现在分词和过去分词

现在分词和过去分词 现在分词和过去分词都是动词的非谓语形式，有动词的特征，有形容词和副词的功能，因此两者都在句中作表语，定语，宾语补足语和状语。 一(分词在句中作表语: 现在分词作表语，表示主语的性质或特征; 过去分词作表语，往往表示主语的状态。如: The movie is interesting. The book is broken. 特别提醒: 某些表示情感的动词如disappoint, excite, interest, frighten, move, touch, please, puzzle, satisfy, amuse, surprise, astonish, worry, di scourage 等词的现在分词和过去分词形式往往形容词化，在句中可作表语，表示主语的特征或状态(注:这类形容词化的分词在句中也可作定语)，主要区别如下: V-ing “令人„„” 多指事物的特征，也可指人具有某种特征。 V-ed “感到„„” 多指人的情感活动，也可指人的情感体现在look, e (眼泪)，voice(声音)，shoutxpression(表情)，smile(笑容)，tears (叫喊)等。 I was deeply moved by the moving story. Mr. Smith is a frightening teacher. Everybody is frightened to get close to him. When she heard the news, excited tears came to her eyes. 二(分词在句中作定语: 一般说来，单个分词作前置定语，分词短语充当后置定语。 China is a developing country while the U.S.A. is a developed country. The boy standing there is waiting for his girlfriend. 其中，分词作后置定语的考查最常见，而学生对这一点较难把握。根据现在分词表主动或进行，过去分词表被动或完成这一特征，判断用现在分词或过去分词修饰， 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 是: 动词与被修饰词之间存在主谓关系，用现在分词作定语; 动词与被修饰词之间存在动宾关系，用过去分词作定语。 Do you know the man sitting there? Everybody attended the meeting held last week. 特别提醒: 1)单个过去分词修饰复合不定代词something, everything, nobody等时，作后置定语。 There was nobody invited here. There was no time left. 2)现在分词的完成式不能作定语。 误:The house having been built recently will be used as a laboratory. 正:The house which has been built recently will be used as a laboratory. 三. 分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾补，表主动或进行，且与宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系; 过去分词作宾补，表被动或完成，且与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。 常见的可接分词作宾补的动词有: 1)感观动词如see, hear, feel, watch, notice, think, find, etc. I heard someone knocking at the door. (someone是knocking的逻辑主语) I heard my name called just now. (called与my name存在逻辑上的动宾关系) 2)使役动词如 have, get , keep, leave, catch, set, etc. The speaker raised his voice to make himself heard. The boss had the workers working day and night in the past. 3)分词也可用with的复合结构中: with+宾语+宾补:V-ing 表主动或进行 V-ed 表被动或完成 to do 表将来 With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous. With their work finished, they went home. With so much work to do, I can’t go swimming with you. 特别提醒: have sth. done结构有三种意义: 1)使得某事被做(自己做) 2)让/请别人做某事 3)遭遇某种情况 Look at your dirty class, you’d better have them washed. (自己洗) I will have my long hair cut short tomorrow. (别人剪) He had his car stolen last night. (遭遇某种情况) 四. 分词作状语: 1(分词(短语)作状语,可修饰谓语动词或整个句子, 其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致. 如句子主语是动词状语的发出者,属主动关系，用现在分词表示; 如句子主语是动词状语的承受者,属被动关系，用过去分词表示。 比较下列三组句子即可判别: 1) a. _______(see) from the top of the hill, I find the city very beaut iful. b. _______(see)from the top of the hill, the city is very beautiful. 2) a. The professor came into the lab, _______ (follow) some students. b. The professor came into the lab, _______ (follow) by some student s. 3) a. _______ (finish) in a hurry, we weren’t satisfied with the compo sitions. b. _______(finish) in a hurry, the compositions didn’t satisfy us . (答案及解析:1) a: Seeing , 句子主语I是动词的发出者，故用Seeing b: Seen . 句子主语the city是动词的承受者，故用Seen) 2)a: following 现在分词表伴随 b: followed 提示词by可知教授被跟着，故用被动式 3)a: Finishing 状语部分的逻辑主语为we，是动作的发出者，故用主动式 finishing表达; b: Finished 状语部分的逻辑主语为the composition，是动作的承受者，故用被动式 finished表达) 此外，同学们在写作中运用分词短语作状语时，忽略分词部分的逻辑主语须与句子主语一致是典型的常见错误: 4)误:While watching TV, the doorbell rang. (While watching TV的逻辑主语是人，与the doorbell不一致) 正:While watching TV, we heard the doorbell ring. 5)误: When walking in the street, someone called me. 正:When walking in the street, I heard someone call me. 2(分词作状语，在意义上可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、让步等，为表示强调可在分词前加连词when/while/if/once/even though„，且可转换为在 相应的状语从句。如1)组句子Seeing from the top of the hill 相当于时间 )组句子Finished in a 状语从句When we see from the top of the hill;3 hurry，相当于原因状语从句Because the composition was finished in a hu rry. 特别提醒: 部分过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构，过去分词已形容化，作状语时，不表示被动意义，只表状态。这类短语常见有: be lost in(沉迷于), be seated(就座), be absorbed in(全神贯注于), be dressed in(穿着), be faced with(面对), be interested in(对„感兴趣),be tired of (厌烦)be caught in(被困在)„ Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. Interested in English, he listens to BBC every day.