承德避暑山庄

承德避暑山庄英文导游词 Ladies, gentlemen: Hello! Welcome everybody to come the Chende summer vacation mountain village to go sightseeing t he tour. The summer vacation mountain village is located north the Chende urban district, is our country extant biggest classical imperial family botanical garden. The summer vacation mountain village is Qing Dynasty Kang, the dry prosperous times symbol. As mountain village founder's Kanghsi, Qian Long, all once south six lower reaches of the Changjiang River, spread America of the calendar world scenery. When construction summer vacation mountain village, ab undantly picks length of the numerous families, fuses the Chinese north and south botanical garden style is a body, causes the summer vacation mountain village to become the Chinese classical botanical garden art the summary and the sublimation. Our country botanical garden experts said that, the entire summer vacation mountain village is the motherland beautiful homeland miniature. Why can the experts say like t his? After this question I thought or to ask ladies, gentlemen to tour the summer vacation mountain villa ge again replied. But, my here first gives everybody to raise to awake, this reason and the summer vacat ion mountain village terrain concerns. (Tourguide uses is anxious law, stimulates interest which tourist to urs) Everybody, the summer vacation mountain village arrived, asks everybody to alight, now I lead every body as soon as to see her elegant demeanour. (Outside Li main entrance) Ladies, gentlemen, in front of us this antique gate, is the summer vacation mountain village main entr ance, is called Li the main entrance, is gate which Qing Dynasty emperor passes in and out. Imperial cit y gate breadth three, about two. The lower level wards off has three square shapes the entries, the upper formation has the tower on a city wall and the building. You looked that, the middle entry place above has a rubble stone plaque, above is Emperor Qian Long with is full, Tibet, the Chinese, Uygur, hoodwi nks five kind of languages topics to write "the Li main entrance", it is symbolizing our motherland is un ified multinational countries. Nearby gate two has two stone lions, demonstrates emperor's dignity. In fron t of the gate has the square, the blue stone paves the way for, the square thing respectively sets up a st ele, above with is full, Mongolia, Tibet, the Chinese four kind of languages engraves "the official person to discontinue and so on to this", therefore we call it to discontinue the tablet. The square southern regi on has red together, causes this imperial botanical garden and the outside separates. About is red , inside the fable Tibet has the golden rooster which flies from the Jiguanshan, when quiet at dead of night, lig htly knocks on, the golden rooster can send out chirp chirp the cry. If which position wants to textually