发展心理学林崇德版期末复习要点

心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 发展心理学复习大纲 第一章 绪论 一:什么是发展心理学,(广义、狭义) 广义:发展心理学是研究种系和个体心理发生与发展的科学。 狭义:就是个体发展心理学，研究个体心理发展规律和各个年龄阶段心理特征的科学。 二:发展心理学研究的内容 发展心理学研究个体从受精卵开始到出生、成熟直至衰老的生命全过程中心理发生发展的特点和规律。 发展心理学研究涉及的问题: 1. 关于遗传与环境的作用 2. 关于心理发展的内因与外因(涉及发展的主动性与被动性) 3. 关于心理发展的连续性与阶段性 生命全程心理发展的年龄特征: 1. 年龄阶段的划分 不同的划分 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 导致不同的分类情况 根据个体身心发展趋势，将人的一生分为: (1)新生儿期(出生——1个月); (2)乳儿期(1个月——1岁) (3)婴儿期(1岁——3岁) (4)幼儿期(3岁——6、7岁) (5)童年期(6岁——11、12岁) (6)少年期(11、12岁——14、15岁) (7)青年早期(14、15岁——17、18岁) (8)青年晚期(成年初期)(17、18岁——35岁) (9)中年期(成年中期)(35岁——60岁) (10)老年期(成年晚期)(60岁——死亡) 2、人生的阶段依据: 以心理性欲的发展为划分标准——弗洛伊德; 以生理发展作为划分标准——柏曼; 以智力发展作为划分标准——皮亚杰; 以个性发展特征为划分标准——埃里克森。 三、 发展心理学诞生的标志。 四、 科学儿童心理学的诞生标志:1882年、普莱尔、《儿童心理》的出版。 从1957年开始，美国《心理学年鉴》用“发展心理学”作章名，代替了惯用的“儿 童心理学”。 四. 心理发展的基本理论: 遗传与环境 {高尔顿(遗传决定论)，霍尔(复演说)，麦独孤，弗洛伊德} 内因与外因 {华生(环境决定论)，纽曼} 连续性与阶段性 {斯特恩，吴伟士，格赛尔} 相互作用论 {皮亚杰:遗传与环境相互依存;遗传与环境是相互渗透，相互转化的 关系;遗传与环境的相互作用收到个体主观能动性的影响。} 第二章 发展心理学理论 一 、弗洛伊德、埃里克森的理论。 弗洛伊德: A:精神分析的心理发展观 B:弗洛伊德的人格发展阶段理论 本我(Id)——快乐原则 自我(ego)——现实原则 超我(superego)——至善原则 性本能(泛性论)是人类行为的根本动力，他以动欲区的变化为依据来划分发展阶 第 1 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 段，每一个阶段都有一个与之相联系的动欲区，它是发展的每一个特殊阶段刺激和快感的最大的源泉。 C:弗洛伊德将人格发展分为五个阶段: 一、口唇期(0—1岁):动欲区是嘴。 二、肛门期(1—3岁):动欲区在肛门区域，这一阶段儿童接受排便训练。 三、前生殖器期(性器期)(3—6岁):动欲区在生殖器区域。 四、潜伏期(6—11岁):性欲被移置为替代性活动(如学习、体育和同辈团体的活动),团体性活动多呈男女分离趋势。 五、青春期(生殖期)(12—20岁):如果前几个阶段发展得正常，个体从自私的、只追求个人快感的孩子，转变成有选择异性配偶能力的、有能力抚养子女的现实的、社会化的成人。 对弗洛伊德人格发展观的 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 : 1. 强调人格形成与儿童早期经验有关，与父母对儿童的教养态度有关。 2. 人格的三个部分:伊底、自我和超我，它们之间的矛盾斗争在某种意义上反映了人格发展中人的本能、现实环境和社会道德要求之间的矛盾斗争。 3. 把人格发展的基本动力归之于性本能，致使其在观察中发现的许多重要的心理事实在上升到理论时变成了谬误。 4. 弗的资料主要来自他本人的诊断经验和自我分析，缺乏科学的实验依据，很难重复验证。 艾里克森的心理社会发展阶段 —2岁) 1. 婴儿期 基本的信任对基本不信任(0 如果养育者能以慈爱的和贯常的方式满足儿童的需要，儿童就会形成基本的信任感，否则就会形成不信任感。 