2010年gct英语基础班考前辅导_语法8学时_stu

2010年gct英语基础班考前辅导_语法8学时_stu 2010年GCT英语基础班考前辅导——语法 张丽艳 一、大纲中语法要部分需要掌握的内容: GCT 7年语法考点汇总 语 02年 03年 04年 05年 06年 07年 08年 09年 法 点 从 非限制性定All that与WhoeverWhoever(such Where Of 句 的用法 语从句，且从地点状what 之间=no whomever 句为被动语语从从句中的的用法区matter 态; 句; 特殊关系别 who) Wherever 引词 导地点状语 从句 强 调 句 倒 Never位 装 于句首， 句 主句半倒 装 虚 主句有时条件句为过but for引导1.Suggest Should+ 拟 的非虚拟间词的虚去式，考查主虚拟语气 have+done 语 用法; 拟与其构句构成意为:本应气 2.对过去成 (would+do) 该„„(而 的虚拟。 没有) 语 被动语态(从被动语态插入语作 Need 态 句中) (08题) 干扰(第10+doing sth 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 题) 被动 时 一般过去时 一般现在现在进主句为过插入语作现在完成 态 主句中包含时 行时 去时，宾语干扰(第10时代 特殊含义的(自然规(时间从句中的题) (since+时 单词recall,从律) 词now时态为过间点)(for+ 句用过去时 作为标去完成时。时间段) 志) (08题) 主 插入语作 谓 干扰(第10一 题) 1 致 非 1.过去分特殊词 特殊词 特殊词 不定式(To Being 谓 词作后置done; do )作目watch sb need without 语 定语; 的状语 (being) do/doing doing doing 动2.过去分表被动 convinced 词 词表原因 形比较级倍数表达: Much的用倍数表达 容more 与倍数法 Times as 词 never的(Twice)many/much 副搭配使用 +the+单位as 中many 词 名词和much的 (price) 选择(看所 修饰的名 词是否为 可数名词) 特 Suggest Be 1.It is a Have no Had better 殊 不表示do sth; worth=copity for alternative( 用 “建议”st there to choice) but Had better 法 时的用法 be to do; not do sth any „would „ rather do; 2.Over would 与rather not abovedo 的区 别; (the harbor) 词 一、 动词 动词的基本分类 基本助动词: have; do; be (1)助动词 情态助动词 will would ;may might; can could; must; need; shall should; ought to; dare 注意: 特殊情态动词:would rather, would sooner; would (just) as soon; had better, had sooner; can not but; may (just) as well. 2 情态动词在虚拟语气中的含义及其用法。 (2)实意动词 , 及物动词:transitive verb 可以直接跟宾语，且必须有宾语。 We reached the railway station at noon. I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion. Our suggestion will be considered by the committee. , 不及物动词:intransitive verb 有宾语，需搭桥。 We arrived at the railway station at noon. Listen to me. 无宾语，亦可以。 Birds fly. The sun rises. 动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法(参看《考前辅导教程》 P88); 一般现在时(主谓一致):现在进行时:现在完成时: 一般将来时:将来进行时;将来完成时 一般过去时:过去进行时;过去完成时: 注意: 现在进行时表示将来: 一般现在时表示将来: 主动语态: 被动语态: Be cancelled 非谓语动词的构成及其用法(《考前辅导教程》P74) 形式: To do (to have done; to be done; to be doing; to have been doing) Doing (having done; being done; having been doing) Done 3 功能: 非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。 非谓语动词与谓语动词之间的对比: 1(非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有: (1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. (2)都可以被状语修饰: The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. (3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如: He was punished by his parents. He avoided being punished by his parents. We have written the composition. Having written the composition, we handed it in. (4)都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once. The boss ordered them to start the work. We are League members. We being League member, the work was well done. 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有: (1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词)，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 (2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足 语。 (3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中作状语。 (4)谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语， 它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 (5)英语中非谓语动词不能单独做句子的谓语。 动名词(doing):充当名词、代词的作用，作句子的主语、宾语、表语，经常性的，概念性的 分词 :充当形容词、副词的作用，作句子的定语、状语 现在分词(doing)为正在进行或主动的含义 boiling water, a developing country 过去分词(done)已经完成或被动的含义 boiled water, a developed country 不定式:充当名词、代词、形容词、副词的作用，做除谓语之外的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语 4 等。往往有一次性的，将要做的之意。 , 分词(包括主被动形式)用作定语、状语、独立结构、构成谓语，与with构成短语等。 1) When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult ______. a. to make myself understood b. to make others understand myself c. to make myself understand d. making others understand myself 2)There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly _____. a. make the audience hear b. make the audience hearing him c. make himself hear d. make himself heard 3)The robber was brought to the judge, ______. a. his hands were fast tied b. his hands to be fast tied c. his hands having been fast tied d. his hands fast tied 4)Other considerations equal, the pressure remains constant. A. being B. be C. will be D. is 5) , we decided to leave at once ,as we didn?t want to risk missing the last bus. A. It was pretty late B. It being pretty late C. As it being pretty late D. It was pretty late , 不定式(包括主被动形式)主要用作定语、状语、主语、表语、与wh-连用，等。 1)Henry Ford’s introduction of the assembly line vastly reduced the time it took _______. A. to make a car B. making a car C. for making a car D. while making a car 2)When you were talking to the policeman, I saw a teenager ______. A. getting on your car and driving off B. got on your car and drive off C. getting on your car and drive off D. get on your car and drive off 3(动名词(包括被动形式)，主要用作主语、宾语以及某些动词及某些句型固定要求等。 The suspect at last admitted ____stolen goods but denied ___them. A. to receive… to sell B. receiving…selling C. to receiving… to selling D. to have received… to have sold 2007-01(Some persons ___fishing simply for fun. A(make B( feel C( seek D( enjoy 2006-06( Radios today seldom need _____ or the attention of a technician. A(to repair B( repaired C( repairing D( to have repaired 5 2005-04( Susan will come to watch him _______ at Wimbledon this week. A(played B( play C( to play D( playing 2007-10( Without the sun?s light ____the earth?s surface, no life could exist on the earth. A(warms B( warmed C( warming D( to warm 动词不定式和动名词作主语比较 动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如: _______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old( A(The walk B(Walking C(To walk D(Walk 动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语比较 (1)不定式和动名词作表语的区别同作主语一样。 His job is building houses( Our task now is to increase food production( (2)动词不定式和动名词作表语 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 主语的内容，现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。 