research, invites night to listen to here. Good! Today I invite a big family belongings chapter "emperor", goes in feels emperor's life. (Enters in the Li main entrance) Invites each, on the distant place mountain range, some giant stone column, holds up the day to stan d, straight inserts the high in the clouds. On it thick under is thin, the picture washes clothes very much with the wooden club, our Chende person calls it the wooden club mountain, Emperor Kanghsi to besto w the name "the Qing hammer peak". When construction summer vacation mountain village, skillfully bo rrows this scenery, causes inside and outside the mountain village the unified whole, expanded the spatial feeling, created the new ideal condition to be beautiful, this was the mountain village designer utilizatio n this landscape gardening art successful model. Generally comes Chende the person, all must arrive on t he mountain to trace the wooden club mountain, because the Chende folk spreads this kind of speech: " Traces to the wooden club mountain, can live 130." If everybody has the interest, might as well tomorro w will climb mountains traces, certainly very interesting. Front this palace is Qing Dynasty emperor in Chende "the work housing" place, now Chende person here for summer vacation mountain village museum. (In first exhibition room) First maps our view this chart is the summer vacation mountain village entire chart, is the Qing Dyn asty mountain village prosperous time complete chart. The summer vacation mountain village, calls the te mporary palace", "Chende ". It (in 1703) started from the Kanghsi 42 years to begin construction to cons truct, (in 1792) finally was completed to the Qian Long 57 years, lasted for 89 years. Qing Dynasty sev eral emperors come here to spend the summer on vacation nearly every year the summer vacation, the pr ocessing government affairs, usually is every year lunar calendar four, in May comes, nine, in October re turns to Beijing. The summer vacation mountain village has become the Qing Dynasty in fact the second political center. The entire mountain village 5.64 million square meters, its area probably is Beijing Sum mer Palace's two times, North Sea's 8 times. The mountain village may divide into the palace area and t he park scenic area two parts, the palace area by the pine and crane room, Wan Hesong the wind and c rown prince four groups of buildings is composed. The park scenic area divides into the mountainous are a, the lake district, the region of no relief three parts. Is broadest by the mountainous area area, approxi mately composes the mountain village total area more than 70%. South the mountain village collection na tion botanical garden essence to a garden, has north Xiu the male characteristic. In the Qing Dynasty mo untain village altogether has alcove 90, dike bridge 29, stele carving 25, the rockery folds the stone 70 