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帽儿山真菌分类学实习指导

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帽儿山真菌分类学实习指导帽儿山真菌分类学实习指导 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further streng...

帽儿山真菌分类学实习指导
帽儿山真菌分类学实习指导 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 菌物学野外综合实习指导 一、适用专业 林业、森林保护、生物技术等。 二、实习地点 东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场。 三、实习地帽儿山-老山概况 东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场市东北林业大学教学、科研、生产三结合基地之一,建于 o`o`1958年3月,位于尚志县西部,距哈尔滨约100公里。地理坐标为东经12730—12734; o`o`北纬4520—4525。总面积26507公顷,南北长30公里、东西宽20公里。全场划分为8个施业区。 帽儿山属长白山系支脉张广才岭西北部小岭的余脉。属于自然资源富饶的次生林半山区地带。境内最高峰为帽儿山,海拔805米,因顶峰突出形状似帽而得名,境内山峦绵延,丘陵起伏,平均海拔300米,由南向北渐高,一般坡度在10—15度,因离海洋较远,又有高山阻隔,故而大陆性气候较为明显,属温带季风型气候,春秋季风很强,冬季寒冷干燥,夏季气温较高,雨量集中于7、8月。年平均温2.8?;年平均湿度70%,常年偏西南风,年降水量723.8mm,年蒸发量1093.9mm,年日照时数2471.3小时,无霜期120—140天。境内4条小河汇为阿什河,最后汇入松花江。 帽儿山地区的植被属长白植物区系,是东北东部山区典型的天然次生林区,原地带性顶级群落为红松-阔叶林。1903年修筑中东铁路时,森林曾遭到日本帝国主义的抢劫和破坏,经过几个阶段的演变才逐渐恢复为现在的天然次生林相。在边远山区和高山脊部仍存在有散生的原始单株红松,目前林下少量的红松幼树都来源于这些母树的下种。过去林内有东北虎及数量较多的黑熊和野猪、狼、狍子、野鸡、马鹿、林蛙、细鳞鱼,现在仍可见到,只是数量上已大为减少。境内天然次生林类型多样,木本和草本植物种类繁多,共千余种。林场的森林覆盖率为70.2%。森林总蓄积量为198万立方米,有林地面积18604公顷,有林地平均蓄积量为每公顷105立方米,生长量每公顷高达12立方米,最低为2立方米,平均为7.47立方米。从建场以来共营建人工林2000多公顷,六十年代以前纯林较多,已被改造为针阔混交林。树种有红松、落叶松、樟子松、云杉、胡桃楸、水曲柳、黄波罗、白桦及青杨等。 对天然次生林的抚育间伐主要与栽针保阔相结合,上层林冠保留当前的优势树种,下层栽植红松,促使逐渐恢复原地带性顶极群落-红松阔叶林。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 老山人工林实验站始建于1978年4月,主要以红松、樟子松、落叶松人工林为主,呈岛形与块状与天然次生林镶嵌分布。 四、林木真菌标本的采集和制作 (一)、真菌种类调查的类别与程序 真菌种类的调查,基本上可以分为两大类:普查和专门调查。普查是以一个林区、苗圃或一个地区为对象进行广泛的调查,其目的是摸清真菌种类,这种调查不一定要求很精确,但调查的面要广。在普查的基础上还可进行专门调查。 调查的程序一般可分为准备工作、外业工作、内业工作三个阶段。 1、准备工作 收集调查地区林分及卫生情况的材料,如过去的调查报告、预报卡片、火灾、造林失败的报告和已知的真菌性病害发源地等报导。