外文翻译---人机工程学与造型设计

Ergonomics and Design Modern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to the production of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and strength to conquer unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety That is the feeling of loneliness, alienation and emotional imbalance. In a high-tech society, people would seek a balance -- a high-tech and high emotional balance, A high and high human rational balance. Technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong. So John that : "No matter where needed compensatory high emotion. Our high-tech society more We hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance the software side of rigid side, " Such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and human life as closely related to the design of the responsibility. Goods modeling and ergonomics is combined. They can be described as : Center for psychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things (products) harmonious relations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation, a comprehensive and balanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increase productivity. From the context of industrial design, the big aerospace systems, urban planning, infrastructure construction, factory automation, mechanical equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks production, such as the creation of life with the "objects" in the design and manufacture must take the "human factor" as an important condition to consider. If the product categories divided into professional supplies and general supplies, professional supplies in ergonomics, on the other hand, there will be more consideration, It relies a lot on the level of physiology; and general products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and the design trend, which is to be the product of human nature-based demand. Ergonomics application areas : 1 computer terminal : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment; 2 industrial design application, "Information design and market / user research, medical equipment, seating comfort and design study seating design and classification, classification and selection of furniture; 3 man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface design and development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, HCI/MMI prototype GUI prototype 1 4 computer terminals : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment; 5 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and office design, layout and ergonomics; other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military man-machine engineering, process control, cultural surveys and research methods Automatic Speech Recognition;,Many aspects of the application of ergonomics. Well, for a product is how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard with regard? Germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, ergonomic set on the following criteria : 1) products and human dimensions, shape and strength match; 2) the product is easy to manage and make good use; 3) to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with the danger; 4) the practical operation of the units; placement of the components on the significance of it can no doubt be identified and tracked; 5) whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair. So-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human body mechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research methods, the human body structure and function characteristics, Body parts of the size, weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters; also part of the human effort, the scope of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes and movements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, Skin Sense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function; Analysis of labor in the various physiological changes, energy consumption, The mechanism of fatigue on various labor load adaptability; To investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact. Ergonomics