g roups, the palace, Lou Tang, the temple, the pavilion, the tower Chinese style pavilion and so on each k ind of building 120 groups, the total floor space amounts to more than 100,000 square meters. Emperor Kanghsi is most famous by 4 characters naming 36 scenery and Emperor Qian Long by 3 characters na ming 36 scenery, gathers calls "the summer vacation mountain village 72 scenery". Emperor Kanghsi com mended here is "the innate mountains and rivers opens the North Pole, natural wind famous scenic spot Xihu." Mountain village palace wall long approximately 10 kilometers, because it takes the form of the Great Wall, our Chende person kindly called it is "the young Great Wall". Outside the palace wall imitat es the imperial temple group which the national various races famous temple constructs, these temples as sume the semicircle to surround in the mountain village periphery, forms potential of the stars surroundin g the moon, symbolized the national various nationalities closely to revolve at that time around Qing Dy nasty rule center periphery. Along with year passing, the dynasty change, the summer vacation mountain village has also experienced the vicissitudes. After new China had been established, the mountain village only then obtained the new student, now is the nation preserves well, the scale biggest imperial family b otanical garden, is the world culture inheritance, is the Chinese and foreign famous tourist attraction. (Arrives second exhibition room) Here displays the majority is a picture, this wooden seventh lunar month chart is most noticeable. Th e Lily magnolia, is the Manchu language sentry post deer's meaning. The sentry post deer's method is be fore the daybreak, the soldiers dive into the wooded mountain, the body throw over the deer skin, the he ad wear the antler, the wooden sentry post, imitates the male deer's cry. Autumn is precisely the season which the deer seeks a mate to hive off, draws out with this method the female deer in order to. "" Is refers the autumn to go hunting. This chart is the Qing Dynasty is prosperous Arab League draws, the d escription the scene which is more than 200 years ago emperor goes hunting. Perhaps you will feel stran ge, why Qing Dynasty emperor does want to lead the large military forces to come here to go hunting f rom afar? After because the clear emperor enters closes, in the history is brave in battle the eight banner s army battle efficiency starts to drop, some of them join in the battle escape, some homemade scars, so metimes injured, the multi- people escort, for not on front. Emperor Kanghsi realized, improves the soldi er quality, consolidated north border area has become the urgent matter. Under this kind of situation, Em peror Kanghsi personally leads the eight banners officers and men, leaves the happy peak mouth, went n orth patrols, establishes take the Suiyuan as the