The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers( The most important thing is to put theory into practice( The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_______ it more difficult( A(not make B(not to make C(not making D(do not make 动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较 (1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如:want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect等。 We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet( A(having met B(meeting C(to meet D(to have met (2)有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如:admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape， excuse，finish，forgive，imagine， keep，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny等。 The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_______ ( A(catching B(to be caught C(being caught D(to catch I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon( A(you to call B(you call C(you calling D(you're calling (3)有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，意义上无多大区别，如:love， like，hate，prefer，intend，start， continue等。 I intend to finish,finishing the task this morning( 6 (4)有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词，但意义上有区别，如:forget，remember， mean，regret，stop，try等。 —The light in the office is still on( —Oh，I forgot _______ ( A(turning it off B(turn it off C(to turn it off D(having turned it off —You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting( —Well，now I regret _______ that( A(to do B(to be doing C(to have done D(having done 4、动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较 (1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如:ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn， allow，advise，permit，forbid等。 The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation( A(to eat not B(eating not C(not to eat D(not eating (2)有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，如:see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have， make等，且不定式不带to，但在被动结构中必须带to。不定式指动作的全过程;现在分词指正在进行的动作的一部分，且表主动意义;过去分词指已经完成的动作，且表被动意义。 Paul doesn't have to be made (He always works hard( A(learn B(to learn C(learned D(learning The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year( A(carry out B(carrying out C(carried out D(to carry out 5 不定式、动名词、分词作定语比较 (1)不定式作定语表示“将要”，现在分词表示“正在”或主动，过去分词表示“已经”。 The Olympic Games， in 776 B(C(，did not include women players until1912( A(first playing B(to be first played C(first played D(to be first playing When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door “Sorry to miss you; will call later(” A(read B(reads C(to read D(reading (2)动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。 a swimming pool动名词作定语，a swimming fish现在分词作定语。 6 动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。 7 _______________late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm( A(To sleep B(Sleeping C(Sleep D(Having slept __________________such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river( A(Having suffered B(Suffering C(To suffer D(Suffered _________________more attention，the trees could have grown better((MET 1990) A(Given B(To give C(Giving D(Having given 【典型题目练习】 1(The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 2(European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 3(Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening. A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 4(John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment. A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 5(The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 6(——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change? A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 7(______ a reply, he decided to write again. A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 8(Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer. A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented 9(Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 10(The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tired D. tied 二、形容词、副词; 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法; 1.“as+adj/adv+as或not so(as)+adj/adv+as.”句型。该句型常用来描述两个比较对象的程度上的相似 或不同(即平时说的“等级比较和不等级比较”)。例如: My computer is not so(as) expensive as yours.我的电脑不如你的贵重。 8 2.“as many/few+可数名词复数+as”或“as much/little(少的)+不可数名词+as”。前者描述数目上的接近，后者描述量的相近。例如: You may borrow as many books as you can.你能借多少书就借多少。 “Drink as much water as you can.”the doctor said to him.医生对他说到:“你要尽可能的多喝些水。” 3.“主语+比较级+than any other„”结构表示:主语所描述的事物比其他任何一个都„„比较级形式表示最高级含义。例如: Li Ming is much cleverer than any other student in their class.李明是他们班中最聪明的学生。 注意:若比较范围不同，than后应用“any+可数名词的复数形式+其他”。例如: China is larger that any countries in Africa.中国比非洲上的任何国家都大。 4. 诸如not, never之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高级含义。意为:再没有比„更„的了。例如: It is not a better idea.这是再好不过的一个办法了。 I have never heard such an interesting story.我从来没有听过比这更有趣的故事了。 5.“形容词+to”结构也可表示比较含义。例如: This kind of car is superior in quality to that.这种汽车的质量比那一种好得多(superior to意为:优于;胜过。) Li ping is three years senior to Liu Gang.李平比刘刚大三岁。(senior to意为:年长于;资格老于;地位高于。) 6.“no+比较级+than”结构表示对两个比较对象都进行否定(可由neither„nor„结构来改写)。例如: I’m no more foolish than you.我们俩都不傻。(相当于Neither I nor you are foolish.) 7.“not more+比较级+than”结构表示在程度上前者不如后者。例如: This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。(相当于The book is less interesting than that one.) 8.“形容词比较级+than+形容词”，意为:与其„倒不如„。例如: Jack is much harder than clever.与其说杰克聪明，倒不如说他学习用功。 9.would rather„than, prefer„to„, prefer to do„rather than„这三个句型表示“宁愿„而不愿„;喜欢„胜过„;宁愿做„而不愿做„”含义。虽无比较级形式，但表示比较级含义。例如: She would rather die than give in.她宁死不屈。 He preferred to go out rather than stay home.他宁愿出去也不愿呆在家里。 10.“The+比较级„，the+比较级„”。该结构意为“越„，越„”。例如: The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them.问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。 11.what有时也可以表示“比较”关系，说明两种事物的相同或相似性。what的该种用法常用于书面语，用来加强修辞效果，含有比喻含义，相当于as，意为“好比„;正如„;就像„一样”。what的 9 该类用法共有3种情况: (1) A is to B what C is to D Twelve is to two what twenty-four is to four.十二比二就等于二十四比四。 (2) what C is to D, A is to B What food is to the body, a book is to the mind.书籍对于思想犹如食物对于身体。 (3) what C is to D, that A is to B What the gun is to a soldier, that the pen is to a writer.