouraged when I fail in an exam. I think I’m hopeless and can’t go to my ideal university. Whenever I am in bad mood, my teachers, especially my homeroom teacher, encourages me to be optimistic by saying the proverb ―Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.‖ They also tell me to study harder and give me good advice on my study. I’m grateful to them and agree with them. From now on, I’ll no longer feel frustrated when I fail in an exam. On the contrary, I will still keep optimistic and study harder because I know failure is the mother of success. As long as I don’t lose heart and work hard, I’m sure I’ll succeed in the end. (七) How do you think about competition and cooperation? Competition and competition are a common phenomenon in our society. Cooperation and competition are both important, and are both involved in every field of our life and work. It is often believed, that competition and cooperation are in opposition to each other. Some people stress competition, without which, in their eyes, there is no responsibility, no drive and ultimately, no progress. Others advocate cooperation whatever they do. We are all familiar with the Chinese saying that ―When everybody adds fuel, the flame goes high.‖ Competition characterizes the present world. However, without cooperation, this world would become an animal world. We can’t look on cooperation as the opposite of competition. In most cases we can’t do competition without cooperation. For example, in team work every member of the team is doing his best for the team to compete others. In my opinion, we should never forget cooperation. In our social life, cooperation is especially necessary. So I’ve come to the conclusion that competition is equally important. 高考英语“读写任务”中的短文段落大意的概括方法 广州市黄埔区第八十六中学 赵安西 概括段落大意是理解掌握课文内容的重要手段～也是总结中心思想的前提。 这里～向大家介绍几种常见方法: 一、综合法。就是围绕文章的中心进行概括。如 A typical Chinese family in the past was quite large with many children, uncles and aunts living in the same courtyard. Parents and their children lived with their grandparents. Most Chinese families consisted of three generations who shared the same roof. But now the Chinese family has changed a great deal. The traditional large families are gradually disappearing and instead, with the housing reform and due to the family planning, one-child family with only the parents and a child is quite common in today’s society. With the change of the family structure, however, a few disadvantages have arisen. First, with only one child in a family, it’s easy to find a spoiled ―Little emperor‖ everywhere. Second, who will take care of the old people in the future? Though one-child family may bring about these serious problems, I feel quite sure that we will find solutions to them. 本文讲了三层意思。第一段讲了过去典型中国家庭模式(a typical Chinese family in the past),第二层讲现代中国家庭模式的变化形式(the changing form of the modern Chinese family),第三层讲了家庭结构的变化所带来的不利之处(the disadvantages of the change of the Chinese family)。 这样综合三层的意思,短文大意可以概括为: As time goes by, the structure of the Chinese family is changing. In the past, a typical Chinese family was quite large, but now it has changed into a smaller one, which has brought many disadvantages to our society. 二、摘引法。就是摘用课文中的重点词语或重点句,首起句、总结句、中心句, 来概括。 Disadvantages of life in big cities Although big cities provide people with many conveniences, they certainly have their own disadvantages. Traffic is the first and often most serious problem. The majority of people spend a great deal of time on their way to work or coming back from work. During the rush time, all the streets are jammed with packed buses and endless lines of bicycles and cars, and almost avoidable traffic accidents occur, resulting in broken limbs and tragic deaths. Air pollution comes second. Factories and moving vehicles are constantly giving off smoke and harmful gases. There is no way to get fresh air except to go out of the city on weekends or holidays. If the weather is bad, you will find the whole city overcast with smog. As a result, pollution induced diseases are now a common occurrence. However, noise, and violence are to be found in every big city and the situation seems to get worse year by year. In short, life in big cities is rather unnatural and unhealthy. To me, it is silly of people to choose to live in big cities. 通过阅读全文～不难看出短文中每一段的首句即为该段的中心意思。将每一 段段落大意放在一起便可以作为这篇段文的概括: Although big cities provide people with many conveniences, they certainly have their own disadvantages, such as the problems of traffic, air pollution, noise, and violence in every big city, and the situation seems to get worse year by year. 三、取主法。就是短文中有几层意思～取重要的层次作为短文大意中心部分。