goal Lily magnolia yard. The Lily magnolia yard establis hment, is Qing Dynasty and Mongolian, the Tibetan national minority friendly relations product, it has m ade Mongolian, the Tibet area and the area south of Yellow River area relations, strengthened has been f ull, Mongolian, Tibet, between the Chinese various races people's exchange, has consolidated north the bo rder defense, was advantageous to resists czarist government the aggression and the expansion. Once a ye ar encircles and hunt secondary each carries on about 20 day, emperor leads personally government each officials and is full, the Mongolian eight banners army participation. In order to satisfy the large quantit ies of troops board and lodging rest, the deposit goods and emperor handles the government affairs the n eed, must construct ten temporary palaces from Beijing to the yard. is in north this to patrol the route in termediate zone, from Beijing to here, the memorial to the throne takes a short trip, moreover here pleas ant weather, scenery beautiful, the water plant is sumptuous, therefore Kanghsi decided constructs a big t emporary palace in here, this is the temporary palace. Regarding this, Qian Long has a speech to say ext remely clearly: "My emperor ancestor constructs this mountain village at the area north of the great wall, acts in a reprehensible manner Henan of the oneself to swim, the lid presents ten thousand th to contra ct the construction also". The history indicated that, the fall grand ceremony and the summer vacation m ountain village establishment, had achieved inside and outside Emperor Kanghsi "gathers the heart, becom es consolidates industry" political objective. Now we again come to see this chart, it may divide into tw o parts, one is the imperial camp, two is the hunting ground. The imperial camp is emperor lives and th e processing royal government place; The hunting ground is a place which actually goes hunting. Goes h unting when all has the strict organization and the discipline, after false fits out the deer the soldier to d raw out the deer, sergeants gradually reduce the encirclement ring, achieves the person shoulder to should er, Ma Binger degree, but cannot casually By now emperor first came out shoots the first arrow, then w as nobles and ministers, the officers and men in turn . On the chart the picture is hunt and kill the deer the scene. Asks everybody to walk with me to front. This second gate calls "to read shoots", is emperor watches the emperor's son emperor grandson to s hoot arrows the competition place. The gate place above hangs has the plaque, the above writes "the hot weather mountain village" four to gold-plate the large brush-written Chinese character together, is Emper or Kanghsi's imperial brush, this plaque fine peerless, particularly is striking. Perhaps you already discove red that, this summer vacation mountain