另外对调查地区的林木资源、自然历史条件、地形、气象、土壤等资料以及森林经理报告、造林计划、地形图、施业区略图等均应详细阅读。根据以上资料拟定调查方法和计划,设计调查表格,绘制林区的林相草图,准备必要的调查仪器和用具。 2、外业工作 主要是按既定的 工作计划 幼儿园家访工作计划关于小学学校工作计划班级工作计划中职财务部门工作计划下载关于学校后勤工作计划 在预定的调查地点开展工作。工作结束后要求获得能足以说明调查地区的一般卫生情况、病害种类、危害性、分布情况等原始资料(包括文字记载、各种表格和草图)。各类地面调查按调查和研究的对象可分为苗圃、幼龄林、成林、林木种实等病害调查。每种调查都可以采用踏查和详细调查的方法进行。 踏查是对调查地区进行一般的了解,通常是沿着预定的有代表性的路线进行,了解调查地区的一般卫生状况、病害种类、危害及分布,并估计其蔓延的范围和面积、真菌种类、决定详细调查的方式和标准地的地点等。 详细调查是在设立的标准地上进行调查,目的是较精确地统计病害的发病率和损失程度,并对病害发生的环境因素作进一步的分析和研究。 为了鉴定病原的种类和收集研究资料,调查时应采集标本。 3、内业工作 内业工作是鉴定病原,把收集到和调查到的全部材料按一定方法进行汇总、统计,算出发病率和损失程度,并就立地条件和林分因子来分析病害发生和流行的原因,最后写出调查报告。调查报告的内容要真实、简明,一般可包括下列项目:?调查目的;?调查方法;the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation ?调查结果,常用图表说明,比较简单明了;?讨论和总结,根据调查材料肯定已解决的问题,提出存在的问题和今后进一步研究的意见;?防治措施的建议。 成林病害调查方法有踏查和详细调查两种。踏查是沿一定路线用目测方法进行。调查路线可按需要与具体情况来决定。在经过经理调查的地区内,可以沿着林班线深入林班线两侧各5m或深入林班线一测10m进行踏查。在未曾进行经理调查的地区,一般是沿着林区大小道路、河流进行踏查。踏查路线间的距离一般为250-1000m,视工作精度的不同而定。目测的内容主要有林分因子、病害种类、分布情况(散生、簇状、块状、大片)、严重程度(严重+++、中等++、轻微+)、蔓延面积、卫生状况(倒木、风折木、枯立木)等。结果记入表1中。 详细调查是在踏查的基础上,按详细调查的目的选择标准地。如果目的是要查明森林立地条件与病害发生的关系,标准地就要考虑设在不同立地条件的林分中。如果目的是要查明各林分因子与病害发生的关系,标准地就应设在不同林分因子的林分中。标准地也可以在病害发生程度不同的林分中设立,但一般都设在病害发源地,以查明影响病害发生的环境因素。 标准地为正方形、长方形或圆形,面积0.1ha,树木株数不得少于100株。标准地面积总和不应少于病害发源地面积的5%。 标准地选定后基本按测树学方法,标定位置、打线、竖桩、目测林分因子(组成、林龄、平均高、平均直径、地位级、疏密度等)、立地条件(幼林、下木、地被物、土壤、地形和地势)、卫生状况等,然后分别树种和林木等级进行每木调查,结果记入表3中。最后分别病腐种类按径级进行标准木调查,以估算林分损失和了解腐朽在树干内部的蔓延情况,结果记入表4中,然后分别汇总到表5和表6中。 (二)、林木真菌标本的采集 林木病害标本和真菌标本是鉴定病害的依据,是科学研究的资料,又是陈列展览、宣传、教学用的形象用具,因此标本的采集和制作是一件重要的经常性的工作。 1、标本采集的主要用具 标本夹、标本箱、刀、锯、移植铲、标本纸、修枝剪、高枝剪、放大镜、标签、记录本等。 2、标本采集时的注意事项 ? 优良的病害标本必须具备受害部分在不同时期的明显而典型的症状,最好具有病症。每种病害的数量不宜太少,因为标本在制作及鉴定时常有损坏,而且多余的标本可以交换。