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合同英语特色与写作技巧

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合同英语特色与写作技巧合同英语特色与写作技巧 合同英语特色介绍 用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。 具体体现在下列方面: 1(情态动词must, shall, should, may的使用 合同一经双方签订就会生效,立即产生法律效力,对双方都具有约束力,因此,合同英语的语言特 点和法律英语的特点很相似,同属于正式庄重的文体,对用词有严格的要求,必须用词恰当而准确,特 别是使用情态动词要非常慎重,考虑...

合同英语特色与写作技巧
合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 英语特色与写作技巧 合同英语特色介绍 用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。 具体体现在下列方面: 1(情态动词must, shall, should, may的使用 合同一经双方签订就会生效,立即产生法律效力,对双方都具有约束力,因此,合同英语的语言特 点和法律英语的特点很相似,同属于正式庄重的文体,对用词有严格的要求,必须用词恰当而准确,特 别是使用情态动词要非常慎重,考虑要周密。在英语合同中经常使用的情态动词包括must, shall, should, 在合同英语中的意义是不可忽视的。 ? must 我们将其翻译成“必须,一定”,就合同的法律性特点而言,它体现的是合同双方应该履行义务 的强制性原则,体现严格精确的要求,必须遵从。强调合同当事人经过磋商订立的条款必须严格执行, 若有一方违反了合同中该条款的要求,即要对其违反条款的行为承担相应的法律 责任 安全质量包保责任状安全管理目标责任状8安全事故责任追究制幼儿园安全责任状占有损害赔偿请求权 。 看以下包装条款: Packing must be suitable for ocean shipment and sufficiently strong to withstand rough handling. Bales must be press-packed and hopped, with adequate inside waterproof protection and the outer wrapping must comprise good quality canvas. Cases or other outside containers must be externally of the smallest cubic dimension consistent with adequate protection of the goods. Package must bear full marks and shipping numbers stenciled in good quality stencil ink in large plain characters on two sides and one end of each package. All bales must be marked “use no hooks”. 此包装条款中,连续用了六个 “must” 来对货物的包装进行严格和精确的要求,其约束力非同一般。 说明对货物的包装非常重要,如果不按照条款要求使用包装将很可能会对货物造成破坏,强调包装条款 中的要求必须要服从和遵守,它体现道路买方严格和精确的要求,卖方必须严格执行,以免造成不必要 的纠纷,阻碍合同和贸易的顺利执行。 ? shall强调应当履行的义务、债务和应承担的法律责任。它在法律上带有很强的命令语气,充分体现了 法律文件的约束力和权威性特征。shall在合同中,要表述各项具体规定和法律上要求强制执行的义务时, 习惯上用shall来表达“应”、“应该 ”、“必须”,很少使用或不用should、 have to。在翻译时,shall 一般 可以翻译成“应当”、“必须”,或者译成“将”、 “可以”甚至可以不译出来。 如 No assignment shall be effective should there be any violation of the above stipulations. (违反上述规定的,其转让无效。) The Contract shall thereafter be automatically extended for a period of one year. (本合同今后应自动延长一段时间,为期一年。) ? should在英语合同中含有双重意义,即是一方面是表示将来的状态,假设状态,另一方面是应当履行 的义务、债务和应承担的法律责任。两者合起来就是为预防合同签订后双方在履行合同义务的过 程中可能出现的不良行为采取的警示性措施,具有法律预防性。为避免日后纠纷以及难免纠纷 出现后,可以保护根据合同条款本应获得的合法权益。 Should 在此可以用来引导条件状语从句,是合同英语有别去其他文本的一大特点之一,表示“如果”、“倘 若”之意。 Should the effect of Force Majeure continue more than one hundred and twenty consecutive days, both parties shall settle the further execution of the Contract through friendly negotiations as soon as possible. (如果不可抗力事件延续到120天以上,双方应通过友好协商方式尽快解决继续履行合同的问题。) Should the Supplier fail to deliver any or all the Goods within the period specified in the Contract, the Purchaser shall deduct from the Contract Price of 3% as penal sum and continue to perform its obligations specified in the Contract. (如果供方未在合同规定的期限内交付部分或全部货物,买方将从合同价格条款中扣除3%的违约金,但 供方仍应承担继续履行合同的义务。) ? may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说 The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决 不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样, 前半句 的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同 中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2( 正式用语(formal term) 2 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”; “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。 3. 用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。 其它例子还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business” 专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities” 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 其他例子: 3 价格术语缩写: EXW 工厂交货(……指定地), FCA货交承运人(……指定地), FAS船边交货(……指定装运港), FOB装运港船边交货(……指定装运港), CFR成本加运费(……指定目的港), CIF成本、保险费加运费(……指定目的港), DAF边境交货(……指定地)等。 付款术语: Payment in Advance(预付货款), Payment after Arrival of the Goods,(货到付款), Cash against Documents CAD(凭单付现), Remittance Against Documents(凭单付汇)等。 4. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如: “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。 并列的词还有: ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges, fees, costs and expenses any and all 4 any duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules 5. 