village "evaded" the character to write one horizontally, was Em peror Kanghsi writes mistakenly, or had the reason in addition? (... ...) Or this gentleman (young lady) s aid right, originally "evades" the character in Qing Dynasty two also to use, which one kind of mode of writing regardless of uses all is correct, this is one kind of variant form phenomenon. Is for pursue the calligraphy outstanding talent in here Emperor Kanghsi to write like this. Gate first two sides these two coppers lion, powerful. Said these two copper lion, but also some sect ion of moving fables! Handed down in the China Sino-Japanese War time, the Japanese invading army h as invaded Chende and wantonly robs. Day crowd of Japanese soldiers discovered these two copper lion very attractive, is the priceless treasure, wants to snatch, but the copper lion too is heavy, they move als o cannot move, thereupon on separately looks for the tool. All these let the old person which protects th e courtyard watch with the tail of eye, pain on heart. He thought the copper lion is the national valuable s and money, can let the Japanese soldiers in no way snatch. He gets a sudden inspiration, looks for the pig blood immediately from the village, spreads on lion's eye, after and so on the Japanese soldiers fou nd the tool to come back discovered lion's eye is red, all cries to bleed, all frightens dumfoundedly, the fear moves the lion to be able to bring the misfortune to them, then flustered ran away, this only then c an retain to the national treasure until now. Now this has become in the people mind mascot figure to t he copper lion. If everybody thought best wishes the speech, surely did not forget to trace it. 女士们、先生们: 你们好!欢迎大家来承德避暑山庄观光游览。避暑山庄位于承德市区北部,是我国现存最大的古典皇家园林。 避暑山庄是清代康、乾盛世的象征。作为山庄缔造者的康熙、乾隆,都曾六下江南,遍历天下景物之美。在修建避暑山庄时,博采众家之长,融合中国南北园林风格为一体,使避暑山庄成为中国古典园林艺术的总结与升华。我国园林专家们说,整个避暑山庄就是祖国锦绣河山的缩影。专家们为什么会这样说呢?这个问题我想还是请女士们、先生们游览了避暑山庄之后再来回答。不过,我这里先给大家提个醒,这原因与避暑山庄的地形有关。(导游员采用悬念法,以激发游客游览的兴趣) 各位,避暑山庄到了,请大家下车,现在我就带领大家一睹她的风采。 (在丽正门外) 女士们,先生们,我们面前这座古色古香的门,就是避暑山庄的正门,叫丽正门,是清代皇帝进出的门。宫门面宽三间,上下两层。下层辟有三个方形的门洞,上层有城台和阙楼。你们看,中间门洞的上方有一块石匾,上面是乾隆皇帝用满、藏、汉、维、蒙五种文字题写的“丽正门”,它象征着我们祖国是一个统一的多民族国家。门的两边有两尊石狮,以显示皇帝的威严。门前有御道广场,青石铺路,广场东西各立一块石碑,上面用满、蒙、藏、汉四种文字刻着“官员人等至此下马”,所以我们又叫它下马碑。广场南边有一道红色照壁,使这座皇家园林与外界隔开。关于红照壁,传说里边藏有从鸡冠山飞来的金鸡,在夜深人静时,轻叩照壁,金鸡就会发出叽叽的叫声。如果哪位想考证一下的话,就请夜里到这里来听一听。好了!今天我请大家当一回“皇帝”,进去感受一下皇帝的生活。 (进丽正门内) 请各位向右看,远处的山峦上,有一巨大石柱,擎天而立,直插云端。它上粗下细,很像洗衣用的棒槌,我们承德人叫它棒槌山,康熙皇帝赐名“磬锤峰”。修建避暑山庄时,巧借此景,使山庄内外浑然一体,扩大了空间感,创造了新的意境美,这是山庄设计者运用“借景”这一造园艺术的成功典范。一般来承德的人,都要到山上去摸一下棒槌山,因为承德民间流传这样一句话:“摸到棒槌山,能活一百三。”如果大家有兴趣的话,不妨明天上山摸一摸,一定很有意思的。 前面这片宫殿就是清代皇帝在承德“办公居住”的地方,现在承德人把这里为避暑山庄博物馆。 (在第一展室里) 首先映入我们眼帘的这张图就是避暑山庄全图,是清代山庄鼎盛时期的全貌图。避暑山庄,又叫“热河行宫”、“承德离宫”。它从康熙四十二年(1703年)开始动工兴建,至乾隆五十七年(1792年)最后落成,历时89年。清代前中期的几位皇帝几乎每年都来这里消夏避暑,处理政务,通常是每年农历四、五月份来,九、十月份返回北京。避暑山庄实际上已成为清朝的第二政治中心。整个山庄占地564万平方米,它的面积大约是北京颐和园的两倍,北海的8倍。山庄可分为宫殿区和苑景区两部分,宫殿区由正宫、松鹤斋、万壑松风和东宫四组建筑组成。