如: Swimming is an elegant sport. Floating in the cool water, man feels free, relaxed and happy. It seems as if all the worldly affairs were gone and he were in the wonderland of quietness and beauty. When you are swimming, every bone and muscle is in motion. You will feel your heart beating hard, about 2 to 3 times faster than usual, which is good for your health. Besides, your lungs are trained when you are almost breathless. Their capacity is gradually being enlarged red, providing you with much more oxygen in a single breath. When it is burning hot in summer, you go to a swimming pool or seaside and jump into the clean cool water. You can enjoy lying gently on the water surface with every organ of your body totally relaxed. The beautiful blue heaven is high over your face, with white cotton-lid fluffy clouds swirling flexibly. Now and then some birds skim over the water or sing a merry song, and then merge in the distant blue. The trees along the river or lake are waving their leaves and their murmuring makes you feel that you are closer to nature. 本文列举了“游泳”的诸多好处。 第一小段写了Man feels free, relaxed and happy by swimming, 第二小段写了两层意思。第一层写Swimming can make every bone and muscle in motion and your heart beating faster, which is good for your health. 第二层写 swimming can increase your capacity of your lungs, which provides you with much more oxygen in a single breath.第三段与第一段遥相呼应～细致地描述游泳的益 处。但联系全文我们可以确定第二小段中的第一层和第二层的所表达的游泳的益 处是主要的。因此～段落大意可以概括为: Swimming has many benefits to people. It can not only make you feel free, relaxed and happy, but can also accelerate your heart-beating and promote your every bone and muscle in motion and increase your vital capacity. 四、合并法。就是把一段的几层意思合并起来进行概括。 Whenever a college student is asked, ―what are you going to do this summer vacation?‖ the most probable answer might be, ―I’m going to travel.‖ It sounds that every college student is fond of traveling. Why? Because travel has many advantages. First of all, travel can make us know more — the knowledge of geography, the knowledge of customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we can make friends and practice a foreign language through traveling. Finally, travel is one of the easiest ways of pastimes. We can enjoy various food and beautiful sceneries. In a word, we can benefit from travel in more than one way. Traveling is worthwhile. 本文主要阐述了“旅游”的各种好处～如:Firstly, travel can make us know the knowledge of geography, the knowledge of customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we can make friends and practice a foreign language through traveling. Finally, travel is one of the easiest ways of pastimes. We can enjoy various food and beautiful sceneries. 综上所述～归根结底～一句话～本文主要讲:Travel can give us all kinds of advantages. 因此～我们可以这样合并本文的大意: Travel has all kinds of advantages. First, it can make us know much different knowledge and customs of different countries. Second, we can make friends and practice foreign languages through traveling. Lastly, travel is one of the easiest ways of pastimes and appreciating beautiful sceneries. 五、提炼法 即在短文中找出几个关键词～然后以这几个词为中心～概括短文要点。请 看下面一篇文章: How to protect children Web fans from unsuitable material On-line while encouraging them to use the Internet has long been discussed in the US. For some parents, the Internet can seem like a jungle, filled with danger for their children. But jungles contain wonders as well as danger and with good guides, some education, and a few precautions(预防), the wilds of the Internet can be safely navigated(操作).‖ Kids have to be on line. If we tell our kids they can’t have chances to the Internet, we are cutting them off from their future.‖ said an expert. Most kids have started to use search engines. Many for them are great for finding tons of interesting Internet sites, and they can also locate places where you might not want your kids to go. There are search engines designed just for kids. Certain software contains only sites that have been selected as safety. The most popular way to limit chances would be to use what is known as a ―content screener‖. But this can’t be wholly reliable. And the best thing parents can do is to talk to their kids and let them know what is OK or not OK to see or do in the Internet. Another way is that mum or dad is nearby when the child is surfing the Internet. 我们从本文的每段中提炼出以下几个能概括本文中心思想的单词: discussion – wonders – danger - search engines – guides 然后，我们再以这几个词为中心进行拓展。归纳概括此文如下: How to get children to use the Internet correctly is a topic being discussed in has many wonders, but it can also bring danger America. Some think the Internet to children because of unhealthy websites. Therefore, search engines should be used to restrict their use of the Internet and guidance be given to them. 读写任务解析 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 (1) Let children learn to judge their own work. (2) A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. (3) He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language. (4) Bit by bit, he makes the right changes to make his language like other people’s. (5) In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. (6)They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. (7) But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. (8)They do it all for him. (9) Teachers act as if the student would never notice a mistake if they did not point out it to him. (10) They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to. (11)Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. (12) Let the student do it himself. (13) Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.(文中序号为作者本人所加，以便后文引用。