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 【典型题目练习】 1.How beautiful she sings! I have never heard____. A.the better voice B. a good voice C. the better voice D. a better voice 2.----Wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will you? -----I couldn’t agree ______.The idea is great to me. A.much B. more C. worse D. at all 3.The____you study, the _____you’ll be in it. A.hard; interested B. harder; interesting C. harder; more interested D. hardest; more interested 4.As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you lean,____ A. the more for life are you equipped B.the more equipped for life you are C.the more life you are equipped for D.you are equipped the more for life 5.The patient isn’t out of danger. He is _____ than he was yesterday. A.no better B. worst C. not worse D. not more 6.Liu Fang studies much better than ____ student in his class. A.any B. any other C. the other D. other 7.This year the farmers have produced twice __ grain___ they did last year. A.As less; as B. fewer; than C. as much; as D. as many; as 8.In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the farther we go, ____. A.our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be better C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be 9.---Are you satisfied with his answer? ---Not at all. It couldn’t have been___. A.Any better B. worse C. as good D. bad 10 10. Is the novel similar ___ yours? A.for B. at C. as D. to 11. Rather than ___ to see the film he would prefer ____ stay at home. A.go; to B. to go C. went; to D. would go 12.---What was his performance like? ---Oh, it couldn’t have been_____. A.much wonderful B. more wonderful C. less wonderful D. the most wonderful 13. John plays football____, if not better than David. A.as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as 14. Reading is ____ him is ____ water to his life. A.for; what B. as; like C. to; what D. at; as 15. This room is ____ much larger than that one. A.no B. not a C. no a D. as 倍数表达法: 用英语表达“A 是 B 的 N 倍长(宽，高，大，重等)”，“A 比 B 长(宽，高，大，重等)N 倍” 或“A 的长度(宽度，高度，大小，重量等)是 B 的 N 倍”，可用下列几种句型。 1.“A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。 This tree is three times as tall as that one. His father is twice as old as he. 2.“A + be + 倍数 + 计量形容词比较级 + than + B ” The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. 3.“A + be + 倍数 + the + 计量名词 + of + B ” The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 4.“The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ” The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. 5.其它I?m twice/ double his age. 我的年龄是他的两倍。 I„ve paid five times the usual price for the stamp. The average income of the staff has been increased by 50 percent compared with last year. The price of TVs is twofold( adj. 两部分的， 双重的) down over these years. 11 三、连接词、冠词(略) 常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法; 四、名词、代词; 名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法; , 可数、不可数名词表示数量的方法 , 数字的使用(用作名词;用作形容词)three-fifths , 一致关系 (一)语法一致原则:语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式; 主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意:由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both „ and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意:? 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如: The writer and artist has come.; / ? 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every , more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数， 谓语用复数形式。如:Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单 数看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意:? 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时，其谓语动词也 可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ? 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓 语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一 致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 12 6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用 复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分 数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意: a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数;the number of“„的数量”，主 语是number，谓语用单数。 8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. (二)逻辑意义一致原则:逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形 式为单数，但意义为复数;有时形式为复数，但意义为单数)。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是 由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 如: “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book. 4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。 如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于 形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 (三)就近一致原则:在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、当两个主语由either „ or, neither „ nor, whether „ or „, not only „ but also连接时，谓语 动词和邻近的主语一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠 近的那个主语保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 注意:Here引导的句子用法同上。 【典型题目练习】 1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English. 13 A.am B.is C.are D.be 2. The rich ____ not always happy. A.are B.is C.has D.have 3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students. A.are B.am C.is D.was 4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China. A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study 5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home. A.am B.is C.are D.be 6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters., A.are;are B.am;am C.am;are D.is;is 7. Every boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party. A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like 8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants. A.was B.is C. would be D.are 9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world. A.is B.are C.has D.have 10. Every means ____ tried but without any result. A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been 11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule. A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished 12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon. A.is B.was C.are D.is being 13. The great writer and professor____. A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese 14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk. A.are B.is C.has D.have 15. A large number of students in our class____ girls. A. are B. was C. is D. be 16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are. A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed 17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English. 