拉丁词 在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见: 比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多 从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance 委托代理人:多用agent ad litem。 不可抗力: 6. 合同中首字母大写的情形 合同当事人, 涉及的机构名称以及临时组织名称, 关键词具体条款与附件, 国际公约、法律法规,契 约、文件,货币名称,这类词在合同中常常大写其首字母,起到提醒关注的作用,符合语言 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 。 如: The Sellers and Buyers have agreed to close the following transaction according to the terms and conditions stipulated below(买方和卖方同意按以下条款达成本项交易.) The Joint Venture Company shall open foreign exchange accounts and Renminbi accounts with the Bank of China, Beijing Branch or other banks designated by the said bank. (合资企业应该向中国银行上海分行或经该 分行指定的其他银行开立外币帐户和人民币帐户。) “Technical Information” means confidential engineering data, drawings, specifications and procedures … . (技术资料是指秘密技术资料、图纸、设计说明书……) The schedule of various activities is attached at Appendix 4.(各种活动的日程安排见附件 4)… in accordance with the Regulations for the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Technology- introduction Contracts.(依照《中华人民共和国技术引进合同管理条例》,……) The Certificate of Quality and Quantity issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau. (品质和数量检 验证书由中国商品检验局签发。) 大写这些词,更容易引起与合同有关各方的重视,合同各方更加明确合同内容,有利于减少或避免 5 日后纠纷的作用。 英语合同需注意:公文副词 从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上,这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如: 从此以后、今后:hereafter; 此后、以后:thereafter; 在其上:thereon,thereupon; 在其下:thereunder; 对于这个:hereto; 对于那个:whereto; 在上文:hereinabove,hereinbefore; 在下文:hereinafter,hereinbelow; 在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore; 在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter( 现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 留意易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时,常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的,现把常用且易混淆的七对词语,用典型实例论述如下。 2.1 shipping advice 与 shipping instructions 6 shipping advice 是“装运 通知 关于发布提成方案的通知关于xx通知关于成立公司筹建组的通知关于红头文件的使用公开通知关于计发全勤奖的通知 ”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主),consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2 abide by 与 comply with abide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思(但是当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用 abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with 英译“遵守”。 例:Both parties shall abide by the contractual stipulations. 双方都应遵守合同规定。 All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations. 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。 2.3 change A to B 与 change A into B 英译“把 A 改为 B”用"change A to B",英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”用"change A into B",两者不可混淆。 例:Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into renminbi. 交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。 2.4 ex 与 per 源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex,由某轮船“运走”的货物用 per,而由某轮船“承运”用 by。 例:The last batch per/ex/by S.S."Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship) 由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。 2.5 in 与 after 当英译“多少天之后”的时间时,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after,因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。 例:The good shall be shipped per M.V."Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel) 该货于 11 月 10 日由“东风”轮运出,41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。 2.6 on/upon 与 after 当英译“……到后,就……”时,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。 例:The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods. 发票货值须货到付给。 2.7 by 与 before 当英译终止时间时,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词 before。 例:The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。(or: before June 16,说明含 6 月 15 日在内。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。) 7 合同写作技巧:写作注意事项 合同的大纲确定之后,就要开始正式的写作了。在写作时,下面这些方面请务必注意,因为它们可是关 系到合同的内容与法律效力的。 