基本的信任>基本的不信任，则危机得到解决，形成希望的品质(merit);反之，危机没有得到解决，则导致恐惧和绝望。 2. 儿童早期 自主对羞怯和疑虑(2—4岁) (1) 儿童形成各种技能(走、爬、推、拉和交谈)，儿童将这些能力用之于各种物 体，也用于控制和排泄大小便。 (2) 如果父母按照社会所能接受的方向，精心控制儿童的行为而又不伤害儿童的 自我控制感和自主性，则儿童就会形成自主性;如果父母过分溺爱和不公正地使 用体罚，儿童就会感到疑虑而体验到羞怯。 (3) 如果自主性>疑虑，就形成意志的美德，反之就形成自我疑虑。 3. 学前期 主动对内疚(4—7岁) (1)儿童更多地进行各种运动，更精确地使用语言，想象力更加丰富，这些技能使儿童能够萌发出各种思想、行为和幻想，以及规划未来的前景。儿童检验各种各样的限制，以便哪些是允许做的，哪些是不允许做的。 (2) 如果父母鼓励儿童的独创性行为和想象力，儿童就会形成健康的独创性意识，形成主动性;如果父母讥笑儿童的独创性行为和想象力，儿童就会缺乏自信，并由于缺乏自主性而容易产生内疚感。如果儿童在这个阶段获得的自主性超过内疚，就会形成目的的品质;否则就会形成自卑感。 4. 学龄期 勤奋对自卑(7—12岁) 1) 儿童学习各种必要的谋生技能以及成为社会生产者所必需的专业技能。学校特别重要，社交技能的习得特别重要。 2) 儿童如果在这一阶段“体验到稳定的注意和孜孜不倦的勤奋来完成工作的乐趣”，就可以获得勤奋感，即满怀信心地同别人一起为寻求各种劳动职业作准备。 3) 生活中重要的他人(老师、父母)充满爱意的关注和鼓励，是儿童获得勤奋感的必要条件。 第 2 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 4) 如果重要的他人(老师、父母、同伴)嘲笑他或对他漠不关心，儿童就不会获得勤奋感，就会产生自卑感，就会对自己是否有能力成为社会有用的成员丧失信心。 5) 在这个阶段，儿童如果过分重视他们在工作能力方面的地位，而忽视生活其他重要的方面，也不利于人格的健康成长。 6 如果在这个阶段所获得的勤奋感超过自卑感，儿童就会形成能力这一品质。 5. 青年期 同一性对角色混乱(12—18岁) (4) 这一阶段是个体从童年期向青年期发展的过渡阶段。在前四个阶段，儿童懂 得了所能担任的各种角色。在这一阶段，儿童必须仔细思考所积累的所有关于自 己和社会的知识，最后致力于某种生活策略，如果这样做了，就获得了同一性 (identity),就长大成人了。 (5) 但这个阶段是寻求自我同一性的时期，而不是具有同一性的时期。这一阶段 是“心理社会的合法延缓期”。 (6) 如果个体在这个阶段获得了积极同一性，个体就会形成忠实的品质。否则 就形成不确定性。 (7) 艾里克森的心理社会发展阶段 (8) 自我同一性(ego identity): (9) 它是“一种熟悉自身的感觉，一种„知道个体未来的目标‟的感觉，一种从 他信赖的人们那里获得所期待的认可的内在自信”。(Erikson, 1959,p.118)指个体 对自身及自己的生活目标的意识。 (10) 如果没有形成自我同一性，就会导致同一性混乱(identity confusion)或形成消 极同一性。 (11) 同一性混乱:是指个体不能正确选择适应社会环境的角色。 (12) 消极同一性:形成与社会目标相背离的同一性。 6. 成年早期 亲密对孤独(18—25岁): (13) 只有建立了牢固同一性的人才能与他人发生爱的关系，热烈地追求和他人建 立亲密的关系。爱就是与他人的同一性融为一体; (14) 没有同一性的人，就会担心与他人建立亲密关系而丧失自我。这种人就会离 群索居中，不与他人建立密切关系，从而产生孤独感。 (15) 如果个体在这一阶段所形成的亲密感超过孤独感，就会形成爱情的品质。 7. 成年中期 繁殖对停滞(25—50岁) (16) 如果个体形成了积极同一性，并且过上了富有成效的幸福生活，就会试图把 这一切传给下一代，或直接与儿童进行交往，或生产和创造能提高下一代物质和 精神生活水平的财富。“繁殖”包含有“生产”与“创造”的含义，体验关怀的实现。 没有产生繁殖感的人就会产生停滞感。 8. 