14 A. is B. are C. was D. were 18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published. A. has been B.have been C.was D.is 19. A chemical works____ built there. A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been 20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years. A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five 21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world. A.is B.are C.was D.were 22.He is the only one of the students who ____ elected. A. are B.have C.has D.is 23.There is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked. A.have B.has C. have been D.has been 24.Many a man ____ come to help us. (将该句译成汉语) A.have B.has C.is D.are 25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said. A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are 26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A. is searching for B. were searching for C. are searching for D. were searching 27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed. A.is;is B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them 28.This pair of trousers ____ too long for him. A.is B.be C.are D.were 30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four. A.is B.are C.get D.equal 31 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seemes 32.____of the money____ run out. A. Three-fifth; has B. Three-fifth; has been C. Three-fifths; has D. Three-fifths; have 33. The whole class ____ the teacher attentively. A. are listening to B. is listening to 15 C.are listening D. is listening 34.I have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult. A.is B.are C.was D.were 35. Between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building. A.stand B.stands C. standing D.are 36. Large quantities of water ____ for irrigation. A. is needed B. has -needed C. are needed D. need 37. That they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all. A. is B.was C.are D.all 38.What we need____ good textbooks. A.is B.are C.have D.has 39. What you said just now____ the matter we are discussing. A.have something to at B. has something to do with C.had something to do with D.has been something to do with 40. More than one member ____ against the plan. A. is B.are C.has D.have 41. When and where to build the new factory ____ yet A. has not decided B. is not decided C. are not decided D. have not decided 42. Half of the fruit ____ bad. A. are B. has C. is D. have 43. ____ either of your parents come to see you recently? A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is 44. Mathematics ____ the language of science. A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be 45. My family ____ small. A. is B. were C. are D. makes 46. The following ____ some other examples. A. are B. is C. was D. were 47. They both have some friends; but his ____ more active. A. is B. will be C. was D. are 48. Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country. A. is B. are C. was D. has 16 49. Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit. A. are B. is C. were D. was 50. To play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training. A. was B. is C. are D. were 51. Either he or I ____ to attend the mass meeting this evening. A. is B. am C. are D. be 52. ____ either he or I to attend the mass meeting this evening, A. is B. am C. are D. be 53. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here. A. are B. were C. is D. will 54. She as well as her brother ____ a League member. A. are B. were C. will D. is 55. His family ____ a big one. Now the family ____ watching TV. A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are 56. It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow. A. is B. am C. are D. be 57. More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside. A. is B. are C. is from D. are from 58. Many a man ____ the novel. A. has read B. have read C. is read D. are read 59. Tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon. A. is B. was C. are D. were 60. Here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you. A. are B. is C. was D. were 句 各类从句的构成及其用法; 名词性从句 一、名词性从句的基本概念 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 (1)主语从句 就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, 17 where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。如: Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。 That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。 注:为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成: It is well known that China is a great socialist country. 但是，由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如: What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。 Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。 (2)表语从句 就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if， as though。如: The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。 It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。 注意:要区分以下句式: 1. that’s why+结果;that’s because+原因。2. the reason why /for„is that„ He is absent. That’s because he is ill. 他缺席，这是因为他生病了。 He is ill. That’s why he is absent. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。 The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。 (3)宾语从句 就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如: They didn’t say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。 I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。 I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。 注意:当think, believe, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上 将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词，do you think /believe /expect，宾语从句的其余部分,”如: Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么, (4)同位语从句 就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导， 也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导，但不能由which引导。