四级语法

四级语法 虚拟语气 第一部分:语气的定义和种类 1 语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2 语气的种类 ?、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹 句。如: ?There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 ?Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗, ?How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊～ ?、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如: ?Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 ?Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。 ?、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 如: ?If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 ?I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。 ?May you succeed!祝您成功～ 第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气 一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用 于日常会话中。如: ?.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗, ?.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。 二、表祝愿。 1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。 ?、May good luck be yours!祝你好运～ ?、May you be happy!祝你快乐～ ?、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就～ ?、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 ?、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 ?、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。 2、用动词原形。例如: (1).Long live the people! 人民万岁～ (2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你～” (3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快～ 三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”) (1).God save me( (2).Heaven help us( 四、表命令 1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:～ 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如:work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。 (1). Work ! (2). Work harder ! (3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be) (4). You go out ! (5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) (6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not) 五、在一些习惯表达中。如: (1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。 (2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密 非谓语动词搭配 一、有的动词其后可以跟动名词，例如: --I really appreciate having time to relax. --Have you considered getting a job abroad? 这些动词常见的有:admit, appreciate, avoid, break off, cease, commence, confess, consider, contemplate, continue, delay, deny, deserve, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, (not) fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can"t help, imagine, involve, justify, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, quit, recall, recommend, require, resent, resist, resume, risk, (can"t) stand, suggest, take up, understand 二、有的动词其后可以带不定式作宾语，例如: --I can"t afford to buy her a new dress. --Jack hates to miss the train. 这些动词常见的有:dread, hate, like, love, prefer, begin, cease, commence, continue, start, forget, remember, regret, choose, hope, intend, mean, plan, propose, want, wish, help, scorn, venture, ask, beg, decline, demand, offer, promise, refuse, swear, undertake, affect, claim, profess, afford, attempt, contrive, endeavor, fail, learn, manage, neglect, omit, try等。 三、有的动词其后既可以带不定式，也可以跟动名词，一定要注意所表示意思的区别。 关系代词作定语的定语从句 一、 whose 关系代词在从句中作定语表示所属关系，先行词是人，表示“先行词这个人的…”，用 whose;先行词是事物，表示“先行词这个事物的…”，用whose…或the…of which 或of which…都可以。如: In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still suffers. 1980 年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。 The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。 二、 which 关系代词 which 用作定语时，含有类似 this 或 that 的含义。如: She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我 们应该等她。 He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我 就决定回家了。 I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那 样我会打电话的。 The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard. 讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在这时，听到了砰的一声巨响。 He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为*官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。 My father may have to go into hospital, in which case won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。 Sometimes feta is very salty, in which case no salt needs to be added. 有时， 羊奶干酪很咸。如果这样的话，就不必加盐了。 Of whom/which 引导的定语从句 在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体” 的关系时，用…of which / whom或者of which / whom…都可以。但与表示所属关系不 同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。 一、表示整体中的部分 The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。 I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中 有一些伤得很厉害。 I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打 鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。 There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite. 只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。 The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。 二、表示所属关系 He’s written a book, the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我忘了。 句中的the name of which=whose name。 It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。 句中的the details of which=whose details。 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 这类定语从句只能由 which 或 as 引导。两者之间的区别在于: 1. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如: David, as you know, is a photograopher. 戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。(不可用which) Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) 2. as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。如: Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as) 3. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。如: He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用as) 4. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 5. as多用于固定搭配中:as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 注:which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion 等。如: I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone you. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。 在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用…of which/whom或者of which/whom…都可以。 表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数， 也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等。 Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. 我校有80个教师，其中50个是女的。 He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 他有许多书，其中大部分是英语书。 注意:这里的of which不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的of which不同: The room the door of which (=whose door) is blue belongs to me. 门是蓝色的那间房是我的。 在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意: 一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形 (1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如: My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。 (2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如: Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗, (3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如: Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。 (4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如: Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。 (5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如: The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。 (6) 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom)。如: There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过。 (7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如: The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。 二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形 (1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如: The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东。 (2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如: He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生 (3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如: Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁, (4) the same as 与 the same that the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物;the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即:同一事物。如: She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含:她偷了我的上衣) She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含:她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)