老年期 自我完善对失望(50岁—死亡) (17) 如果个体顺利地度过了前面七个阶段，回顾一生，感到自己的一生丰富而充 实，富有创造性，就会觉得自己的人生是圆满的(自我完整感)，因而不会惧怕 死亡。 (18) 反之，个体就会惧怕死亡，因为感到自己一生没有实现任何重大目标，因而 产生绝望感。 (19) 如果个体获得自我完整超过绝望，就会形成智慧的品质，否则就会形成失 望和无意义感。 (20) 八个发展阶段之间的关系: (21) 1. 这八个发展阶段的次序是由遗传决定的，任何一个阶段都不能逾越，次序也 不能颠倒。 (22) 2. 每一个阶段就有其必须解决的危机，危机解决得好，就会形成增强自我力量 的积极的品质，否则就会形成削弱自我力量的消极的品质。 第 3 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 (23) 3. 前面阶段发展的好坏会影响到后面阶段发展。 艾里克森与弗洛伊德心理发展观的区别: (24) 1.弗特别强调本能的作用，自我只是伊底和超我的奴仆; 艾更强调自我的作用、 理智的力量。 (25) 2.弗在研究儿童人格发展时，仅把儿童囿于母亲—儿童—父亲这个狭隘的三角关 系;而艾则把儿童置于更加广阔的社会背景上，重视社会对发展的影响。 (26) 3.弗对儿童人格发展的研究只到青春期为止，而艾则把个性发展的阶段扩展到八 个阶段，贯穿人的一生。 (27) 4.弗认为人的本性是恶的，而艾则认为人的本性既不是善的，也不是恶的，儿童 出生后都存在向善的或恶的方向发展的可能性。 二、其他人的核心观点。(皮亚杰是重点) (28) 1、华生(J. B. Watson)的发展心理学理论 (29) 1. 否认遗传的作用，强调环境和教育的作用 (30) 2. 在怕、怒、爱三种非习得性情绪反应基础上的条件反射 (31) 2、斯金纳(B. B. Skinner)的发展心理学理论 (32) 行为的强化控制原理:强调塑造、强化与消退、及时强化 (33) 3、班杜拉(Albert Bandura)的社会学习理论 (34) 自我增强，主动学习观察与模仿 (35) 4、维果斯基的心理发展观 (36) 文化—历史发展理论 (37) 1.强调工具和社会环境的作用，明确提出教育在儿童心理发展中的主导作用。 (38) 2. 最近发展区思想: (39) 3.. 提出内化学说 5、皮亚杰的认知发展理论 (40) (一)发展的实质与原因 (41) 心理、智力、思维既不是起源于先天的成熟，也不是起源于后天的经验，而 是起源于主体的动作，这种动作的本质是主体对客体的适应，主体对客体的适应， 乃是心理发展的真正原因。适应的本质是机体与环境的平衡。 (42) 适应通过两种形式实现:一是同化，另一是顺应。 (43) (二)儿童心理发展的结构 (44) 认为心理结构的发展涉及图式、同化、顺应、平衡。 (45) 图式:动作的结构或组织，这些动作在相同或类似环境中由于不断重复而 得到迁移和概括。图式最先来源于先天遗传。 (46) 同化:把环境因素纳入机体已有的图式或结构之中，以加强和丰富主体的 动作。 (47) 顺应:促进创立新图式或调整原有图式。 (48) 平衡:同化作用和顺应作用两种机能的平衡。 (49) (三)影响儿童心理发展的基本因素 (50) 成熟 (51) 物理环境 (52) 社会环境 (53) 平衡 (54) (四) 儿童心理或思维发展的四个阶段 (55) 感知运动阶段(0~2岁) (56) 前运算阶段(2~7岁) (57) 具体运算阶段(7~12岁) (58) 形式运算阶段(12~15岁) (59) 四个阶段 第 4 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 (60) 感知运动阶段(0,2岁)这个时期的儿童主要凭感知运动手段反映外界刺激，直 辖市直辖市并适应外界环境，其智力处于感知运动水平; (61) 前运算思维阶段(2,7岁)从这个时期开始，儿童具有表象思维，有运用符号的 能力，其智力活动处于表象水平; (62) 具体运算阶段(7,12岁)这个时期儿童的认知能力摆脱知觉的局限，获得概念 的稳定性，达到守恒。对具体问题可以进行逻辑运算，思维具有可逆性。其智力 活动处于获得概念稳定性，进行逻辑思维阶段; (63) 形式运算阶段(12,15岁)这个时期儿童的思维形式能够从具体内容中解放出来， 能够提出假设，凭代理演绎推理、归纳推理解决抽象问题。