如: The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。 I have no idea when he will set out. 我不知他什么时候出发。 18 注:有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如: The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing. 真相终于大白了，他原来是一 只披羊皮的狼。 二、名词性从句的三要素 1. 引导词 也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类,一是that类，二是if / whether类，三是 疑问词类。既然是引导词，所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。 2. 语序 名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同，即“主语，谓语”。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须 与陈述句的语序相同。 3. 时态 若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语 动词是一般过去时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。 三、名词性从句考点归纳 考点之一:考查that 与what e.g. 1. _____we can't get seems better than ______we have. A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what 分析:在名词性从句中that 与what 的区别是:that 在名词性从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用;而 what 在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用，而且充当句子成分。句子的意思是:我们得不到的似乎比我们 已经拥有的要好。此题考查了两个名词性从句:主语从句和宾语从句，what 在这两个名词性从句中都 作宾语。 考点之二:考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语 e.g. 2. _______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 分析:为了保持句子的平衡，往往用it 作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是that 引导的主语从句往往用it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. 考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序 e.g. 3.The photographs will show you _______. A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 分析:名词性从句应用陈述语序;再根据句型what does sb. / sth. look like?, 所以选B. 考点之四:考查whether 与if e.g. 4. ________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 分析:句意为:我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。whether 与if 的区别是:在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not 时，常用whether , 而不用 if。 5. What the doctors really doubt is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why 分析:句意为:医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。whether 引导的是表语从句。 考点之五:考查 whatever, whoever... 与 no matter what / who... 19 e.g. 6. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 分析:句意为:Sarah 希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。注意:whatever, whoever... 既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;而no matter what / who ...只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，所以whomever错。 Him+he= whoever Him+him=whomever 考点之六:考查名词性从句的虚拟语气 e.g. 7. It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language. A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master 分析:句意为:大学生至少掌握一门外语是必要的。 that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。我们应注意: 1)在句型:1. It is necessary / important / natural / strange, etc. that ... 2. It is a pity / a shame / no wonder, etc. that ... 3. It is suggested / requested / proposed / desired, etc. that ... 中，that从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。 2)表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，这类动词有:suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。 3)主语是suggestion, proposal, request等表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的词时，表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。 4)表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的名词后边的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。 定语从句 一、概说 定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 二、关系词的用法 关系词根据其性质可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等，其中 who 和 whom 只用于指人，which和 as 只用于指事物，whose 和 that 既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有 when, where 和 why，其中 when 表示时间，where 表地点，why 表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。如: This is the book (which) you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 There are a lot of things that are wrong. 有很多错的东西。 This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。 These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的原因。 三、关系词的选择 1. 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。 2. 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是 20 状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which;作状语要用when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如: 注意:先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。 (1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语) 比较:The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语) (2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语) 比较:I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语) (3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词) 比较:The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词) 3. 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如: If you?ve really said that to her, _______ will cause real trouble. A. that B. which C. as D. what 此题 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是:If you’ve really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语。 状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 (1) 表示“当„时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever: He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。 We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。 The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开，电话铃就响了起来。 (2) 表示“在„之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after: Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。 He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。 (3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till: He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。 Most men worked until [till] they’re 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。 注意:与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态: 21 He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了? 【注意】在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时: It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。 (4) 表示“一„就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner„than, hardly„when等: Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。 