中科院考博英语真题2008

中科院考博英语真题2008TIIECHINESEACADEMYOFSCIE}ICE5ENGLISHENTRANCEEJCAMINATIONFORDOCTORALCANDIDATES14farch2007PAPERONEPAPERONEPART1VUCABULARY(15minutes,10points,4.5pointeach)1.Reductionsinoverseasgovernmentexpendituretookplace,but______andmoregraduallythannowseemsdesirable.A:reluctantlyB:unwittinglyC.impulsivelyD:anxiously2.Infearfortheirlivesandin______oftheirfreedom,thousandsofenslavedwomenandchildrenfledtotheNorthernStatesontheeveoftheAmericanCivilWar.A.WayB.viewC.visionD.pursuit3.IfIcouldensueareasonablyquickandcomprehensivesolutiontothecrisisinIraq,twouldnothaveentitledmyspeech“the______problem.”A.InstantB:InverseC.InsolubleD.Intact4.Someofthepatients,especiallythedying,wantedto______inthemanandwomanwhohadeasedtheirsuffering.A.confideB.ponderC.wellD:reflect5.Weallbuythingsonthe______ofthemoment;thisiswhattheretailtradecallsan“impulse“buy.A:urgeB.forceC.spurD.rush.6.Nothinghaseverequaledthe______andspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworld.A.concernB.magnitudeC.volumeD.carelessness7.Theseconddistinguishingcharacteristicofjazzisarhythmicdrivethatwas______called"hot"andlater"swing."A.shortlyB.initiallyC.actuallyD.literally?8.Thedepthofbenefitsofreadingvariesin______thedepthofone’sonesexperienceA.tempowithB.timewithC.placeofD.proportionto9.Whateverthequestionshereallywantedtoaskatthereprocessingplant,though,hewouldneverallowhispersonalfeelingsto______withanassignment.A.interruptB.botherC.interfereD.intervene10.His______withcomputersbegansixmonthsago.A.imaginationB.invocationC.observationD.obsession11.IlikecatsbutunfortunatelyIam______tothem.A.vulnerableB.allergicC.inclinedD.hostile12.SomeofthewordsemployedbyShakespeareinhisworkshavebecome______andarenolongerusedinthepresentdays.A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique13.Oneofthemainwaystostayoutoftroublewithgovernmentagentsistokeepalaw______awayfromthosesituationswhereinyoucallattentiontoyourself.A.mannerB.positionC.profileD.station14.With1millioncopiessoldoutwithinjust2weeks,thatbookisindeeda______success.A.provisionalB.sensationalC.sentimentalD.potential15.Asthecoreofthemanagementhoard,hecanalwayscomeupwith______ideastopromotethecorporation’smarketingstrategies.A.integralB.instinctiveC.intangibleD.ingeniousl6.Theyspeakofelectioncampaignpollsasamusicianmightofanorchestra______,orapainterofdefectivepaint.A.inpaceB.outoffocusC.instepD.outoftune17.Surelyitdoesn’tmatterwherecharitiesgettheirmoneyfrom:what______muchiswhattheydowithit.A.tauntsforB.asksforC.consistsofD.approvesofl8.Anybusinessneedsordinaryinsurance______riskssuchasfire,floodandbreakage.A.inB.againstC.raftD.of19.Ashewasathoroughlyprofessionaljournalist,healreadyknewthemedia______.A.toandfroB.upsideanddownC.insideandoutD.nowandthen20.Therewaslittle,ifany,evidencetosubstantiatethegossipand,______,therewaslittletodisproveit.PARTIICLOZETEST(15minutes,15points)Thereisacloserrelationshipbetweenmoralsandarchitectureandinteriordecoration______21,wesuspect.HuxleyhaspointedoutthatWesternladiesdidnottakefrequentbaths______22theywereafraidtoseetheirownnakedbodies,andthismoralconceptdelayedthe______23ofthemodernwhite-enameledbathtubforcenturies.Onecanunderstand,______24inthedesignofoldChinesefurnituretherewassolittleconsiderationforhuman______25onlywhenwerealizetheConfucianatmosphereinwhichpeoplemovedabout.ChineseredwoodFurniturewasdesignedforpeopletosit______26in,becausethatwastheonlypostureapprovedbysociety.EvenChineseemperorshadtositona(n)______27onwhichIwouldnotthinkof______28formorethanfiveminutes,andforthatmattertheEnglishkingswerejustasbadlyoff.Cleopatrawentabout______29onacouchcarriedbyservants,because______30shehadneverheardofConfucius.IfConfuciusshouldhaveseenherdoingthat,hewouldcertainlyhavestruckhershinswithastick,ashedid______31oneofhisolddisciples,YuanJiang,whenthelatterwasfoundsittinginan______32posture.IntheConfuciansocietyinwhichwelived,gentlemenandladieshadto______33themselvesperfectlyerect,atleastonformal______34,andanysignofputtingone’slegupwouldbeatonceconsideredasignofvulgarityandlackof______35.21.A.forB.thanC.asD.that22.A.ifB.whenC.becauseD.though23.A.riseB.existenceC.occurrenceD.increase24.A.whatB.whereC.howD.why25.A.careB.choiceC.concernD.comfort26.A.uprightB.tightC.fastD.stiff27.A.armchairB.throneC.altarD.couch28.A.movingB.keepingC.remainingD.lasting29.A.travelingB.stayingC.wanderingD.reclining30.A.B.franklyC.accordinglyD.apparentlyfortunately31.A.inB.onC.toD.at32.A.B.incorrectC.immoralD.imperfectresponsible33.A.holdB.sitC.behaveD.conduct34.A.B.situationsC.occasionsD.instancesconditions35.A.cultureB.C.moralityD.modestyconfidencePARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSIONSectionA(60minutes,30points)PassageOneMostpeoplewouldbeimpressedbythehighqualityofmedicineavailabletomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecialization,agreatdealofattentiontotheindividual,avastamountofadvancedtechnicalequipment,andintenseeffortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmustfacethecourtsiftheyhandlethingsbadly.ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayinwhichhealthcareisorganizedandfinanced.Contrarytopublicbelief,itisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystem,becauseprivatecarewassimplynotlookingafterthelessfortunateandtheelderly.Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem,whichthisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars-morethan10percentoftheU.S.budget-largenumbersofAmericansareleftout.TheseincludeabouthalftheI1millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimitsonincomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan.Thebasicproblem,however,isthatthereisnocentralcontroloverthehealthsystem.Thereisnolimittowhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservices.Overthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothache,asickchild,oraheartattack,alltheunfortunatepersonconcernedcandoispayup.Two-thirdsofthepopulationsarecoveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywantknowingthattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill.ThemedicalprofessionhasasaresultbecomeAmerica’snewbigbusinessmen.Theaverageincomeofdoctorshasnowreached$100,000ayear.Withsuchvastincomesthetalkinthedoctor’ssurgeryisaslikelytobeaboutthedoctor’slatestfinancialdeal,asaboutwhethertheminoroperationheisrecommendingatseveralthousanddollarsisentirelynecessary.TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthcostclimbed15.9percent-abouttwiceasfastaspricesingeneral.36.IntheU.S.patientscaneffect,inmedical______.A.occasionalmistakesbycarelessdoctorsB.agreatdealofpersonalattentionC.lowchargebydoctorsandhospitalsD.stackingnursesandbadservices37.Doctorsandhospitalstryhardtoavoidmakingmistakesbecause______.A.theyfeartobesuedbythepatientsB.theycaremuchaboutTheirreputationC.theycompeteforgettingmorepatentsD.theywishtojointheprivatemedicalsystem38.WhatdomostAmericansthinkabouthealthintheU.S.?A.ItmustbeintotalchaosB.ItmustbeafreecompetitionsystemC.ItshouldcovertheunemployedD.Itshouldinvolveprivatecare.39.FromParagraph3weknowthat______fromthepublichealthsystem.A.millionsofjoblesspeoplegetsupport.B.thosewithsteadyincomedonotseekhelp.C.somepeoplearemadeineligibletobenefit.D.thosewithprivatehealthcareareexcluded.40.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthekeyfactorintheriseofhealthcostintheUS?A.TherefusalofinsurancecompaniestopaythebillsB.TheincreaseofthenumberofdoctorsandhospitalsC.thelackofgovernmentcontroloverthemedicalpricesD.Themergerofprivatehealthcarewiththepublicsystem.41.ItisimpliedthatAmericandoctorsoften______.A.tradetheirprofessionalismforfinancialbenefitsB.failstorecognizethepayingpowerofthepatientsC.discussabouthowtomakemoneyduringthesurgeryD.givesthepatientsexpensivebutneedlesstreatments.PassagetwoAlmosteverydaythemediadiscoversanAfricancommunityfightingsomeformofenvironmentalthreatfromlandfills.Garbagedumps,petrochemicalplants,refineries,busdepots,andthelistgoon.Foryears,residentswatchedhelplesslyastheircommunitiesbecamedumpinggrounds.Butcitizensdidn’tremainsilentforlong.Localactivistshavebeenorganizingunderthemantleofenvironmentaljusticesinceasfarbackas1968.Morethanthreedecadesago,theconceptofenvironmentaljusticehadnotregisteredontheradarscreensofmanyenvironmentalorcivilrightsgroups.Butenvironmentaljusticefitssquarelyunderthecivilrightsumbrella.ItshouldnotbeforgottenthatDr.MartinLutherKingJr.wenttoMemphisonanenvironmentalandeconomicjusticemissionin1968,seekingsupportforstrikinggarbageworkerswhowereunderpaidandwhosebasicdutiesexposedthemtoenvironmentallyhazardousconditions.In1979landmarkenvironmentaldiscriminationlawsuitfiledinHouston.Followedbysimilarlitigationeffortsinthe1980s,ralliedactiviststostanduptocorporationsanddemandgovernmentintervention.In1991,anewbreedofenvironmentalactivistsgatheredinWashington,D.C.,tobringnationalattentiontopollutionproblemsthreateninglow-incomeandminoritycommunitiesLeadersintroducedtheconceptofenvironmentaljustice,protestingthatBlack,poorandworking-classcommunitiesoftenreceivedlessenvironmentalprotectionthanWhiteormoreaffluentcommunities.ThefirstNationalPeopleofColorEnvironmentalLeadershipSummiteffectivelybroadenedwhat"theenvironment"wasunderstoodtomean.Itexpandedthedefinitiontoincludewherewelive,work,play,worshipandgotoschool,aswellasthephysicalandnaturalworld.Intheprocess,theenvironmentaljusticemovementchangedthewayenvironmentalismispracticedintheUnitedStatesand,ultimately,worldwide.Becausemanyissuesidentifiedattheinauguralsummitremainunaddressed,thesecondNationalPeopleofColorEnvironmentalLeadershipSummitwasconvenedinWashington,D.C.,thispastOctober.Thesecondsummitwasplannedfor500delegates;butmorethan1,400peopleattendedthefour-daygathering."WearepleasedthattheSummitIIwasabletoattractarecordnumberofgrassrootsactivists,academicians,students,researchers,governmentofficialsWeprovedtotheworldthatourplanners,policyanalystsandmovementisaliveandwell,andgrowing,"saysBeverlyWright,chairofthesummit.ThemeetingproducedtwodozenpolicypapersthatshowenvironmentalandhealthdisparitiesbetweenpeopleofcolorandWhites.??42.InParagraph1,theword“residentsrefersto______inparticularA.ethnicgroupsintheU.SB.theAmericangeneralpublicC.aAfricaAmericanD.theU.S.working-class43.Morethanthreedecadesago,environmentsjusticewas______.～A.controversialamonglocalactivitiesB.FirstproposedbyMartinLutherKingJr.C.fascinatingtothecivilrightsgroupsD.barelyrealizedbymanyenvironmentalists44.In1968,MartinLutherKingJr.wenttoMemphistohelpthegarbageworkers______.A.getrelievedofsomeoftheirbasicdutiesB.knowwhatenvironmentaljusticewasC.fightforbetterworkingconditionsD.recognizetheirdangeroussurroundings45..Paragraph3impliesthat,in1979______.A.theenvironmentaljusticeissueswerefirstbroughttocourtinHoustonB.environmentalactivistscooperatedindefyingtheUSgovernmentC.thegovernmentinterventionhelpedpromoteenvironmentaljusticeD.environmentalproblemsattractedtheattentionofthegovernment46.thenewbreedofenvironmentalactivistsdifferedfromthepreviousactivistsinthat______.A.theynoticedenvironmentaldisparitiesbetweentherichandthepoorB.theycriedforgovernmentinterventioninsavingtheenvironmentC.theyknewwhat„theenvironmentreallymeanttotheWhitepeopleD.theypracticedenvironmentalismoutsideaswellaswithintheUS47.Withrespecttogettingenvironmentaljustice,SummitIIaimedfor______.A.showingtheachievedsuccessB.attractingnationalattentionC.identifyingrelevantissuesD.findingsolutionstotheproblemsPassageThreeAnyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspentonly“towminuteswith“babyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstatingtowalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialefforts,mostkeepontrying,determinedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslater,aroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschool,manypsychologistsandteachersagree,thatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.Fortheparentsofsuchkids,whoseownambitionisofteninseparatelytiedtotheirchildren’ssuccess,itcanbeabewildering,painfulexperience.Soitisnowondersomeparentsfindthemselveshopingthatambitioncanbetaughtlikeanyothersubjectatschool.It’snotquitethatsimple."Kidscanbegiventheopportunities,buttheycan’t～”beforesaysJacquelynEccles,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwhotriedastudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirst-andseventh-gradersin?threeschooldistricts.Evensogrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychosissdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidence,encouragingsomerisktaking,beingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessful,bothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.DubbedBrainology,theunorthodoxapproachusesbasicneurosciencetoteachkidshowthebrainworksandhowitcancontinuetodevelopthroughoutlife.Themessageisthateverythingiswithinthekids’control,thattheirintelligenceismalleableSomeexpertssayoureducationsystem,withitsstrongemphasisontestingandrigidseparationofstudentsintodisappearanceofdriveinsomekids.Educatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandtests,throughvolunteerwork,sports,hobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions„saysMichaelNakkula,aHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramcalledProjectIF(InventingtheFuture),whichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.ThekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistotellthemthenotionthatGlassworkisirrelevantisnottrue,toshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddler,theyneedtounderstandthattheyhavetolearntowalkbeforetheycanrun.48.Thepassageismainlyabout______.A.wheninone’slifeambitionismostneededB.whattodotoreformtheeducationsystemC.whyparentsofunderachieversareambitiousD.howtohelpschoolchildrendeveloptheirambition49.Accordingtothepassage,mosteducatorsbelievethatmanykids______.A.showalackofacademicambitionatbirthB.amazetheirparentsbyactinglikeadultsC.becomelessambitiousastheygrowupD.getincreasinglyafraidoffailinginschool50.Paragraph1mentionssomeparentswhowouldseetheirkids’failureas______.A.naturalB.trivialC.intolerableD.understandable51.Theword"malleable"inParagraph3mostprobablymeans______.A.justifiableB.flexibleC.uncountableD.desirable52.Someexpertssuggestthatmanykidsloseambitioninschoolbecausetheyare______.A.cutofffromtheoutsideworldB.exposedtoschoolworkonlyC.keptawayfromclasscompetitionD.labeledasinferiortoothers53.Thelastparagraphimplies______.A.theeffectivenessofProjectIFB.thesignificanceofclassworkC.theimportanceofwalkingtorunningD.theattainmentofdifferentlifegoalsPassageFourJanHendrikSchon’ssuccessseemedtoogoodtobetrue,anditwas.InonlyfouryearsasaphysicistatBellLaborites,Schon,32,hadco-authored90scientificpapers--oneevery16days--dealingnewdiscoveriesinsuperconductivity,lasers,nanotechnologyandquantumphysics.Thisoutputastonishedhiscolleagues,andmadethemsuspicious.Whenoneco-workernoticedthatthesametableofdataappearedintwoseparatepapers--whichalsohappenedtoappearinthetwomostprestigiousscientificjournalsintheworld,ScienceandNature-thejigwasup.InOctober2002aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthat:Schonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata.Hiscareerasascientistwasfinished.Scientificscandals,witchareasoldasscienceitself,tendtofollowsimilarpatternsofpresumptionandduereward.Inrecentyears,ofcourse,thepressureonscientiststopublishinthetopjournalshasincreased,makingthejournalsmuchmorecrucialtocareersuccess.ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometotoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetters;neuroscientistshaveNeuron,andsoforth.ScienceandNature,though,aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthatcoverthegamutofscientificdisciplines,frommeteorologyandzoologytoquantumphysicsandchemistry.Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournalsinparttoreachjournalists.Whydotheycare?Competitionforgrantshasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopularrenowntogainanedgeovertheirrivals.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwintheacclaimsfromacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perishimperative,butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications.Scientiststendtopaymoreattentiontothebigtwothantootherjournals.Whenmorescientistsknowaboutaparticularpaper,they’remoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoft-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor,"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedbypeers.Fundingagenciesusethe"ImpactFactor"asaroughmeasureoftheinfluenceofscientiststhey’reconsideringsupporting.54.TheachievementsofJanHendrikSchonturnedouttobe______.A.surprisingB.inconceivableC.praiseworthyD.fraudulent55.TofindwhyscientificscandalslikeSchon’soccur,peoplehavebeguntoraisedoubtaboutthetwotopjournalsfor_____.A.theiracademicprestigeB.theirimportancetocareersuccessC.theirpopularitywithscientificcirclesD.theirreviewingsystem.56.Theyaccordingtothepassage,whatmakesScienceandNaturepowerful?A.TheycoverthebestresearchesonavarietyofsubjectsB.Theypublishcontroversialpapersthatotherswon’t.C.Theypreferpapersonhighlyspecializedresearch.D.Theyhaveaspecialsystemofpeer-review.57.Theexpression"thecreamofthecrop"inParagraph3likelymeans_____.A.themostofallB.bestofallC.therecentlyreleasedD.thewidelyspread58.ScientistsknowthatbyreachingthejournalistsforScienceandNaturetheywouldgetabetterchanceto_____.A.havemoreoftheirpaperspublishedinthejournalsinthefutureB.havetheirnamesappearinmanyotherrenownpublicationsC.havetheirresearchresultsunderstoodbythegeneralpublicD.havetheirsuperiorsgivethemmonetaryawardforthepublication59.Comparedwithotherjournals,NatureandSciencewouldgivetheauthorsanextrabenefitthattheirpapers_____.A.willbemorelikelytobecomeinfluentialandbecitedB.willbemorelikelytobefreefromchallengebypeers.C.willbereviewedwithgreasercaretoensuremeauthorityD.willreappearintheiroriginalinpaperslikeNewYorkTimes.PassageFiveThisleavesuswiththechallengeoffindingsomepoliticallypracticablewaytoreducegreenhousegasemissions.ButitisanawkwardtruththatwhenmostU.Ssenatorswereaskedinformallyin2000iftheywouldsupporttheKyotoProtocolshouldPresidentGeorgeW.BushsendittotheScantforratification,theoverwhelmingmajority,DemocratsaswellasRepublicans,saidtheycouldnot.Thereasonfortheliberals’surprisingreplyisclear.Manystudies,notallbyconservatives,suggestthatfullcompliancewiththetermsoftheKyotoProtocolwouldlikelyleadtoadeepAmericanrecession.Forthosewillingtorunthisrisk,soberreflectionontheconsequencesoftheeconomiccollapseof1929andthesubsequentworldwidedepressionwithallitspoliticalandultimatelymilitaryconsequencesiscertainlyinorder.Thatsaid,whatcanbedone,inparticularbyourowncountryIndependentoftheissuesraisedbytheKyotoProtocol,andgiventheweightofevidencethattheproblemofglobalwarmingisseriousfraughtwithdireconsequences,failuretodoanythingatallandinsteadtopromote"businessasusual"downrightcriminal.YettheBushadministrationhasgivennomorethanlipservicetotheproblem,thoughthatcouldhechanging.Itisonethingweighalternativesandimplementscompromisesthatreflectthecomplexityoftheproblem;itisquiteanotherthingtodonothing,especiallyifdoingnothingisjustawayofsecuringsupportfromcertainindustriesthatworsentheproblem.Thereare,afterall,thingsthatcanhedone.Reopeningaseriousinternationaldialogue,andnotjustsayingafewgoodwords,wouldbeausefulifinadequatestart.Noteveryproblemmustbesolvingbefore-theweightofevidencebecomessocompellingthatcertaininitialstepsbecomealmostmandatory.Wealreadyknowhowtomakemorefuel-efficientyetnonationalpolicyhassurfacedtoaccomplishthis.Thescientificandengineeringcommunitiesaretheonesbestsuitedtoidentifythescientificresearchthatisstillneededandthetechnicalprojectsthatshowthegreatestpromise.Theseissuesshouldbedecidedbythemandnotthepoliticians.Oncesolutionslookpromising,asafewalreadydo,industrywillbealltooreadytorompin,foratthatstagethereismoneytobemade.Andonlyafoolwouldunderestimatehumaningenuitywhengivenaproperincentive,orthestrengthofAmericanindustryoncetheboilerislitunderit.60.Whatca