其智力。活动达到抽 象思维阶段。 第三章 发展心理学研究方法(分值少可以忽略不计) 一、 横断研究设计、纵向研究设计、聚合交叉设计(概念、优缺点再认) (64) 横断研究设计: (65) 概念:横断研究设计是在某一特定的时间，同时对不同年龄的被试进行比较的方 法。优点:能够在短时间内发现同一年龄或不同年龄群体的发展相似性和差异性， 确定发展的年龄特征，而且由于能够同时对几个年龄群体进行调查测量，获得的 信息量答，经济且费时短。 :缺点:横断研究设计所关注的年龄效应可能会与代群效应相混淆。代群效应是 指由于个体出生在特定时期并成长在特定历史情境中所带来的对个体发展研究 的干扰效应，也就是说两个年龄组被试之间的差异可能并不是由于个体发展造成 的，而是由于两组被试所经历的社会历史情境不同造成的。其次，由于在横断研 究设计中每个人只在某个时间点上接受测查，因而无法获得个体发展趋势或发展 变化的数据资料。 (66) 纵向研究设计: (67) 概念:纵向研究设计是对同一研究对象在不同的年龄或阶段进行长期的反复观测 的方法。 (68) 聚合交叉设计: (69) 概念:聚合交叉设计是将横断研究设计和纵向研究设计融合在一起的研究方法。 它通过选择不同年龄的群体为研究对象，在短时期内重复观察这些对象。 (70) 优点:第一，它克服了横断研究设计和纵向研究设计各自的不足之处，吸取了它 们各自的长处，这种方法既具有纵向研究设计系统、详尽的特点，使我们能掌握 心理发展的连续过程及其特点，又具有横断研究设计能够进行大面积测查的特 点，克服了纵向研究设计样本少、受时间设计等问题;第二，该设计采用静态和 动态相结合的原则，缩短了长期追踪的时间。 第四章 胎儿的生理—心理发展 一:胎儿宫内发育时期: * 胚种(芽)期(0~2周)——组织和组织分化前期:胚芽期是最早也是最短的阶段，以系统化的细胞分裂和受精卵着床于子宫壁为特征。 (71) 胚胎期(3~8周)——组织和组织分化期:受精卵此时被称为胚胎。胚胎发育成 三层，它们最终会形成不同的身体结构。 (72) 外胚层——皮肤、感觉器官、脑、脊髓; (73) 中胚层——肌肉、骨骼、血液、结缔组织和循环、生殖、泌尿系统 (74) 内胚层——消化系统和其他内部器官与腺体，肝脏、呼吸系统 (75) 胎儿期(9~40周)——器官和功能分化期:– 胎儿正式开始主要器官进行分 化。胚胎此时被称为胎儿。 第 5 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 第五章 婴儿的心理发展 (76) 一:动作发展的规律 (77) 由上至下(头尾原则) (78) 由近及远(近远原则) (79) 由粗到细(粗细原则) 二:动作发展对心理发展的重要意义: (80) (1)个体心理的发展起源与动作密切相关; (81) (2)从个体心理的发展历程来看，个体的心理发展是由外逐步内化的，而动作 在心理的内化过程中则起着关键性的作用。 (82) (3)从个体心理发展的生理基础以及心理各个具体方面的早期发展来看，动作 作为主体能动性的基本表现形式，在个体早期发展中起着重要的建构作用，它使 个体能够积极地构建和参与自身的发展。 三:习惯化、去习惯化——学习的发生发展(再认) (83) 习惯化:一种由于重复或不断受到某种能导致个体选择性定向反应的刺激，而引 起个体对该刺激反应不断减少的现象。是婴儿早期一种非常重要的学习形式，也 是记忆发生的标志. (84) Cohen和Strauss(1979)对出生30周左右的婴儿进行了识别人脸照片的测查。 (85) 被试被分成两组，用某一个女性成人面孔的照片作初始刺激使第一组婴儿形成习 惯化，然后向其呈现另一个女性成人面孔的照片， 该组婴儿马上形成去习惯化， 注视新刺激的时间大幅度增加。而用来给第二组婴儿形成习惯化的初始刺激是一 组女性成人面孔的照片，在婴儿对这一组人面孔照片均达习惯化后，再用某一个 陌生女人的面孔照片作为新刺 激引入，结果该组婴儿仍保持习惯化，注视的时 间没有增加的趋势。 (86) 研究者认为，这个实验表明，处于前言语阶段的婴儿已能忽略某一张脸与另一张 脸在具体特征上的差异，并能了解作为人类成熟女性面孔的某种最本质的特征， 进而将形形色色的女性面孔作为同一类刺激去感知和反应。