I recognized her the moment (that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。 I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。 I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。 Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。 注意:当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态: (5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次): Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候，他好像有病。 Next time you’re in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。 Do look me up next time you’re in London. 你下次到伦敦来，一定来找我。 Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。 You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 【注意】every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词 这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等: If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home. 要是有人打电话来，就说我不在家。 You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。 As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。 In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。 【注意】在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词): If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money. 请等一下，我就去拿钱。 3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词 22 主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等: We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。 Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。 He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。 【注意】 ?目的状语从句与状语短语的转换 为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定 式短语替换: He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. / He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床 很早以便赶上早班车。 He came in quietly in order that he shouldn’t wake his wife. / He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。 有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换 He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train. / He left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。 ?in case 的用法 in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定: In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。 Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。 【注意】in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式: Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。 4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词 主要的有so that, so„that, such„that等: We’re all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 It’s so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题，我们没有一个人能回 答。 He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。 【注意】so that 中的that在口语中通常可以省略。 5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词 主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等: He couldn’t got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。 Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion. 大家都到了，我们就开始吧。 23 Seeing that it is 8 o’clock, we’ll wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点，我们将不再等了。 Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。 【注意】: 关于 not„because 结构 该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理 解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有 两种解释: I didn’t go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。 不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的: You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。 because 习惯上不与 so 连用 汉语习惯上说“因为„所以„”，但英语习惯上却不能将 so 与 because 连用: 因为下雨，所以我们呆在家里。 正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home. 误:Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. because 从句与 because of 短语的转换 Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换: He can’t come because he is ill. / He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。 I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。 6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词 主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever 等: Although [Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。 Though [Even though] it’s hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活，但我乐意干。 Even if you don’t like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这杯吧。 While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. 尽管我们意见不同，但我们还是朋友。 However you use it, it won’t break. 不管你怎么使用，它都不会破。 Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。 【注意】 whatever, however 等-ever词用法说明 24 (1) 它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论„”: Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 Whichever day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。 Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 Wherever he goes, I’ll go. 不管他去哪里，我也去。 (2) 它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter„，如说: No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。 (3) 注意however以下两类句型结构: ? however+主语+谓语: However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走，至少要三天。 However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来，一定要早来。 ? however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语: However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。 However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。 有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略: He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。 I refuse, however favorable the condition. 不管条件多好，我都不接受。 (4) 有时从句谓语可用情态动词: I’ll find him, wherever he is [may be]. 无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。 Keep calm, whatever happens [may happen]. 无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。 (5) whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句: Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他，我们都和他说话。 They teach wherever their pupils are working. 学生在哪里工作，教师们就在哪里上课。 让步状语从句与倒装 引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although: Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。 Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。 【注】as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反， although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。 25 7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词 主要的有as, like, as if, as though, the way等: Do it as [like] he does. 