Research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarized as the following : Industrial design considerations "human factors" for the human scale parameters : anthropometry, human biomechanics, physiology, psychology and other disciplines of study to human muscle structure and characteristics can be studied with parts of the human body, the size, body weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope and structure of the human body such as the characteristic parameters for each part of human hair of the scope, the scope of activities, movement speed, frequency, the focus changes when he inertia and dynamic parameters of the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensory muscular limbs, which can be analyzed in the labor physiological changes, energy consumption, fatigue and work load of various adaptations, investigate the psychological impact of the work of the state, and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact. Ergonomic research, industrial design fully consider "human factors" for the human scale structure, physiological criteria and the psychological scales, and other data, such data can be effectively applied to the industrial design. Industrial design "products" function that provides a reasonable scientific basis : a modern industrial design, If pure functional material creative activities without considering the needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure. Therefore, how to solve the "product" and people related to the function of the optimization, created with the physiological and psychological muscle coordination can be the "product", which will be contemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic. Ergonomic principles and laws of the designer before the design consideration. Ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the human-machine, the three elements of the environment itself on the basis of characteristics, not simply focus on the individual elements of the fine or not, but would use "objects" and designed "objects" and with "objects" by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study . Ergonomics in the system will be known as "-- machines -- environmental system." The system, man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependent relationship determines the overall system performance. The subject of man-machine system design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic links between the search for the best system parameters. The general design approach is usually clear in the whole system under the prerequisite that will focus on analyzing and studying the people and the airplane, Environment three elements of the system's overall performance, such as aircraft systems and the division of functions; tie; how to adapt to the environment; Machines on what is the impact on the environment and other issues, through constant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure that the optimum combination is achieved. This is the ergonomics of the Industrial Design opened up new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory. Design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machine interface using inexpensive to make products more user - in the human self-transformation gradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living space of their own. Design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspect The essence of design and characteristics must pass some form of which is clear, specific, to fruition. In the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as "the industrial images," although not very scientific and norms, However, the number of shows in the design modeling of the importance and attention was. "Product Semantics," Modeling has become an important symbol. Italian designers stalled Kosovo roots in the 1980s designed Bra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, However, it covers the use of soft and full of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to the imagination. very interesting. The design and colors have to rely on themselves to form can