由此推测这一客体在 婴儿头脑中已形成具有特定含义的类别。 四:视崖实验——深度知觉: (87) 研究者制作了平坦的棋盘式的图案,用不同的图案构造以造成“视觉悬崖”的错觉, 并在图案的上方覆盖玻璃板。将2-3个月大的婴儿腹部向下放在“视觉悬崖”的一 边,发现婴儿的心跳速度会减慢,这说明他们体验到了物体深度:当把6个月大的 婴儿放在玻璃板上,让其母亲在另一边招呼婴儿时,发现婴儿会毫不犹豫地爬过没 有深度错觉的一边,但却不愿意爬过看起来具有悬崖特点的一边,纵使母亲在对面 怎么叫也一样。 五:婴儿言语发生发展的内在机制(再认) (88) 1:强化说——斯金纳 (89) 2:转换生成说——乔姆斯基(LAD) (90) 3:模仿说——奥尔波特 (91) 4:认知学说——皮亚杰 (92) 六、婴儿言语发展的阶段: 1、不完整句 (93) 单词句(1-1.5岁):主要是理解成人的语言，同时说出有一定意义的词，用一 个单词来表达比该词意义更为丰富的意思。 (94) 双词句(1.5-2岁):电报语阶段，此时期儿童的语言形成是断续的、简略的、 结构不完整的。 (95) 完整句的发展(2-3岁):运用合乎语法 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 的完整句，更为准确的表达思想，许 多研究表明，2-3岁是言语发展的关键期。 (96) 复合句，复杂句 第 6 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 八、婴儿的社会性微笑: (97) 第一阶段(0—5周)自发的微笑 (98) 第二阶段(5—14周)无选择的社会性微笑 (99) 第三阶段(14—)有选择的社会性微笑 (100) 九、婴儿的依恋(重点) 1、依恋:依恋是婴儿与主要抚养者之间的最初的社会性联结，也是情感社会化的重要标志。 2、婴儿依恋的发展阶段(鲍尔比) (101) 第一阶段:无差别的社会反应阶段(从出生到3个月) (102) 第二阶段:有差别的社会反应阶段(3~6个月) (103) 第三阶段:特殊的情感联结阶段(6个月到2岁) (104) 3婴儿依恋的类型(安斯沃思) (105) 安全型依恋 (106) 回避型依恋 (107) 反抗型依恋 2、 影响依恋的因素 (1) 抚养质量 (2) 儿童特点 (3) 文化因素 3、 早期依恋对心理发展的影响 (1) 1. 依恋是幼儿出生后最早形成的人际关系，是成人后形成的人际关系的缩影。 (2) 2. 依恋影响未来的心理健康。 (3) 3. 依恋关系具有传递性，会影响到幼儿成人后与自己孩子的抚养关系。 (4) 4. 儿童个性是儿童经验的历史与现实活动统一的产物。年龄越小可塑性越大，因 而必须十分重视早期依恋的形成，同时也要正视现实环境对儿童个性的影响。 4、 同伴的作用(5点) (1) 同伴是强化物 (2) 同伴是范型 (3) 同伴帮助去自我中心 (4) 同伴给予稳定感和归属感 (5) 同伴是社会化动因 早期同伴交往的阶段: (6) 以客体为中心 (7) 简单交往阶段(社会指向行为) (8) 互补交往阶段 (9) 婴儿自我的发展——点红测验(阿姆斯特丹) (10) 自我认知发展的三个阶段: (11) 第一阶段:“游戏伙伴阶段”。6,12个月的婴儿把镜像当作一个游戏伙伴。 (12) 第二阶段:“退缩阶段”。13,24个月的婴儿开始对镜像表现出小心翼翼的行为。 第三阶段;20,24个月的婴儿有了稳定的对自我特征的认识，他能意识到自己鼻尖的红点，并表现出自我欣赏或困窘。 5、 婴儿自我评价的特点 (1) 依从性和被动性 (2) 表面性和局部性 (3) 情绪性和不确定性 第六章 幼儿的心理发展 一、 游戏 1、 早期的游戏理论(再认) (1)霍尔德——复演说 (2)席勒—斯宾塞——精力过剩说 (3)拉扎鲁斯—帕特瑞克——娱乐放松说 第 7 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 (4)博伊千介克——成熟说 当代的游戏理论 (1)弗洛伊德的精神分析理论 (2)皮亚杰的认知动力说 (3)桑代克的学习理论 2、 游戏的种类 美国心理学家帕藤按照儿童社会性发展对游戏的分类: (1)无所用心的行为 (2)旁观者行为 (3)独自游戏 (4)平行游戏 (5)联合游戏 (6)合作游戏 二、幼儿词汇的发展 从外部言语(有声言语)向内部言语(无声言语)过渡。 , 词类 3~4岁 4~5岁 5~6岁 , 名词 935 1446 2049 , 动词 431 579 725 , 形容词 204 308 382 , 数词 53 114 225 , 量词 28 46 70 , 副词 24 28 40 , 代词 18 22 25 , 合计 1730 2583 3652 三、自我中心言语——皮亚杰vs维果茨基 皮亚杰 自我中心言语是一种非社会性的言语，是儿童特有的以自我为中心的意识的表现。 自我中心言语和社会化言语是互相对立的，只有儿童到了7~8岁，自我中心言语才逐步 消失，让位于社会化言语。 维果斯基 自我中心言语也是社会性的言语，不是自我中心的表现。 儿童在没有交谈者的情况想，才有自我中心言语，是思维的有声表现，是一种言语的自 我调节功能。 儿童在行动中遇到困难，经常出现自我中心言语，这也是思维的有声表现，是一种言语 的自我调节功能。 四、皮亚杰关于幼儿的思维研究 (1) 认为2~7岁的儿童的思维属于前运算阶段，主要是表象性思维，思维的基本特点是相对具体性，不可逆性，自我中心性，刻板性。 实验:“三山实验” (2)“守恒”:指对物质从一种形态转变为另一种形态时，物质含量保持不变的认识。 五、国外关于儿童道德认知发展的研究 1. 皮亚杰的研究 皮亚杰的研究方法:对偶故事 皮亚杰把儿童道德判断发展过程分为三个阶段: , 第一个阶段称为无道德判断时期或前道德判断阶段(1.5~7岁) , 第二个阶段是他律道德阶段(5 ~10岁) , 第三个阶段为自律道德阶段(9~11岁以后) 2. 柯尔伯格的研究:既遵循皮亚杰的研究思路，又有重大的发展。采用“两难故事”(海因兹偷药) 他将道德判断水平划分为三个水平六个阶段: 第 8 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 , 阶段0:前道德阶段 , 第一个水平:前习俗水平 , 阶段1:以惩罚与服从为定向。 , 阶段2:以功利性的相对主义为定向。 , 第二个水平:习俗水平 , 阶段3: “好孩子”为定向。 , 阶段4:以法律与秩序为定向。 , 第三个水平:后习俗水平 , 阶段5:以法定的社会契约为定向。 , 阶段6:以普遍的伦理原则为定向。 六、侵犯行为和亲社会行为(再认) 1、侵犯行为概念:又称攻击行为，是针对他人的敌视、伤害或破坏性行为。 2、Hartup将侵犯行为区分为工具性侵犯和敌意性侵犯。 3、亲社会行为的概念:指任何符合社会期望而对他人、群体和社会有益的行为及趋向。又称向社会行为、利他行为。 七、性别角色认同与性别化 性别角色:是被社会认可的男性或女性在社会上的一种地位，也是社会对男性和女性在行为方式和态度上的期望 性别同一:根据身体结构和功能来确定自己是男性或是女性。 性别角色同一:根据社会对性别的要求来确认自己 双性化人格模式 社会对男女儿童性别角色定型化的要求，其中有些可能与男女儿童的解剖生理特点有联系，但有不少可能是社会历史发展过程中由于男女不同的分工造成的，因而其中有不少人为的不合理的行为要求。随着社会生产力的发展和科学技术水平的迅猛增长，原先制定的一套男女性别差异的标准可能已成为阻碍男女儿童潜能发挥的障碍。而在实际生活中，有不少男女已冲破了陈旧的性别差异的框框，显示了新一代新女性和新男性的特点。 双性化人格模式也许能最大限度地发挥个体的潜能，至少不会因为人为的性别限制而限制了个体的兴趣、爱好和特长的发挥。但是，双性化人格是不是适合一切社会形态的男女呢,双性化人格会不会带来个体发展或恋爱、婚姻、家庭中的新问题呢,如果男女仅剩下生物学性的差别，成为无心理或人格上性别差异的个体的话，社会又会出现一幅什么图景呢,这些问题随着双性化人格的研究的深入，都该作出回答。 八、幼儿同伴交往 特点: , 同伴交往的目的往往是游戏，为游戏而交往 , 以语言为主要的交往手段 , 乐于交往，对于被拒绝会感到不安 , 同伴关系并不稳固，交往对象容易更换 , 表现出和同性伙伴游戏的倾向 ，交往水平表现出性别差异 , 已经存在不同的交往类型和同伴关系:受欢迎儿童，受拒绝儿童，受忽视儿童，一 般儿童。 