像他那样做。 He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。 They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词 主要的有where, wherever, everywhere等: There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。 Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。 Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。 9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词 主要的有than和as„as: It’s easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。 They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。 10. 引导名词性从句的从属连词 主要的有that, if, whether: It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 She didn’t say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。 强调句型的结构及其用法; My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调结构与类似句型的区别 判断是否是强调结构的方法是:去掉it is/was和that后，剩余部分(经调整后) 是否依然是个完整的 句子，若是，就是强调结构，否则就不是。 It is a pity that you could not come. 真遗憾，你不能来。 It was at ten that he got home. 他是十点回到家的。 【注意】 1. 此结构中，除强调的是作主语或宾语的人时可以用who外，其它任何情况都只能用that。如: It was Kate that/who told me about it. 是凯特告诉那件事的。 26 It was yesterday afternoon that she told me about it. 是昨天下午她把那件事告诉我的。(that不能用when替代) 2. 关于主谓一致问题 被强调的是原句的主语时，要注意that/who后的谓语动词与原句主语一致。如: It is I that am in trouble. 是我陷入了困境。 It is you that are wrong. 是你错了。 3. 要将not一同强调，构成It is/was not„that„ It is not he that/who studies French. 学法语的不是他。 4. 如何强调双宾语 无论强调哪个宾语，都必须根据动词的搭配关系，加上to或for。如: 原句:He gave Mary a pen. 强调直接宾语:It was Mary that he gave a pen to. 强调间接宾语:It was a pen that he gave to Mary. 常用倒装句的结构; 【完全倒装】 即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有: 1. 以 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away 等方向性副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。如: Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 Now comes your turn. 现在该你了。 Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。 The door opened and in came Mr Li. 门开了，李先生进了来。 【注意】若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如: The door opened and in she came. 门开了，她走了进来。 2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。如: Among them was my friend Jim. 他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。 Around the lake are some tall trees. 湖的四周有些高树。 【注意】在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。 【部分倒装】 即将主语与助动词倒置，其结构与一般疑问句大致相同。英语中构成部分倒装的主要情形有: 27 1. 含否定意义的词(如 never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, no longer, nowhere, by no means 等)置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。如: Never have I read such a book. 我从未读过那样的书。 Little do we know his life. 我们对他的生活了解得很少。 By no means should you tell him about it. 你绝不要告诉他这事。 2. only 加状语(副词 / 介词短语 / 从句)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如: Only in this way can you do it well. 只有这样你才能做好。 Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。 3. so / neither / nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样 的倒装句式。如: He can sing English songs and so can I. 他会唱英语歌，我也会。 He didn’t see the film, and neither did I. 他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。 She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。 4. 当虚拟条件句含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if，将 were, should, had 置于句首。如: Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。 Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something. 我要是明白了这一点，我可能 会采取某种行动(from www.yygrammar.com)。 5. so...that 结构中，将 so+adj. / adv. 置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序。如: So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。 【典型题目练习】 1. So _________ that even the people in the next room could hear him. A. loudly he spoke B. he spoke loudly C. loudly did he speak D. loudly spoke did he 2. Only when one loses freedom _________ its value. A. does one know B. one does know C. does know one D. know one does 3. He never went to see her again, _________ to apologize. A. nor did he write B. nor he did write C. he did write D. nor he wrote 4. _________ to sleep than the telephone rang once again. A. No sooner had he gone B. No sooner did he go C. He no sooner went D. He had gone no sooner 28 5. No sooner _________ down than the phone rang. A. had I sat B. I had sat C. have I sat D. I have sat 6. No sooner _________ than he was asked to leave again. A. has he arrived B. he has arrived C. had he arrived D. he had arrived 7. Little _________, but we?re flying to Geneva next weekend to celebrate his birthday. A. does he know B. he knows C. knows him D. did he know 8. Never in my wildest dreams _________ to win first place last time. A. I expected B. did I expect C. I have expected D. have I expected 9. Never before _________ so many people here are still starving. A. had I known B. I had known C. have I known D. I have known 10. Little _________ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself. A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared 11. Only after my friend came _________. A. did the computer repaired B. be repaired the computer C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired 12. _________ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious 13. Only by shouting _________ to make himself heard. A. he was able B. was he able C. he did able D. did he able 14. Only when we landed _________ how badly the plane had been damaged. A. we realized B. did we realize C. had we realized D. we had realized 15. _________ was the attack that we had no time to escape. A. So sudden B. Too sudden C. So suddenly D. Too suddenly 29 16. Not only _________ a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. A. do the nurses want B. the nurses want C. did the nurses want D. the nurses wanted 17. Not only _________ to her, I even got her autograph! A. I spoke B. did I speak C. I have spoken D. have I spoken 18. The service was terrible and _________ the food. A. so that B. so as C. so was D. so as to 【参考答案】1—5 CAAAA 6—10 CABCB 11—15 CBBBA 16—18 ABC 虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(参见《辅导教程》 P101) 通过例句体会虚拟语气的基本用法: If I had time, I would help you. (与现在相反) If we hadn?t made adequate preparation, the conference wouldn?t have been so successful. (与过去) If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off. (与将来) 连用虚拟语气的几个固定表达 有三个表示“若不是”、“要不是”的表达，它们总是连用虚拟语气，它们是 but for, if it were not for, if it hadn’t been for。