exist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance. But color is a specific configuration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and a powerful spiritual impact. Contemporary American visual arts psychologists Mexico said : "various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normal physiological feelings. " So is the general aesthetic color most commonly in the form of colors design humanized expression of the important factors. Bauhaus modern design uphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of the neutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characteristics. Modern Design strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known. However, in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of the decorative design can really increase the taste and character. enable design at T. J. Modern designers often use industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustment and changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strong emotional response. Modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirements on the design of spectrum and type series. Its purpose is to seek to design and the use of standardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normative sense of beauty and order. Product design must see clearly the development of science and technology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new processes, the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible. full play to advanced scientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of the media, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products. Design products with the conditions of the times and social environment and social and psychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable. Research and forecast the trend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer is extremely important. Because of all the world's countries and regions, the nation's geographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, Cultural traditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies, interests, habits and the pursuit This requires different branches of product design with different art forms and styles, corresponding to the formation of a nation's character. Design is to take the initiative to understand the user's present and future needs, and attention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the different needs of various user products. Design is a kind of people's thinking of the form, Design is all the beautiful creatures entrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment of truth, virtue and beauty. Designed to function from the past to meet the increased further to the right person in the spiritual care, which is designed into the culture, increase the value-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer. With the level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased human knowledge will be the "realm of necessity" to the "realm of freedom", which is the development of knowledge essential law. And the design of mankind will inevitably raise their awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic, the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit of material needs of both the main and the main pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment. Design of the continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding, thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional, cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping. Design is no "intelligence" and there is "sentimental". "Intelligence" that the mapping of the human ordinary design; Design is no life. Also have life, "life" that contains a human right in the design and use of the process. All human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, the design is no exception. Let me quote a designer of the United States said the timing to end this paper : "People always think that the design of 3-D : aesthetic, technology and the economy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature. " 人机工程学与造型设计 现代社会高科技的迅猛发展,正逐步改变着人类生产生活的方方面面,在展示人类伟大的征服力量和无与伦比的聪明才智的同时,也带给人类新的苦恼和忧虑,那便是人情的孤独、疏远和感情的失衡。