作用:(1)同伴可以满足儿童归属和爱的需要以及尊重的培养 (2)同伴交往为儿童提供了学习他人反应的机会 (3)同伴是儿童特殊的信息渠道和参照框架 (4)同伴是儿童得到情感支持的一个来源 第七章 小学儿童的心理发展 一、 小学儿童的学习特点(5点) * 学生学习一般要越过直接经验阶段 * 学生学习需要教师的指导 * 学生在学习活动中有学习策略 第 9 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 * 学习动机是学生学习或认知活动的动力 * 学习过程是学生获得知识经验，形成技巧，发展智力能力，提高思想水平的过程。 二、小学儿童学习障碍的特点 1. 差异性 2. 缺陷性 3. 集中性 4. 排除性 5. 可逆性 6. 贯穿性 三、儿童的概括水平(3个阶段) (1)直观形象水平 (2)形象抽象水平 (3)本质抽象水平 四、社会性的发展 1、 垂直关系;父母与儿童的关系 师生关系 2、 水平关系:同伴关系 五、儿童的友谊(塞尔曼:儿童友谊发展的五个阶段) ,7岁):未形成友谊阶段。儿童间只是短暂的同伴关系，友谊关系很不稳定。 第一阶段(3 第二阶段(4~9岁):单向帮助阶段。儿童要求朋友能够服从自己的愿望和要求。 第三阶段(6,12岁):双向帮助、但不能患难的合作阶段。儿童对友谊的交互性有一定的 了解，但仍具有明显的功利性色彩。 第四阶段(9,15岁):亲密的共享阶段。儿童的出于共享和双方的利益而与他人建立友谊。 第五阶段(12岁开始):友谊发展的最高阶段。 第八章 青少年的心理发展 一、青春期少年心理上的成人感及幼稚性并存。具有不平衡性，表现出的矛盾有: , 反抗性和依赖性 , 闭锁性和开放性 , 勇敢和怯懦 , 高傲和自卑 , 否定童年和眷恋童年 二、初中生思维发展的一般特点 初中生思维最主要特点就是思维的抽象逻辑性，体现在以下几方面: 1. 运用假设 2. 逻辑推理 3. 运用逻辑法则 三、情绪表现的矛盾性特点(两极性): 1、强烈、狂暴性与温和、细腻性共存 2、情绪的可变性和固执性共存 3、内向性和表现性共存 四、反抗心理 1、产生的原因(三点) 自我意识的突然高涨;中枢神经系统的兴奋性过强;独立意识的产生。 2、具体表现 (1)态度强硬、举止粗暴。反抗行为十分迅速，常使别人措手不及，当时的任何劝导都无济于事，但事态平息后，这种强烈的反抗情绪也将较快的随之消失。 (2)漠不关心、冷淡相对。存在于内隐的意识中，不直接顶撞予以反抗，采取一种漠不关心、冷淡相对的态度，对对方的意见置若罔闻。 (3)反抗的迁移性。迁移性:当某个人的某一方面的言行引起了他们的反感时，就倾向于将这种反感及排斥迁移到这个人的方方面面，甚至将这个人全部否定。 第十章 成年中期个体的心理发展 第 10 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 二、智力发展模式 晶体智力和流体智力 晶体智力是指通过掌握社会文化经验而获得的智力，如词汇、言语理解、常识等以记忆储存的信息为基础的能力; 流体智力是以神经生理基础为基础，随神经系统的成熟而提高，相对地不受教育与文化的影响的能力，如知觉速度、机械记忆、识别图形关系等。 他们发现，青少年期以前，两种智力都随年龄增长而不断提高，青少年期以后， 第 11 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 第 12 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 第 13 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 第 14 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 第 15 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 第 16 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 第 17 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 第 18 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 第 19 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 第 20 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 第 21 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 第 22 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 第 23 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 第 24 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 第 25 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 第 26 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 第 27 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 第 28 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 第 29 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 第 30 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 第 31 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 第 32 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 第 33 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 第 34 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 第 35 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 第 36 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 第 37 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 第 38 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 第 39 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 第 40 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 第 41 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 第 42 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 第 43 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 第 44 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 第 45 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 第 46 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 第 47 页 心咨班笔记 仅供参考 一切以课本为主 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 第 48 页