下同。) [写作内容] 1)概括短文的内容要点，该部分的字数大约30词左右; 2)就―学生的学习错误该不该改正‖这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右; a)以英语学习为例，简述你学习过程经常出现的语言错误; b)你是如何看待自己的语言错误; c)你的老师如何对待你的语言错误; d)你对老师的做法持什么看法,为什么, [写作要求] 你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。 [评分标准] 概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。 可以看出，―读写任务‖有如下的特点:1. 在写作内容的要求上，要求对所给的英文语言材料进行加工，即客观、准确而又全面地转述所给材料的观点，并在此基础上对材料观点做出判断，即表明肯定、否定或者折衷的立场。2. 在写作内容的量化上，要求比较宽泛，表现为整篇文章要求控制在―150词左右‖，其中，概括所给短文和发表考生个人看法的部分的词数要求分别控制在30和120左右; ―至少包含以下的内容要点‖的字眼表明考生可以适当增加相关内容。3. 在综合语言运用能力的要求上，侧重考查考生转述他人观点、提出自我观点、论证所提观点的思维能力，考查考生概括能力、思辨能力和较高的语篇布局能力。 因此，―读写任务‖可以视为―指导性写作‖，它侧重于完成隐性的、内在的任务，而非形式上的量的要求。比如，―概括短文的内容要点‖并没有指出应包括哪些要点，而旨在考查考生对所给阅读材料中的信息进行理解并加以概括的能力。又如，―发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点‖并没有指明考生要提出自己的观点、论证其观点，并最后得出结论，考生应能提出自己的观点并加以论证，因为这是论说文自身的内在要求所规定的。那么如何解析、完成―读写任务‖, 我们可以用以下几步来完成:明确任务、审读阅读材料、概括对方观点、提出自己观点并加以论证。 第一步，明确任务。认真阅读命题，弄清任务和要求。很明显，任务一是―概括短文的内容要点‖。注意:概括阶段并不需要加上个人的见解。任务二是―发表你的看法‖。你可以同意或者反对文章观点，也可以对文章的各种观点进行折中。 第二步，审读所给的阅读材料并整理其思路。 可以看出，该短文具有完整而缜密的论证要素，论点、论据、结论俱备:(1)为论点,(2)-(11)为论证部分，(12)、(13)为结论。其中，论证部分是从正反两方面进行论证的:(2)-(6)为正面论据，(7)-(11)为反面论据。 所给短文的说理思路可以整理如下: 1.论点 Let children learn to judge their own work. 2.论据 1)正面论据 a. a child learning to talk does not learn ... to make his language like other people’ s. b. in the same way, children learn ... make the needed changes. 2) 反面论据 But in school teachers never give a child a chance ... he becomes dependent on the teacher. 3.结论 Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem. 第三步，概括转述所给短文的大意。 对短文进行概括是一个获取信息、加工信息的过程，需要严谨的思维和准确的表达能力，而 且要使用自己的语言来表达，―不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子‖。因此，―概括短文的内容要点‖， 实为客观简要地转述作者的观点、论据和结论。 首先，对作者的观点进行概括转述。作者的观点是Let children Learn to judge their own work.这等于说Let children learn to correct their own mistakes. 也就等于说Children’s learning mistakes should not be corrected by their teachers. 因此，对作者观点的概括转述可以是The author thinks that children’s learning mistakes should not be corrected by their teachers.这里采用 的是―正话反说‖的写作方法，实现了概括对方观点的准确性。 接下来，对作者的正面论据进行概括转述。作者的正面论据是，A child learning to talk(孩 子学说话)是通过notices ... the difference between his language and others’language, 从而自觉 地一步一步地makes the right changes(自我校正)学会的。这就是说，A child learns to talk by comparing his language with the others. 作者依次类推说，In the same way, children learn to do all the other things.这就可以概括为: Children learn by comparing their behaviors, including speech, with those of more skilled people. 同样，作者的反面论据可概括转述为―But in school teachers point out and correct their students’ mistakes for them too often, making the students dependent on them.‖;结论可概括转述为 ―So children should learn by correcting their own mistakes and helping each other.‖至此，第一项任务 —— 客观、准确而全面地概括转述短文 内容要点 ——就完成了。 用于举例的副词 for example, such as 表示对比的连词 while, and, instead, meanwhile 表示转折的连词 but , while, however 表示因果的连词 so, for, because, since, due to, because of ，as a result 最后总结时用的副词 in a word, in a conclusion, all in all 列举自己观点时的副词first, next , what's more, besides, in addition 读写任务首先要从―概括短文的内容‖人手。概括文章大意的技巧如下: 1. 集中于文章主旨，省去具体细节、例子等; 要准确而简洁地概括文章大意，可以以一个主题句为中心，以关键词为补充的方法进行 概括。用自己的语言陈述的具体方法: 1)通过使用近义词对主题句进行解析。如: 原句: Sometimes, however, you have to give up your interest for one thing or another. 改为:However, on some occasions you have to give up your interest for some reasons. 2) 通过改变句子结构对主题句进行解析。如: 原句:Developing a good habit will help you achieve a lot in your work and life. 改为:By developing a good habit, you will achieve a lot in your work and life. 3)通过改变语态对主题句进行解析。如: 原句:The government should take some measures to stop public smoking. 改为:Some measures should be taken to stop public smoking. 2(概括要全面，删去细节，只要主要事实(信息):切忌加入个人的观点。 3(语言要简练，概括后句子的词数必须满足试题的要求。 4(概括后的文章意思要通顺，行文要连贯:在概括短文的内容时应找准主题句，抓住 关词;表达一个完整的意思时适当用复合句。注意不要用短文中的原句。 1 Definition How to write a summary By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chaper or a book. 2 key points of a summary: A summary should be brief, complete, accurate coherent and objective. information. Brief: omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant Length: 1/4---1/3 of the original text in a condensed manner. complete: to include all the main and supporting points delivered in your own words accurate: to give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow. coherent: rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a e.g.: first, in the first part, in the introductory part second, next, in the second part then, afterwards, after that, in addition to that, also, furthermore finally, at last, in the end, as a conclusion, on the whole, in a word, to sum up, last but not least, as a result, so should reflect the content of the original passage only. objective: Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary 3 Steps to write a summary 1 skim the text to find out the general theme 2 analyse the text's structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentece) 3 write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details. 4 organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence. 5 proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes. At the beginning of a summary, we usually elicit the author's name and the name of the chapter/ article.