在高科技的社会里,人们必然去追求一种平衡——一种高科技与高情感的平衡,一种高理性和高人性的平衡。技术越进步,这种平衡愿望就越强烈。所以约翰·奈斯比特认为:“无论何处都需要有补偿性的高情感。我们的社会里高技术越多,我们就越希望创造高情感的环境,用技术的软件一面来平衡硬性的一面”,而这种情感和人性平衡的实现,作为与人类生活息息相关的设计是责无旁贷的。 产品的造型与人机工程无疑是结合在一起的。我们可以将它们描述为:以心理为圆心,生理为半径,用以建立人与物 ( 产品 ) 之间和谐关系的方式,最大限度地挖掘人的潜能,综合平衡地使用人的肌能,保护人体健康,从而提高生产率。仅从工业设计这一范畴来看,大至宇航系统、城市规划、建筑设施、自动化工厂、机械设备、交通工具,小至家具、服装、文具以及盆、杯、碗筷之类各种生产与生活所创造的“ 物” ,在设计和制造时都必须把“ 人的因素” 作为一个重要的条件来考虑。若将产品类别区分为专业用品和一般用品的话,专业用品在人机工程上则会有更多的考虑,它比较偏重于生理学的层面;而一般性产品则必须兼顾心理层面的问题,需要更多的符合美学及潮流的设计,也就是应以产品人性化的需求为主。 人机工程的应用领域: 1计算机终端:设计与布局:计算机产品和外设的设计与布局、计算机终端工作站、显示屏设备与规则、显示屏健康与安全、办公环境人机工程研究; 2工业设计应用“信息设计、市场/用户研究、医疗设备、座椅的设计与舒适性研究、座椅设计与分类、家具分类与选择; 3人机界面设计与评价:人机界面的设计与发展、知识系统、人机界面形式、HCI/MMI 原型、GUI原型 4计算机终端:设计与布局:计算机产品和外设的设计与布局、计算机终端工作站、显示屏设备与规则、显示屏健康与安全、办公环境人机工程研究; 5办公室人机工程与设计:办公自动化、办公室和办公设备设计、办公室设计人机 工程; 其它特殊的人机工程应用:原子能、军队人机工程、过程控制、文化调查、调查与研究 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 、自动语音识别;等等,许多方面都应用到了人机工程学。 那么,对于一件产品是如何来评价它在人机工程学方面是否符合 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 呢 ? 以德国设计中心为例,在评选每年优良产品时,人机工程上所设定的标准为: 1) 产品与人体的尺寸、形状及用力是否配合; 2) 产品是否顺手和好使用; 3) 是否防止了使用人操作时意外伤害和错用时产生的危险; 4) 各操作单元是否实用;各元件在安置上能否使其意义毫无疑问的被辨认; 5) 产品是否便于清洗、保养及修理。 所谓人机工程学,亦即是应用人体测量学、人体力学、劳动生理学、劳动心理学等学科的研究方法,对人体结构特征和机能特征进行研究,提供人体各部分的尺寸、重量、体表面积、比重、重心以及人体各部分在活动时的相互关系和可及范围等人体结构特征参数;还提供人体各部分的出力范围、活动范围、动作速度、动作频率、重心变化以及动作时的习惯等人体机能特征参数, 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 人的视觉、听觉、触觉以及肤觉等感觉器官的机能特性;分析人在各种劳动时的生理变化、能量消耗、疲劳机理以及人对各种劳动负荷的适应能力;探讨人在工作中影响心理状态的因素以及心理因素对工作效率的影响等。 人机工程学研究内容及其对于设计学科的作用可以概括为以下几方面: 为工业设计中考虑“人的因素”提供人体尺度参数:应用人体测量学、人体力学、生理学、心理学等学科的研究方法,对人体结构特征和肌能特征进行研究,提供人体各部分的尺寸、体重、体表面积、比重、重心以及人体各部分在活动时相互关系和可及范围等人体结构特征参数提供人体各部分的发力范围、活动范围、动作速度、频率、重心变化以及动作时惯性等动态参数分析人的视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉以及肢体感觉器官的肌能特征,分析人在劳动时的生理变化、能量消耗、疲劳程度以及对各种劳动负荷的适应能力,探讨人在工作中影响心理状态的因素,及心理因素对工作效率的影响等。人体工程学的研究,为工业设计全面考虑“人的因素”提供了人体结构尺度,人体生理尺度和人的心理尺度等数据,这些数据可有效地运用到工业设计中去。 为工业设计中“产品”的功能合理性提供科学依据:现代工业设计中,如搞纯物质功能的创作活动,不考虑人机工程学的需求,那将是创作活动的失败。因此,如何解决“产品”与人相关的各种功能的最优化,创造出与人的生理和心理肌能相协调的“产品”,这将是当今工业设计中,在功能问题上的新课题。人体工程学的原理和规律将设计师在设计前考虑的问题。 人机工程学的显著特点是,在认真研究人、机、环境三个要素本身特性的基础上,不单纯着眼于个别要素的优良与否,而是将使用“ 物” 的人和所设计的“ 物” 以及人与“ 物” 所共处的环境作为一个系统来研究。在人机工程学中将这个系统称为“ 人——机——环境” 系统。这个系统中,人、机、环境三个要素之间相互作用、相互依存的关系决定着系统总体的性能。本学科的人机系统设计理论,就是科学地利用三个要素间的有机联系来寻求系统的最佳参数。 系统设计的一般方法,通常是在明确系统总体要求的前提下,着重分析和研究人、机、环境三个要素对系统总体性能的影响,如系统中人和机的职能如何分工;如何配合;环境如何适应人;机对环境又有何影响等问题,经过不断修正和完善三要素的结构方式,最终确保系统最优组合 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 的实现。这是人机工程学为工业设计开拓了新的思路,并提供了独特的设计方法和有关理论依据。 造型设计与人机工程带来的艺术文化气息和人机相宜的使用界面使产品更具人性化,人类的自我在逐渐回归中改造着物质世界,创造着逐渐属于人类自己的生活空间。 设计中的造型要素是人们对设计关注点中最重要的一方面,设计的本质和特性必须通过一定的造型而得以明确化、具体化、实体化。在过去很长一段时间里人们称工业设计为“工业造型”,虽然不很科学和规范,但多少说明造型在设计中的重要性和引人注目之处。在“产品语意学”中,造型成了重要的象征符号。意大利设计师扎维·沃根于80年代设计的Bra椅子,采用了传统椅子的结构,但椅背却运用了设计柔软而富有曲线美的女性形体造型,人坐上去柔软舒适而浮想联翩,极富趣味性。 在设计中色彩必须借助和依附于造型才能存在,必须通过形状的体现才具有具体的意义。但色彩一经与具体的形相结合,便具有极强的感情色彩和表现特征,具有强大的精神影响。当代美国视觉艺术心理学家布鲁墨说:“色彩唤起各种情绪,表达感情,甚至影响我们正常的生理感受”。因而色彩是一般审美中最普遍的形式,色彩成 为设计人性化表达的重要因素。现代设计秉承包豪斯的现代主义设计传统,多以黑、白、灰等中性色彩为表达语言,体现出冷静、理性的产品特性。现代设计极力反对虚饰,以少装饰、反装饰著称。但在适应机械化大生产技术条件的前提下,适当的装饰确可以增加设计的情趣和个性,使设计物灿然生色。现代设计师常在工业设计中采用或加进自然材料,通过材料的调整和改变以增加自然情趣或温情脉脉的情调,使人产生强烈的情感共鸣。 现代化的生产方式产生了规范化的设计和程序, 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 了设计物的型谱和系列。其目的旨在设计中力求采用标准化和系列化的设计手段,以实现统一中的规范美和秩序感。产品造型设计必须洞察科学技术的发展动向,密切注意新理论、新技术、新工艺、新材料的出现,应尽可能地加以运用,充分起将先进科技研究成果转化为具有实用功能的商品的媒介,设计出符合时代美学特征和文化倾向的产品。设计的产品随时代条件与社会环境和社会心理反映作相应的变化是必然的,研究与预测这种变化的潮流,把握设计倾向和特点对设计者来说是极其重要的。由于世界上各个国家、地区、民族所处的地理位置和环境不同,政治经济条件、文化传统和宗都信仰不同,形成了自己特有的性格、爱好、情趣、习惯和追求,这就要求跨地区的产品造型设计具有不同的艺术表现形式和格调,形成相应的民族风格。造型设计就是要主动了解使用者现在和将来的需求,并注意不同需求层次的差异性,不断设计出能满足不同使用者的各种需求的产品。 设计是一种把人们的思想赋予形态的工作,设计就是将所有的人造物赋予美好的目的并加以实现,优秀的设计是真善美的体现。设计从过去对功能的满足进一步上升到了对人的精神关怀,这是在设计中融入文化,增加产品的文化附加值的根本所在,这也是设计师的责任。随着人类认识水平的逐渐提高、深化和上升,人类认识将由“必然王国”走向“自由王国”,这是认识发展的必然规律。而人类的设计也必将随着自身认识的提高走向更高的境界,即人类社会所孜孜以求的理想化、艺术化的造物方式和生活方式,由不自觉走向自觉,由追求物质需要为主到两者兼顾并以追求精神享受为主。设计的不断发展和提升的过程即是人的认识、思想和情感的不断完善的过程,人类设计是人类情感、文化精神及伦理道德的映照。设计是无“情”的,又是有“情”的。“情”即映射于人类普普通通的设计中;设计是无生命的。又是有生命的,“生 命”即蕴含于人类对物的设计和使用过程中。人类社会的一切都已打上了人类精神意识的烙印,设计也不例外。让我引用一位美国设计师普罗斯说过的话来结束本文:“人们总以为设计有三维:美学、技术和经济,然而更重要是第四维:人性。”