苑景区又分为山区、湖区、平原区三部分。以山区面积最广,约占山庄总面积的70%多。山庄集全国园林精华于一园,具有南秀北雄的特点。清代山庄内共有亭子90座,堤桥29座,碑刻摩崖25处,假山叠石70余组,殿宇、楼堂、寺庙、亭台、塔阁等各种建筑120余组,总建筑面积达10万多平方米。康熙皇帝以4个字命名的36景和乾隆皇帝以3个字命名的36景最为著名,合称“避暑山庄72景”。康熙皇帝称赞这里是“自有山川开北极,天然风景胜西湖。”山庄宫墙长约10公里,因为它形似长城,我们承德人亲切地称它为“小长城”。宫墙外是仿全国各族著名庙宇而修建的皇家寺庙群,这些寺庙呈半圆形环绕在山庄外围,形成众星拱月之势,象征着当时全国各民族紧紧围绕在清王朝统治中心的周围。随着岁月的流逝,朝代的变更,避暑山庄也历尽了沧桑。新中国成立后,山庄才得到了新生,现在是全国保存得最好、规模最大的皇家园林,是世界文化遗产、是中外驰名的旅游胜地。 (来到第二展室) 这里展出的大部分是图片,这张木兰秋图是最引人注目的。木兰,是满语哨鹿的意思。哨鹿的方法是黎明前,士兵们潜入山林,身披鹿皮,头戴鹿角,口吹木哨,模仿公鹿的叫声。秋天正是鹿求偶分群的季节,用这种方法将母鹿引出来以便射杀。“ ”是指秋天打猎。这张图是清代兴隆阿所画,描绘的是200多年前皇帝打猎的场面。你们也许会感到奇怪,清朝皇帝为什么要率领大队人马千里迢迢来这里打猎呢?因为清帝入关以后,历史上英勇善战的八旗部队战斗力开始下降,他们有的临阵脱逃,有的自创伤痕,有时一人受伤,多人护送,为的是不上前线。康熙皇帝认识到,提高士兵素质,巩固北部边疆已成为当务之急。在这种形势下,康熙皇帝亲自率领八旗将士,出喜峰口,北上巡视,设置了以习武绥远为目的的木兰围场。木兰围场的建立,是清朝与蒙、藏民族友好关系的产物,它密切了蒙、藏地区与中原 地区的关系,加强了满、蒙、藏、汉各族人民之间的交流,巩固了北部边防,有利于抵御沙皇俄国的侵略和扩张。一年一度的围猎每次要进行20天左右,皇帝亲率政府各部官员及满、蒙八旗军队参加。为满足大批人马食宿休息、储蓄物品及皇帝处理政务的需要,从北京至围场要修建十余座行宫。热河处于这条北巡路线的中间地带,从北京到这里,奏章朝发夕至,而且这里气候宜人,风光秀丽,水草丰盛,所以康熙决定在这里修建一座大的行宫,这就是热河行宫。对此,乾隆有一句话讲得十分清楚:“我皇祖建此山庄于塞外,非为一己之豫游,盖贻万世之缔构也”。历史表明,秋大典和避暑山庄的建立,达到了康熙皇帝“合内外之心,成巩固之业”的政治目的。现在我们再来看这张图,它可分为两部分,一是御营,二是猎场。御营是皇帝居住和处理朝政的地方;猎场是实际打猎的地方。打猎时都有严明的组织和纪律,伪装成鹿的士兵把鹿引出来后,军士们逐步缩小包围圈,达到人并肩、马并耳的程度,但不能随便射杀。这时皇帝首先出来射第一箭,然后才是王公大臣、将士们依次射杀。图上画的是猎杀鹿的情景。请大家跟我向前走。 这第二道门叫“阅射门”,是皇帝观看皇子皇孙射箭比赛的地方。门的上方悬有一块匾,上面写着“ 暑山庄”四个镏金大字,是康熙皇帝的御笔,此匾精美绝伦,分外醒目。也许你们已经发现,这避暑山庄的“避”字多写了一横,是康熙皇帝写错了,还是另有原因呢?(……)还是这位先生(小姐)说对了,原来在清代两个“避”字同时使用,无论用哪一种写法都是正确的,这是一种异体字现象。在这里康熙皇帝是为了追求 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 法美才这样写的。 门前两侧这两个铜狮,威风凛凛。说起这两个铜狮,还有一段动人的传说呢!相传在中国抗日战争时期,日本侵略军侵占了承德并大肆抢劫。有一天一群日本兵发现这两个铜狮子很漂亮,是无价之宝,就想抢走,可是铜狮子太重,他们搬也搬不动,于是就分头去找工具。这一切让护院的老人看在眼里,痛在心上。他想铜狮子是国家的财宝,决不能让日本兵抢走。他灵机一动,立即从村里找来猪血,涂在狮子的眼睛上,等日本兵找到工具回来后发现狮子的眼睛红红的,都哭出了血,个个吓得目瞪口呆,害怕搬动狮子会给他们带来厄运,便慌里慌张地逃走了,这对国宝才得以保留至今。现在这对铜狮成了人们心目中的吉祥物。如果大家想万事如意的话,千万别忘了摸摸它。 来到澹泊敬诚殿前) 这个面阔七间,进深三重的大殿叫“澹泊敬诚”殿。“澹泊”二字来自于《易经》:“不烦不扰,澹泊不失”,诸葛亮在其《戒子书》中又说,“非澹泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远”。康熙皇帝题“澹泊敬诚”这四个字,含蓄地表达了他“居安思危,崇尚节俭”的思想。这个殿是避暑山庄的主殿,是清代皇帝在山庄居住时处理朝政和举行盛大庆典的地方。整个大殿用珍贵的楠木建造,因此又叫“楠木殿”。每当阴雨连绵之时,楠木散发着缕缕清香,沁人心脾。楠木产自云贵和江浙一带的深山峡谷之中,在没有先进运输工具的清代,将这些笨重的木材从遥远的南方运到塞北,大都装船河运或利用河水结冰和在旱路上泼水结冰的冬季,将木材放在冰上,依靠人力又拉又推,运到承德,其艰难是不言而喻的。据史料记载,为了修建这座楠木殿,耗费白银7.2万两,用工19万个。大殿外观古朴淡雅,不饰彩绘,殿内大理石铺地,正中地坪上设有皇帝的宝座。宝座周围设有宝象、端、仙鹤、香亭、如意等,精雕细刻,造型十分优美。宝座的后面有一个紫檀木屏风,上面刻有163个人物,形态逼真,栩栩如生,为“农家耕织长乐图”,以表示皇帝临朝时刻不忘百姓。在清代这个殿的东西山墙上挂着“皇舆 全图”,就是清代的地图,是清政府派专人测绘的。殿内北墙两侧墙壁上装有楠木书格,贮放着《古今图书集成》1万卷。你们可能会问:澹泊敬诚殿是举行盛大庆典的地方,那么当年是怎么一番盛况呢?那就要从松鹤斋南面的钟楼说起。当宣布庆祝大典或觐见开始,司钟人立即登上钟楼敲钟,钟响9下之后,山庄内各庙宇的钟声齐鸣,紧接着外八庙的钟声也相继应和。各种钟皆鸣81声。大殿前东西相对的两个乐亭里宫廷乐师们开始奏乐,在八音和谐、箫鼓齐鸣之下,文武百官就位,皇帝端庄肃穆,面南巍坐,开始处理朝政了。我想,你们的脑海里也许已经浮现出这一壮观的场面了吧? 乾隆皇帝还在澹泊敬诚殿接见少数民族的首领。乾隆十九年(1754年)接见过厄鲁特蒙古杜尔伯特部三策凌;乾隆三十六年(1771年)秋,接见过不远万里从伏尔加河流域回归祖国的土尔扈特汗渥巴锡一行;乾隆四十五年(1780年)农历七月廿一日,接见了西藏政教首领六世班禅额尔德尼。说到班禅话就长了,据史料记载,在接见仪式上,班禅先献吉祥哈达,跪请圣安。乾隆离开宝座亲手扶起,操藏语问佛安:“长途跋涉,必感辛劳。”班禅答:“远叨圣恩,一路平安。”在过去,达赖见皇帝,只跪不拜,这次班禅则要求行跪拜礼,以表示敬重皇帝,拥护王朝,乾隆对此颇为满意。