土木工程专业英语课文原文及对比翻译[精品]

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对比翻译[精品] Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest o the engineering specilties, is the plnning, design, construction, nd mngement o the built environment. This environment includes ll structures built ccording to scientiic principles, rom irrigtion nd dringe systems to rocket-lunching cilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的 环境包括建筑符合科学 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build rods, bridges, tunnels, dms, hrbors, power plnts, wter nd sewge systems, hospitls, schools, mss trnsit, nd other public cilities essentil to modern society nd lrge popultion concentrtions. They lso build privtely owned cilities such s irports, rilrods, pipelines, skyscrpers, nd other lrge structures designed or industril, commercil, or residentil use. In ddition, civil engineers pln, design, nd build complete cities nd towns, nd more recently hve been plnning nd designing spce pltorms to house sel-contined communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共 交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机 场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外， 土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的 社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives rom the Ltin or citizen. In 1782, Englishmn John Smeton used the term to dierentite his nonmilitry engineering work rom tht o the militry engineers who predominted t the time. Since then, the term civil engineering hs oten been used to reer to engineers who build public cilities, lthough the ield is much broder 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeton为了把他的非军事工程 工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被 用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Becuse it is so brod, civil engineering is subdivided into number o technicl specilties. Depending on the type o project, the skills o mny kinds o civil engineer specilists my be needed. When project begins, the site is surveyed nd mpped by civil engineers who locte utility plcement—wter, sewer, nd power lines. Geotechnicl specilists perorm soil experiments to determine i the erth cn ber the weight o the project. Environmentl specilists study the project’s impct on the locl re: the potentil or ir nd groundwter pollution, the project’s impct on locl niml nd plnt lie, nd how the project cn be designed to meet government requirements imed t protecting the environment. Trnsporttion specilists determine wht kind o cilities re needed to ese the burden on locl rods nd other trnsporttion networks tht will result rom the completed project. Menwhile, structurl specilists use preliminry dt to mke detiled designs, plns, nd speciictions or the project. Supervising nd coordinting the work o these civil engineer specilists, rom beginning to end o the project, re the construction mngement specilists. Bsed on inormtion supplies by the other specilists, construction mngement civil engineers estimte quntities nd costs o mterils nd lbor, schedule ll work, order mterils nd equipment or the job, hire contrctors nd subcontrctors, nd perorm other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time nd s speciied. 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多 种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用 的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能 否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染， 对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专 家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同 时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这 些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息， 施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和 设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 Throughout ny given project, civil engineers mke extensive use o computers. Computers re used to design the project’s vrious elements (computer-ided design, or CD) nd to mnge it. Computers re necessity or the modern civil engineer becuse they permit the engineer to eiciently hndle the lrge quntities o dt needed in determining the best wy to construct project. 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数 元件(即计算机辅助设计，或者CD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必 备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 Structurl engineering. In this specilty, civil engineers pln nd design structures o ll types, including bridge, dms, power plnts, supports or equipment, specil structures or oshore projects, the United Sttes spce progrm, trnsmission towers, gint stronomicl nd rdio telescopes, nd mny other kinds o projects. Using computers, structurl engineers determine the orces structure must resist: its own weight, wind nd hurricne orces, temperture chnges tht expnd or contrct construction mterils, nd erthqukes. They lso determine the combintion o pproprite mterils: steel, concrete, plstic, sphlt, brick, luminum, or other construction mterils. 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发 电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜， 以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重，风荷 载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如 钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 Wter resources engineering. Civil engineers in this specilty del with ll spects o the physicl control o wter. Their projects help prevent loods, supply wter or cities nd or irrigtion, mnge nd control rivers nd wter runo, nd mintin beches nd other wterront cilities. In ddition, they design nd mintin hrbors, cnls, nd locks, build huge hydroelectric dms nd smller dms nd wter impoundments o ll kinds, help design oshore structures, nd determine the loction o structures ecting nvigtion. 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用 于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他 滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各 种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 Geotechnicl engineering. Civil engineers who specilize in this ield nlyze the properties o soils nd rocks tht support structures nd ect structurl behvior. They evlute nd work to minimize the potentil settlement o buildings nd other structures tht stems rom the pressure o their weight on the erth. These engineers lso evlute nd determine how to strengthen the stbility o slopes nd ills nd how to protect structures ginst erthqukes nd the eects o groundwter. 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性 进行 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到 最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地 下水的影响。 Environmentl engineering. In this brnch o engineering, civil engineers design, build nd supervise systems to provide se drinking wter nd to prevent nd control pollution o wter supplies, both on the surce nd underground. They lso design, build, nd supervise projects to control or eliminte pollution o the lnd nd ir. These engineers build wter nd wstewter tretment plnts, nd design ir scrubbers nd other devices to minimize or eliminte ir pollution cused by industril processes, incinertion, or other smoke-producing ctivities. They lso work to control toxic nd hzrdous wstes through the construction o specil dump sites or the neutrlizing o toxic nd hzrdous substnces. In ddition, the engineers design nd mnge snitry lndills to prevent pollution o surrounding lnd. 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水， 同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消 除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化 甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒 地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进 行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。 Trnsporttion engineering. Civil engineers working in this specilty build cilities to ensure se nd eicient movement o both people nd goods. They specilize in designing nd mintining ll types o trnsporttion cilities, highwys nd streets, mss trnsit systems, rilrods nd irields, ports nd hrbors. Trnsporttion engineers pply technologicl knowledge s well s considertion o the economic, politicl, nd socil ctors in designing ech project. They work closely with urbn plnners, since the qulity o the community is directly relted to the qulity o the trnsporttion system. 交通工程学。从事这一专业领域的土木工程师建造可以确保人和货物安全高效运行的设施。 他们专门研究各种类型运输设施的设计和维护，如公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路和飞机 场，港口和海港。交通工程师应用技术知识及考虑经济，政治和社会因素来设计每一个项目。 他们的工作和城市规划者十分相似，因为交通运输系统的质量直接关系到社区的质量。 Pipeline engineering. In this brnch o civil engineering, engineers build pipelines nd relted cilities which trnsport liquids, gses, or solids rnging rom col slurries (mixed col nd wter) nd semiliquid wstes, to wter, oil, nd vrious types o highly combustible nd noncombustible gses. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic nd environmentl impct o project on regions it must trverse, the type o mterils to be used-steel, concrete, plstic, or combintions o vrious mterils-instlltion techniques, methods or testing pipeline strength, nd controls or mintining proper pressure nd rte o low o mterils being trnsported. When hzrdous mterils re being crried, sety is mjor considertion s well. 