如: But for your help we would have been late. 幸亏你帮忙，要不我们就迟到了。 If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadn’t been for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded. 要不是有你帮忙，我们是不会成功的。 虚拟语气的省略与倒装 有时可将条件从句的连词 if 省略，而将从句中的were, should, had 等提到句首。如: Were it not for your help, I wouldn't be doing so well. 若不是你帮忙，我现在不会干得这样好。 Had I been there, I would have asked her the question. 如果我在那里，我就会问她这个问题。 带虚拟语气宾语从句的四个数字 在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”、“要求”等后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词有人归纳为“一 个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order, command)、三个建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，这类虚拟语气由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可 以省略。如: He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。 He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 30 The doctor advised [suggested] that he (should) not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。 He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。 【注】:这类句子有时可用于被动结构，前面用先行词it作主语，代表后面的从句。如: It was proposed that this matter be discussed next time. 有人提议这事下次再讨论。 动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是:若谓语动词所 表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成 为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较: He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区 别也是:若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”;若谓 语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并 体会: He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 【典型题目练习】 1. “I still haven?t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present. ” “It’s time you ________. ” A. Do B. did C. had D. would 2. “I?ve told everyone about it. ” “Oh, I?d rather you ________. ” A. Don?t B. hadn?t C. couldn?t D. wouldn?t 3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadn?t rained, we ________ there by tomorrow. A. can?t get B. won?t get C. hadn?t got D. wouldn?t get 4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ________ something she would regret later. A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ________ badly wounded and that he ________ at once. A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on C. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on 6. I forget where I read the article, or I ________ it to you now. A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing 7. —Why didn?t you go to yesterday?s meeting? —I would have but I ________ too busy working on the important experiment. A. had been B. was C. were D. am 8.—Don?t you think it necessary that he ________ to Miami but to New York? — I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what 9. The workers will go on strike if the demands they ________ put forward are turned down. A. could B. would C. 不填 D. had 31 10. ________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be 讲义中部分语法内容来自下面网站:更多语法细节，亦可登录该网站学习。 下面是赠送的团队管理名言学习, 32 不需要的朋友可以编辑删除!!!谢谢!!! 1、沟通是管理的浓缩。 2、管理被人们称之为是一门综合艺术--“综合”是因为管理涉及基本原理、自我认知、智慧和领导力;“艺术”是因为管理是实践和应用。 3、管理得好的工厂,总是单调乏味,没有仸何激劢人心的事件发生。 4、管理工作中最重要的是:人正确的事,而不是正确的做事。 5、管理就是沟通、沟通再沟通。 6、管理就是界定企业的使命,并激励和组织人力资源去实现这个使命。界定使命是企业家的仸务,而激励不组织人力资源是领导力的范畴,二者的结合就是管理。7、管理是一种实践,其本质不在于“知”而在于“行”;其验证不在于逻辑,而在于成果;其唯一权威就是成就。 8、管理者的最基本能力:有效沟通。 9、合作是一切团队繁荣的根本。 10、将合适的人请上车,不合适的人请下车。 11、领导不是某个人坐在马上指挥他的部队,而是通过别人的成功来获得自己的成功。 12、企业的成功靠团队,而不是靠个人。 13、企业管理过去是沟通,现在是沟通,未来还是沟通。 14、赏善而不罚恶,则乱。罚恶而不赏善,亦乱。 15、赏识导致成功,抱怨导致失败。16、世界上没有两个人是完全相同的,但是我们期待每个人工作时,都拥有许多相同的特质。 17、首先是管好自己,对自己言行的管理,对自己 33 形象的管理,然后再去影响别人,用言行带劢别人。18、首先要说的是,CEO要承担责仸,而不是“权力”。你不能用工作所具有的权力来界定工作,而只能用你对这项工作所产生的结果来界定。CEO要对组织的使命和行劢以及价值观和结果负责。 19、团队精神是从生活和教育中不断地培养规范出来的。研究发现,从小没有培养好团队精神,长大以后即使天天 培训 焊锡培训资料ppt免费下载焊接培训教程 ppt 下载特设培训下载班长管理培训下载培训时间表下载 ,效果并不是很理想。因为人的思想是从小造就的,小时候如果没有注意到,长大以后再重新培养团队精神其实是很困难的。 20、团队精神要从经理人自身做起,经理人更要带头遵守企业 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 ,让技术及素质较高的指导较差的,以团队的荣誉就是个人的骄傲启能启智,互利共生,互惠成长,不断地逐渐培养员工的团队意识和集体观念。 21、一家企业如果真的像一个团队,从领导开始就要严格地遵守这家企业的规章。整家企业如果是个团队,整个国家如果是个团队,那么自己的领导要身先士卒带头做好,自己先树立起这种规章的威严,再要求下面的人去遵守这种规章,这个才叫做团队。 22、已所不欲,勿斲于人。 23、卓有成效的管理者善于用人之长。 24、做企业没有奇迹而言的,凡是创造奇迹的,一定会被超过。企业不能跳跃,就一定是，循着，一个规律,一步一个脚印地走。 25、大成功靠团队,小成功靠个人。 34 26、不善于倾听不同的声音,是管理者最大的疏忽。 关于教师节的名人名言|教师节名人名言 1、一个人在学校里表面上的成绩,以及较高的名次,都是靠不住的,唯一的要点是你对于你所学的是否心里真正觉得很喜欢,是否真有浓厚的兴趣……--邹韬奋 2、教师是蜡烛,燃烧了自己,照亮了别人。--佚名 35 3、使学生对教师尊敬的惟一源泉在于教师的德和才。--爱因斯坦 4、三人行必有我师焉;择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。--孔子 5、在我们的教育中,往往只是为着实用和实际的目的,过分强调单纯智育的态度,已经直接导致对伦理教育的损害。--爱因斯坦 6、举世不师,故道益离。--柳宗元 7、古之学者必严其师,师严然后道尊。--欧阳修 8、教师要以父母般的感情对待学生。--昆体良 9、机会对于不能利用它的人又有什么用呢？正如风只对于能利用它的人才是劢力。--西蒙 10、一日为师,终身为父。--关汉卿 11、要尊重儿童,不要急于对他作出戒好戒坏的评判。--卢梭 12、捧着一颗心来,不带半根草去。--陶行知 13、君子藏器于身,待时而劢。--佚名 14、教师不仅是知识的传播者,而且是模范。--布鲁纳 15、教师是人类灵魂的工程师。--斯大林 16、学者必求师,从师不可不谨也。--程颐 17、假定美德既知识,那么无可怀疑美德是由教育而来的。--苏格拉底 18、好花盛开,就该尽先摘,慎莫待美景难再,否则一瞬间,它就要凋零萎谢,落在尘埃。--莎士比亚 19、养体开智以外,又以德育为重。--康有为 20、无贵无贱,无长无少,道之所存,师之所存也。--韩愈 36 21、谁若是有一刹那的胆怯,也许就放走了并运在这一刹那间对他伸出来的香饵。--大仲马 22、学贵得师,亦贵得友。--唐甄 23、故欲改革国家,必先改革个人;如何改革个人？唯一斱法,厥为教育。--张伯苓 24、为学莫重于尊师。--谭嗣同 25、愚蠢的行劢,能使人陷于贫困;投合时机的行劢,却能令人致富。--克拉克 26、凡是教师缺乏爱的地斱,无论品格还是智慧都不能充分地戒自由地发展。--罗素 27、不愿向小孩学习的人,不配做小孩的先生。--陶行知 28、少年进步则国进步。--梁启超 29、弱者坐失良机,强者制造时机,没有时机,这是弱者最好的供词。--佚名 有关刻苦学习的格言 1、讷讷寡言者未必愚,喋喋利口者未必智。 2、勤奋不是嘴上说说而已,而是要实际行劢。 3、灵感不过是“顽强的劳劢而获得的奖赏”。 37 4、天才就是百分之九十九的汗水加百分之一的灵感。 5、勤奋和智慧是双胞胎,懒惰和愚蠢是亲兄弟。 6、学问渊博的人,懂了还要问;学问浅薄的人,不懂也不问。 7、人生在勤,不索何获。 8、学问勤中得。学然后知不足。 9、勤奋者废寝忘食,懒惰人总没有时间。 10、勤奋的人是时间的主人,懒惰的人是时间的奴隶。 11、山不厌高,水不厌深。骄傲是跌跤的前奏。 12、艺术的大道上荆棘丛生,这也是好事,常人望而却步,只有意志坚强的人例外。 13、成功,艰苦劳劢，正确斱法，少说空话。 14、骄傲来自浅薄,狂妄出于无知。骄傲是失败的开头,自满是智慧的尽头。 15、不听指点,多绕弯弯。不懂装懂,永世饭桶。 16、言过其实,终无大用。知识愈浅,自信愈深。 17、智慧源于勤奋,伟大出自平凡。 18、你想成为并福的人吗？但愿你首先学会吃得起苦。 19、自古以来学有建树的人,都离不开一个“苦”字。 20、天才绝不应鄙视勤奋。 21、试试并非受罪,问问并不吃亏。善于发问的人,知识丰富。 22、智者千虑,必有一失;愚者千虑,必有一得。 23、不要心平气和,不要容你自己昏睡!趁你还年轻,强壮、灵活,要永不疲倦地做好事。 24、说大话的人像爆竹,响一声就完了。鉴难明,始能照物;衡唯平,始能权物。 25、贵有恒何必三更眠五更起,最无益只怕一日曝十日寒。 38 26、刀钝石上磨,人笨人前学。以人为师能进步。 27、宽阔的河平静,博学的人谦虚。秀才不怕衣衫破,就怕肚子没有货。 39