八月十三日,清廷为乾隆皇帝70岁寿辰举行盛大庆典时,乾隆给予班禅最高规格的待遇,二人携手同登宝座,共同接受蒙古王公、各扈从大臣及外国使节的祝贺,随从班禅的三大寺堪布及蒙古章嘉国师唱赞无量寿经……。庆典之后,乾隆为班禅举行四次大型野宴。宴会中伴有相扑、杂技、赛马、烟火、音乐、舞蹈等文体节目,丰富多采,惊险动人。六世班禅东行承德,密切了西藏与清中央政府的关系,遏制了英国东印度公司对西藏的渗透分裂活动。回顾历史,在澹泊敬诚殿这个政治舞台上,曾演出过一幕幕对清王朝一统江山有重大影响的活剧,谱写了一曲曲民族团结的颂歌。 请各位绕过回廊,展现在我们面前的就是面阔五楹的四知书屋。楹,堂屋前部的柱子。面阔五楹就是面宽五间的意思。什么是“四知”呢?乾隆皇帝可不是指汉朝杨震所说的:做官要廉洁,不可贪脏枉法,办事再机密也瞒不过去,因为有“天知、地知、你知、我知”。乾隆皇帝所题的“四知”一语出于《易经》。因《易经》中说“君子知微、知彰、知柔、知刚,万夫之望。”乾隆皇帝对此话十分赞赏,因为恰好表达了他刚柔相济、恩威并施的统治策略。皇帝上朝前后,在这里更衣,有时也在此召见王公大臣和少数民族首领。万岁照房和配房现在展出的是御用官窑瓷器、珐琅器、帝后车舆和石鼓,请各位仔细欣赏这些稀世珍品,一定会让您大饱眼福的。 (向北行至烟波致爽殿院内) 这里是宫殿区的后半部分,叫“后寝”,是帝后和嫔妃们居住的地方。北殿为烟波致爽殿。康熙皇帝说这里“四围秀岭,十里平湖,致有爽气”,所以才题了这个殿名。明间陈设考究,富丽堂皇;西暖阁是皇帝的寝宫。所谓暖阁,就是在地面以下设有火道,冬季将红罗炭点燃,热气上达,满屋皆暖。同时屋里还放有火炉和薰笼,皇帝脚下设脚炉。康熙、乾隆、嘉庆、咸丰等皇帝都曾在这里居住过。室内靠北墙,紫檀落地罩内是皇帝的卧床,咸丰十一年(1861年),咸丰皇帝就病殁在这张床上。我们现在参观的这个酷似民居的小院,在清代却发生过一系列重大历史事件。1860年,英法联军进攻北京,农历八月初八,咸丰皇帝害怕洋人,携太后和慈安、慈禧两个皇后逃到热河来避难。也就是在这里,咸丰皇帝签准了清政府分别与英、法、俄三国签订的丧权辱国的《北京条约》,并承认《中俄瑷珲条约》有效,使我国 失去了大片领土和主权。咸丰死后,慈禧在这里策划了辛酉政变,开始垂帘听政,统治清朝长达48年之久,把中国进一步推向苦难的深渊。 烟波致爽殿两侧有两个跨院。东边的叫东所,咸丰在承德时是慈安皇后的住所,现在展出的是清代宫廷钟表。西边的叫西所,咸丰在承德时是慈禧的住所,现在展出的是慈禧当年的一些生活用品和照片。 云山胜地楼为正宫最后一进。这是一座玲珑别致的两层楼房,这个楼的特点内没有楼梯,而是沿楼前假山上的蹬道上楼。两侧朝房是宫廷挂屏和玻璃皿专题展览,光采夺目,让我们百看不厌。 (万壑松风桥至如意洲) 看完了正宫博物馆,我们现在来到了湖区,“山庄以山名,而胜趣实在水”区面积为57公顷,现在有七湖八岛。整个湖区一泓清水,洲岛错落,一派江南水乡秀色。你们看,右边湖上的三座亭子叫“水心榭”,屹立在石桥之上,结构匀称,明快轻盈。前面的这条长堤将左边的环碧、中间的如意洲和右边的月色江声连接起来,从高处看,这一堤三岛形状如灵芝,所以康熙皇帝给它起的名字叫芝径云堤。环碧岛上建有东、西相邻的两个庭院,各有殿三楹,名字是“澄光室”和“环碧”。在环碧殿以北,临近湖边的地方,有座草亭,形似斗笠。康熙年间,每逢农历七月十五日中元节时,常在这里举行盂兰盆会。月色江声岛上有康熙题名的门殿“月色江声”。每当月上东山之时,远山如黛,近水鸣吟,诗请画意,真是美极了!门殿以北有“静寄山房”、“莹心堂”等多组建筑,康熙、乾隆皇帝都曾经在这里读书。 请大家跟我沿芝径云堤北行,右前方隔湖相望的是金山岛。石岛在湖水环抱之中,意境与江苏镇江的金山很相似。岛上主体建筑“上帝阁”,是清代皇帝祭祀真武大帝和玉皇大帝的地方。山上平台建有两座殿堂。此外,还有月牙形的“芳洲亭”、“爬山廊”等建筑,当年皇帝乘龙舟就在这里登岸。 我们来到了湖区最大的岛屿——如意洲岛。岛上建筑很多,康乾七十二景中有十景在这里。主体建筑是一座宫殿。门殿的名字是“无暑清凉”,正殿为“延薰山馆”,面宽七楹,建筑宏伟,殿后有“水芳岩秀”殿。正宫落成前,这里是康熙皇帝处理朝政和居住的地方。现在这里展出的是清宫用品。岛的西北处是著名的园中之园——沧浪屿,是仿苏州“沧浪亭”而建的。虽面积不大,但殿堂、水阁、清泉、小亭、回廊巧妙地组织在一起,相互因借,恰到好处,令人流连忘返。电影《知音》的第一组镜头就是在这里拍摄的。 (跨过曲桥登上青莲岛) 女士们,先生们,迎面这座玲珑秀丽的建筑,叫烟雨楼。这是一座面宽五楹?、上下两层的小楼,楼的上下还有围廊。二楼上的云龙金匾是乾隆皇帝题写的。烟雨楼与门殿之间是一个规整的方院,几棵古松苍劲挺拔。月台下两座石须弥座上有铜鹿一对。烟雨楼是仿浙江嘉兴的烟雨楼而建的。每当阴雨时节,细雨蒙蒙,登楼远眺,只见远山近水,尽在轻纱薄雾笼罩之中,如入仙境。楼东有“青阳书屋”,是皇帝习文读书的地方;楼西南有“对山斋”,面对着假山。山上建有六角形凉亭,名字叫翼亭。 (沿澄湖北岸经“水流云在”、“莺啭乔木”诸亭东行) 我们现在到达的地方就是闻名遐尔的热河泉。泉边上这块石碑,写着“热河”两个大字。因为泉水温热,又有上游的温泉水汇入,所以冬天也不结冰。尤其是周围白雪皑皑时,这里的湖面却热气蒸腾,实为奇观。 (进入避暑山庄平原区) 我们眼前这片开阔的平原,面积有千余亩,是由“万树园”和“试马埭”两部分组成的。万树园地势平坦,林木苍郁,驯鹿野兔出没期间,是塞外难得的草原风光。试马埭位于万树园西侧,绿草如茵,驰道如弦,是清代皇帝赴木兰围场举行“秋大典”之前,选拔骏马的地方。 (来到万树园以西的文津阁) 各位看到的这座秀丽的古建筑就是清代著名的藏书楼——文津阁。津,是水的渡口。文津,是文化知识的渡口。如欲求得知识,便需自此问津的意思。它和北京紫禁城内的文渊阁、圆明园的文源阁、沈阳故宫的文溯阁合称“内廷四阁”。这组建筑坐北朝南,门殿、假山、水池、楼阁相继排列。主体建筑文津阁处于山环水抱之中,上下各六间,是仿浙江宁波天一阁而建。从外观上看,它是两层,里边实际是三层,中间一层为暗层,阳光不能直接射入,以便更好地保护图书。阁内曾藏有巨著《古今图书集成》和《四库全书》各一部。 (来到阁前水池边) 请大家站在我身边,顺着我手指的方向看,瞧!池中一弯新月,在水中轻轻抖动。这是天上月亮的倒影吗?不是,天上正是丽日当空。是我们眼睛的错觉吗?更不是,我们看得这样真真切切。这就是堪称承德一绝的“日月同辉”奇观。究竟是怎么回事呢?请各位到前面的假山中自己去寻找 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 。(此时导游员给游客留出几分钟时间去寻找。)大家请注意,这位先生(小姐)是最先找到答案的!原来这是利用光的反射原理,透过山洞南壁的月牙形缺口,在水中倒映出的影子。 (带游客到榛子峪口) 我市的旅游、文物部门联合推出的“乘车环山游”这一旅游项目,既安全,又方便。现在我们就乘汽车到山区看看。位于山庄西北部的山区约占避暑山庄总面积的五分之四,如果步行的话,大概一天也游不完的。 (导游员请游客上车) 你们看,这里峰峦起伏,松涛阵阵。自南而北依次有榛子峪、西峪、松林峪、梨树峪、松云峡5条沟峪,情趣各不相同。我们现在游览的这条沟就是榛子峪。榛子峪、西峪松林遍谷,间或有榛丛、栎树;梨树峪景色很美,春天梨花万树,芳香扑鼻,秋天果实满枝头;松云峡 古松参天,莽莽苍苍。清代曾在这里依山就势构筑了40多组风格不同的园林、寺庙、碑碣建筑。因年代久远,大部分已自然坍塌。这里特别让我们痛惜的是位于西湖以西山坡上的珠源寺。寺内建有两层高的佛阁,名叫“宗镜阁”,它内外均用铜铸,制作精良,雕刻巧妙,而且可以自由装卸,里边供奉的释迦牟尼等佛像也为铜铸,所以俗称“铜殿”。但现在仅存有基址,它并非毁于自然。这是为什么呢?原来,抗日战争期间,日本鬼子侵入承德,抢走好多珍宝文物,并拆毁了宗镜阁,除三块铜匾幸存下来以外,其余全被日本侵略军运往日本。今日的宗镜阁遗址,如同北京圆明园遗址一样,成了我们进行爱国主义教育的好课堂。(汽车在四面云山亭附近停下来,导游员带领游客登上四面云山亭) 各位现在登上的这个亭子叫四面云山亭。它是山区的最高点。亭中长风四达,虽是盛夏,也凉爽如秋。乾隆皇帝每来山庄,必到此一游,并触景生情,写诗多首。其中两句是“绝顶平临北斗齐,座中惟觉众山低。”今天各位看到的比乾隆皇帝看得还要丰富,不仅可以欣赏到乾隆皇帝当年欣赏的自然风光,而且还可以远眺承德市区新貌! (汽车来到西北门,导游员带领大家登上宫墙) 中国有句名言:“不到长城非好汉”。现在我们大家已经登上了承德的小长城——山庄宫墙。它依山就势,蜿蜒起伏。各位在宫墙上漫步,南可望雄奇秀丽的山庄,北可望金碧辉煌的外八庙。你们看,这座庙就是酷似西藏布达拉宫的普陀宗乘之庙,那座是六世班禅的行宫——须弥福寿之庙,距我们稍远一点的那座庙叫普宁寺,那里供有世界最高木雕佛像——千手千眼观世音菩萨……。明天我将带领大家去参观这些寺庙。现在带照像机的朋友,可以在这里多照几张像,不然,你们是会后悔的哟!(汽车经“青枫绿屿”下山,环山游结束) 穿过这片地势平坦的草原,前边这座高耸入云的塔叫舍利塔,是仿杭州的六和塔和南京的报恩寺塔而建的。塔身为九层八面,高67米,我们承德人叫它“六和塔”。一层南北两面各有石八券门,进门沿盘旋而上的台阶可登到塔顶。塔内供有佛教雕像。乾隆在山庄居住时,有时清晨登塔礼佛。巍巍宝塔配以绿色的原野,气势宏伟,格外引人注目。 这里是蒙古包度假村。如果从远处看,这一座座洁白的蒙古包好像一群白天鹅降落在绿茸茸的草地上。清代这里也曾建有蒙古包,康熙、乾隆皇帝曾在这里的御幄蒙古包欢迎和宴请少数民族首领和外国使节。这里向大家介绍一次著名的接见活动:乾隆五十七年(1792年)9月29日,英王乔治二世派出以马戈尔尼勋爵为特使、斯当东为副使,由100余人组成的外交使团,乘坐“狮子号”军舰,从朴次茅斯港出发,直航天津,这是“大英帝国”派往中国的第一个正式访华使团。乾隆五十八年(1793年)7月26日,使团船队抵达天津,经北京于9月8日到达热河。乾隆对英使来访很重视,决定在热河行宫进行接见。9月14日,就是在这里的御幄蒙古包,马戈尔尼特使在全权公使、中国翻译和见习童子的陪同下,由礼部尚书引领到乾隆皇帝御座旁,拾级而上,单腿下跪致词后,呈交了英王给乾隆皇帝的信件和礼品。大家可知道,这个并不复杂的谒见礼仪,还是中英双方磋商了好几天才定下来的呢!乾隆向马戈尔尼特使回赠了玉如意等礼品,并让他们同扈从王公大臣、蒙古王公台吉一同参加宴会,亲自给英使赐酒,赏观杂技、戏剧、拳术等文艺节目。9月17日(阴历八月十三),清廷在山庄举行盛大的阅兵典礼,庆祝乾隆83岁寿辰,马戈尔尼又前来避暑山庄给乾隆皇帝祝寿,晚上在万树园观看了盛大的焰火晚会。英王在信中提出派使臣常驻北京等一系列要求。乾隆回到北京后,和坤将乾隆在避暑山庄写好的《赐英吉利国王敕书》交给了马戈尔尼。 10月7日英使带着乾隆回赠英王的礼物回国。马戈尔尼希望通过与清王朝最高当局直接谈判,打开中国大门,开拓东方贸易市场的构想没有实现。清朝在办理交涉过程中维护了王朝国威和尊严。但英国使团在几个月的时间里对中国政治、军事、经济情况有了一个直观的了解,搜集了大量军政资料。马戈尔尼的中国之行为鸦片战争作了理论上的准备,所以1840年英国人率先用洋枪洋炮打开了中国的大门,从此中国开始了半封建、半殖地的社会。 请大家随我从蒙古包度假村南行,经万树园门出山庄。 (回到汽车上) 女士们、先生们,游览了避暑山庄以后各位印象如何?现在我要请大家回答前面的问题:我国园林专家们为什么说避暑山庄就是祖国锦绣河山的缩影?在回答这个问题之前,请大家先说说避暑山庄的地形。(……)太好了!这位先生说对了!那位小姐也说对了!今天大家游览时已经看到,避暑山庄的地形是东南部地势较低,景色秀丽,如同江南;东北部地势平坦,芳草如茵,一派草原风光;西北部则地势高敞,沟壑纵横。这一切虽然是“自然天成地就势”,却好像人工雕琢了一般,竟如此巧妙地和我们伟大祖国的地形相吻合,况且全国各地的许多胜景还被神奇般地集中在山庄,因此连园林专家们也都发出了由衷的赞叹:避暑山庄就是祖国锦绣河山的缩影。 现在让我们再来看看避暑山庄在我国历史、文化和园林艺术方面的地位和作用吧! 在我国历史上,避暑山庄是清朝前期统一多民族国家巩固和发展的历史见证。康乾盛世时期,皇帝每年约有半年左右的时间,住在避暑山庄,处理朝政。从避暑山庄丰富的历史内涵来说,它又是一座民族和宗教的历史博物馆,是一部用特殊资料编写的清朝历史。 从文化价值来说,避暑山庄是康乾盛世的产物。山庄内各种类型的建筑,突出表现了多民族联合、宇内大一统的思想。在山庄里,汉族文化和一些少数民族文化,既表现出各自的特点,又吸收了其它文化的精华,呈现出绚丽多姿又融为一体的景观,真实地再现了中华文化多元的特点,显示出避暑山庄在清代处于多民族文化的中心地位。现在,承德已经迈步走向世界,避暑山庄和周围寺庙群不仅属于中国,它已经成为全人类共同的文化遗产。联合国教科文组织的专家称赞避暑山庄这座优秀皇家园林是“集东方哲学思想之大成”。 从园林艺术角度看,康熙在建造避暑山庄时,根据“物尽天然之趣,不烦人事之工”的原则,充分利用山庄内山峦、溪流、湖泊、平原等自然条件,因地制宜地修筑亭台楼阁,尽量保留大自然的山林野趣。宫殿区的建筑虽然严格恪守“天子身居九重”之制,但却具有北方四合院朴素简洁的特色,不用黄琉璃瓦,代以灰瓦盖顶青砖砌墙,使宫殿区的建筑与整个山庄的建筑风格相一致,显得既古朴,又淡雅。可以说,避暑山庄是我国最富有艺术特色的皇家园林,它集中了历代造园艺术的精华,形成了独特的民族风格,具有高度的艺术成就,不愧是中国古典园林的一颗灿烂明珠,是世界园林实例中的奇迹,是我们中华民族的骄傲!!!