渠道工程学。在土木工程学的这一支链中，土木工程师建造渠道和运送从煤泥浆(混合的煤 和水)和半流体废污，到水、石油和多种类型的高度可燃和不可燃的气体中分离出来的液体， 气体和固体的相关设备。工程师决定渠道的设计，项目所处地区必须考虑到的经济性和环境 因素，以及所使用材料的类型——钢、混凝土、塑料、或多种材料的复合 ——的安装技术， 测试渠道强度的方法，和控制所运送流体材料保持适当的压力和流速。当流体中携带危险材 料时，安全性因素也需要被考虑。 Construction engineering. Civil engineers in this ield oversee the construction o project rom beginning to end. Sometimes clled project engineers, they pply both technicl nd mngeril skills, including knowledge o construction methods, plnning, orgnizing, inncing, nd operting construction projects. They coordinte the ctivities o virtully everyone engged in the work: the surveyors; workers who ly out nd construct the temporry rods nd rmps, excvte or the oundtion, build the orms nd pour the concrete; nd workers who build the steel rmework. These engineers lso mke regulr progress reports to the owners o the structure. 建筑工程学。土木工程师在这个领域中从开始到结束监督项目的建筑。他们，有时被称为项 目工程师，应用技术和管理技能，包括建筑工艺，规划，组织，财务，和操作项目建设的知 识。事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动:测量员，布置和建造临时道路和斜坡，开挖基 础，支模板和浇注混凝土的工人，以及钢筋工人。这些工程师也向结构的业主提供进度计划 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 。 Community nd urbn plnning. Those engged in this re o civil engineering my pln nd develop community within city, or entire cities. Such plnning involves r more thn engineering considertion; environmentl, socil, nd economic ctors in the use nd development o lnd nd nturl resources re lso key elements. These civil engineers coordinte plnning o public works long with privte development. They evlute the kinds o cilities needed, including streets nd highwys, public trnsporttion systems, irports, port cilities, wter-supply nd wste wter-disposl systems, public buildings, prks, nd recretionl nd other cilities to ensure socil nd economic s well s environmentl well-being. 社区和城市规划。从事土木工程这一方面的工程师可能规划和发展一个城市中的社区，或整 个城市。此规划中所包括的远远不仅仅为工程因素，土地的开发使用和自然资源环境的，社 会的和经济的因素也是主要的成分。这些土木工程师对公共建设工程的规划和私人建筑的发 展进行协调。他们评估所需的设施，包括街道，公路，公共运输系统，机场，港口，给排水 和污水处理系统，公共建筑，公园，和娱乐及其他设施以保证社会，经济和环境地协调发展。 Photogrmetry, surveying, nd mpping. The civil engineers in this specilty precisely mesure the Erth’s surce to obtin relible inormtion or locting nd designing engineering projects. This prctice oten involves high-technology methods such s stellite nd eril surveying, nd computer-processing o photogrphic imgery. Rdio signl rom stellites, scns by lser nd sonic bems, re converted to mps to provide r more ccurte mesurements or boring tunnels, building highwys nd dms, plotting lood control nd irrigtion project, locting subsurce geologic ormtions tht my ect construction project, nd host o other building uses. 摄影测量，测量学和地图绘制。在这一专业领域的土木工程师精确测量地球表面以获得可靠 的信息来定位和设计工程项目。这一 方面包括高工艺学方法，如卫星成相，航拍，和计算 机成相。来自人造卫星的无线电信号，通过激光和音波柱扫描被转换为地图，为隧道钻孔， 建造高速公路和大坝，绘制洪水控制和灌溉 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，定位可能影响建筑项目的地下岩石构成， 以及许多其他建筑用途提供更精准的测量。 Other specilties. Two dditionl civil engineering specilties tht re not entirely within the scope o civil engineering but re essentil to the discipline re engineering mngement nd engineering teching. 其他的专门项目。还有两个并不完全在土木工程范围里面但对训练相当重要的附加的专门项 目是工程管理和工程教学。 Engineering mngement. Mny civil engineers choose creers tht eventully led to mngement. Others re ble to strt their creers in mngement positions. The civil engineer-mnger combines technicl knowledge with n bility to orgnize nd coordinte worker power, mterils, mchinery, nd money. These engineers my work in government—municipl, county, stte, or ederl; in the U.S. rmy Corps o Engineers s militry or civilin mngement engineers; or in semiutonomous regionl or city uthorities or similr orgniztions. They my lso mnge privte engineering irms rnging in size rom ew employees to hundreds. 工程管理。许多土木工程师都选择最终通向管理的职业。其他则能让他们的事业从管理位置 开始。土木工程管理者结合技术上的知识和一种组织能力来协调劳动力，材料，机械和钱。 这些工程师可能工作在政府——市政、国家、州或联邦;在美国陆军军团作为军队或平民的 管理工程师;或在半自治地区，城市主管当局或相似的组织。他们也可能管理规模为从几个 到百个雇员的私营工程公司。 Engineering teching. The civil engineer who chooses teching creer usully teches both grdute nd undergrdute students in technicl specilties. Mny teching civil engineers engge in bsic reserch tht eventully leds to technicl innovtions in construction mterils nd methods. Mny lso serve s consultnts on engineering projects, or on technicl bords nd commissions ssocited with mjor projects. 工程教学。通常选择教学事业的土木工程师教授研究生和本科生技术上的专门项目。许多从 事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。多数也担任工程 项目或技术领域的顾问，和主要项目的代理。