1. Title it "Contract." Do not leave this one to chance. If your client wants a contract, call it a contract. A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled "Proposal" was not a contract even though signed by both parties. The lesson learned is, "Say what you mean." If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word "Contract" in the title. 标题上注明“合同”两字。不要为碰运气而忽略这个。如果你的客户需要合同,就要注明是合同。一个仍 在联邦法院里任职的法官就曾经裁定:有双方签字,但标有“建议书”的文件并非合同。这给我们的教训 就是,你怎么想,就应该怎么说。如果你想让你的文件成为具有法律效力的合同,就要在标题中注明“合 同”字样。 2. Write in short sentences. Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones. 写短句子,因为短句子比长句子更容易理解。 3. Write in active tense, rather than passive. Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent. Example of active: "Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer." Example of passive: "The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller. 用主动语态而不用被动语态。相对而言,主动语态的句子更简短,措词更精练,表达更明白。让我们来 看一个例子吧,主动语态的句子:卖方将把此物卖给买方;被动语态的句子:此物将被卖方卖给买方。 4. Don't use the word "biweekly." It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week. The same applies to "bimonthly." Instead, write "every other week" or "twice a week." 不要用“双周”之类的词,因为这有可能产生歧义--是两周还是每隔一周,类似的词还有“双月”,所以最好 这样写:“两周”或“每隔一周”。 5. Don't say "Lesser" and "Lessee." These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped. Use "Landlord" and "Tenant" instead. The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B. This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract. 不要用“出租人”和“承租人”。这对一个租赁合同来说是不好的别称,因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印 错误。可以用“房东”和“租户”来代替他们。同样,在合同中也不要用“留置权人”和“留置人”,“抵押权人” 和“抵押人”,“保证人”和“被保证人”,“许可人”和“被许可人”,“当事人A”和“当事人B”……到底怎么说, 8 这就要看你驾驭语言的能力了。不过,要把握的一条原则是,在整个合同中,对合同一方只能用一个别 称。 6. Watch out when using "herein." Does "wherever used herein" mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters. 使用术语“本文(herein,也可译为“在这里”)”时要当心。为了避免含糊不清,使用“本文”时最好特别申 明一下“本文”是指整个合同,还是指其所在的某一段落。 7. Write numbers as both words and numerals: ten (10). This will reduce the chance for errors. 写数目时要文字和阿拉伯数字并用,如:拾(10)。这将减少出错的几率。 8. Don't rely on the rules of grammar. The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal. The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules. Write the contract so that no matter what rules they learned, the contract is clear and unambiguous. Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it. Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation. 不要依赖于语法规则。那些你在学校里学到的语法规则并不是放之四海而皆准的东西,因为有权力来解 释此合同的法官或陪审团成员学的语法规则可能和你学的不一样,但不管学的是什么规则,撰写合同都 要遵循一个基本原则:简洁、明确。检查你写的东西是否达到这个要求有个好办法,那就是去掉所有的 句号和逗号,然后读一下。在没有标点符号的情况下,选择正确的词语放在正确的位置上,这将使你写 出来的东西更简明,更流畅。 9. Don't be creative with words. Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning. Contract writing is clear, direct and precise. Therefore, use common words and common meanings. Write for the common man and the common woman. 不要创造词语。合同文书不是创造性的作品,也就不应因为意思的细微差别而引起思考或争论。合同文 书应该是清晰、直接而准确的。因此,要使用普通的词语,表达普通的意思,为普通人撰写合同。 10. Be consistent in using words. If you refer to the subject matter of a sales contract as "goods", use that term throughout the contract; do not alternately call them "goods" and "items." Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition. Don't worry about putting the reader to sleep; worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting for ambiguities to get your contract into court. 用词一致。在一份销售合同中,如果你想用“货物”来指整个合同的标的物,就不要时而称它们为“货物”, 时而又改称它们为“产品”。保持用词一致性比避免重复更加重要。不要担心这会让读者打瞌睡;你应该 提防的是对方律师会因为含糊不清的合同而将你告上法庭。 11. Be consistent in grammar and punctuation. The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had better be consistent in your use of them. Be aware of such things as where you put 9 ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style. 在文法和标点符号上保持一致。你所学的文法和标点用法可能和别人学的不一样,但你最好在使用上保 持一致。要特别注意句末的引号、时间和地点之后的逗号以及文风的相似性。 12. Consider including choice of law, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses. If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some "ammunition" for the fight. 可以在合同中加入所依据的法律、合同发生地、律师费等条款。有了这些条款,一旦合同引起诉讼,你 就已经为你的客户打这场诉讼战准备好了一些“弹药”。 10
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