作为研究材料或教学用的标本更应大量采集。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation ? 采集时须记载寄主名称、采集日期、地点、采集人、主要发病情况、必要的生态因子等。比较细致的常常只在标签上编号,另有采集记载簿作比较详细的纪录。常用的记录簿格式如下: 森林病害标本采集记录卡片 标本号 采集日期 采集地点 生态环境(林分状况、立地条件) 寄主名称(通用名及学名) 危害部位 标本性质(寄生或腐生) 发病程度(发病率及散布程度) 症状描述 病名或学名 鉴定人 采集人 附注 ? 叶部病害标本可压在标本夹中;枝干病害或木质、革质的子实体,采取后可放于标本箱中或用纸包裹后放于标本箱中带回整理。伞菌由于子实体肉质易烂,干后又会变色变形,孢子暴露在外很易散落,且生长于林地或木材上,拔取时易破坏,因此必须注意野外记录或描绘各部分新鲜时的颜色、大小、质地、形态、着生部位、林木种类、孢子印等;有条件的最好能绘制彩色图或摄彩照,以便鉴定。 (三)、林木真菌标本的制作 标本可用干燥法及浸渍法保存,微小的标本可制成玻片。制作和保存以能尽量保持原有性状为原则。干燥法简单经济,应用也最广。 1、标本干燥法 叶片、茎、果等(水分不多,较小型的)可夹于吸水的标本纸或报纸中,用标本夹夹紧,数天即成。在压制过程中必须勤换干纸。高温高湿的天气,标本易发霉变色,更需勤换纸。通常前三四日每日换纸一二次,以后每二三日换一次,至全部干燥为止。较大枝条和坚果类病害标本及高等担子菌的革质或木质的子实体可直接晒干、烤干或风干。肉质多水的病害标本如伞菌子实体,应迅速干燥,最好是直接风吹日晒、烤干或放入烘烤箱中以30?-45?烘the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 干。制作伞菌或其他肉质菌标本还可以采用以下方法:沿中心纵切成厚约1-1.5mm薄片(观察菌褶、菌柄二者关系),并把另一部分柄及挖去约1mm厚的菌盖(以观察色泽、外部形态)贴在涂有明胶或万能胶的薄纸上,按标本形状将四周薄纸剪去,夹在吸水纸中压干,并勤换纸,干燥厚贴在台纸上固定即成。粘菌标本是将基物用万能胶或针固定在纸盒上,晒干即可。 2、标本浸渍法 为了保存某些标本,如腐烂的水果、肉质的子囊菌子实体等的色泽、症状特点、形状等,需用此法。 ? 保持绿色的浸渍液 (1)硫酸铜-亚硫酸浸渍法:标本以4%-5%的硫酸铜浸泡6-24h,再用清水漂洗数小时,然后放在1.6%的亚硫酸业中密封瓶口保存。用亚硫酸浸渍液也可把21g亚硫酸钠加入1000ml水中,溶化后再徐徐加入16ml浓硫酸。此法用于保存绿色组织或器官效果很好,但需注意密封瓶口。必要时可每年换一次浸液。 (2)醋酸铜-甲醛浸渍法:将结晶的醋酸铜加入50%醋酸中至饱和为止。用时以水稀释3-4倍(根据标本颜色深浅而定),加热至沸腾,投入标本,煮至标本原有的绿色退去后又变绿色时取出,用清水漂静后,保存在5%的甲醛液中。此法保色力很好,但稍带蓝色,与标本原色稍有出入。过程也较繁琐。 (3)柯里(Colley)浸渍液:(标本浸入此液中密封可永久保存) 醋酸铜 0.2g; 升汞 0.01g; 冰醋酸 0.2ml; 樟脑甘油饱和液 50ml; 水 50ml。 (4)硫酸铜-醋酸浸渍液:(在此种浸渍液中,甲醛和乙醇的用量是根据标本腐烂难易而定) 硫酸铜 0.2g; 醋酸 5ml; 甲醛(40%) 10ml; 乙醇(95%) 65ml; 水 25ml。 ? 普通防腐性浸渍液主要用于防腐,而不要求保持原色。 (1)5%甲醛液。 (2)70%酒精。 (3)甲醛-酒精液:甲醛(40%) 25ml;酒精(95%) 150ml;水 1000ml。 ? 高等真菌子实体的浸渍液。 (1)硫酸锌-甲醛溶液:硫酸锌 25g; 甲醛(40%) 10ml; 水 1000ml。 (2)亚硫酸液:5%亚硫酸饱和溶液 950ml;酒精 10ml; 水 50ml。 (3)赫斯娄(Hesler)液:氯化锌 50g;甲醛(40%) 10ml;甘油 10ml;水 1000ml。 (4)醋酸铅浸渍液:将醋酸铅用蒸馏水制成饱和溶液,但只采用上层溶液。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation ? 保存真菌色素不溶于水的浸渍液。 (1)硫酸锌-甲醛溶液:硫酸锌 25g; 甲醛(40%) 10ml; 水 1000ml。 (2)醋酸汞-冰醋酸溶液:醋酸汞 1g; 冰醋酸 5ml; 水 1000ml。 ? 保存真菌色素溶于水的浸渍液。 ; 中性醋酸铅 10g; 冰醋酸 10ml; 酒精(95%) 1000ml。 醋酸汞 1g 浸渍标本可保存于标本瓶中,为防止标本起浮移动,也可以将标本缚在玻片上然后浸渍。浸渍标本应放置于暗处,,以防氧化后变色。浸渍标本瓶必须密封。密封方法如下: (1)暂时封固法:4份明胶在水中浸数小时,将水滤去,加热溶化,拌入一份石蜡,溶化混合后成为胶状物,趁热使用。最简单的方法是用凡士林直接涂瓶口,再包硫酸纸。 (2)永久封固法:用28g明胶在水中浸数小时,将水滤去,加热溶化,混入0.324g重各酸钾及充分的熟石膏使其呈糊状,即可用于封口。 (四)、标本的整理、排列和保存 制成的标本,经整理及登记后,按一定的次序排列和保存。由于用途和标本性质的不同,保存的方法也不同。下面介绍几种常用的方法: 1、浸渍标本保存法 某些易烂的肉质标本,应保存于盛有浸渍液的标本瓶内,放入梯形标本柜中,置于暗处。这种液浸标本是教学和陈列必须的。 2、干制标本保存法 封套保存标本法,适于叶、小枝、小果病害或小型真菌标本。 ? 用牛皮纸或其他厚纸制成封套,封套大小可根据需要决定,一般常用的大小约10×24cm或14×24cm。将标本放入封套中,封套上贴上标本签。这种方法保存方便、节省位置,很易按照不同的分类系统排列。改变排列方法也比较方便。 ? 腊叶标本纸上保存法。用厚的道林纸,剪成一定大小作为台纸。将标本用胶水固定在台纸上,表面盖上透明纸,并贴上标签放在纸套中保存。这种方法一般情况下很少用。 ? 镜框保存法。根据需要做成带有玻璃盒的纸盒,一般长宽为30×40cm,厚为3cm。底盒铺上一层脱脂棉并加少许樟脑粉,将标本及标签放于其上,然后加上玻璃盖即可。 ? 纸盒保存法。此法适于干制的高等子囊菌和担子菌,以及枝干病害标本。按需要做成不同大小纸盒或做成带玻璃盖的纸盒,将标本直接放入盒内保存。为防止虫蛀,加少许樟脑粉,有条件时可在纸盒内放一层棉花后,再放入标本保存。 ? 标本瓶保存法。标本瓶洗净干燥后,放入少许樟脑粉或甲醛液,再放入一层脱脂棉,the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 在脱脂棉上盖一圆纸片,然后将标本放于其上,封盖保存。这种方法很适于教学及陈列用。 标本经整理和鉴定以后,应在封套、纸盒和标本瓶上贴上标签。标签上要注明病名或菌名、寄主名、采集地点、日期、采集人、鉴定人。 标本可以按寄主或病菌分类系统排列放置,但这种方法不适宜盒装标本,因为标本盒大小不一,数量又不断增加,位置就很难固定或因经常移动标本盒,而使标本损坏。为克服上述缺点,可将标本盒编成号,分别盒的大小放入标本柜中,然后用两套索引卡片标记:一套是标本的寄主索引,另一套是菌类索引,也相应地编号以便查找。 标签、标本盒、标本柜的规格,各标本室有所不同,可根据需要自行设计。 五、帽儿山林场真菌名录 子囊菌亚门Ascomycotina 半子囊菌纲 Hemiascomycetes 外囊菌目Taphrinales 外囊菌科Taphrinaceae 1. 榆外囊菌Taphaeriales ulmi 寄生榆属植物叶上,引起轻度肿大病斑。? 球壳菌目Sphaeriales 肉座菌科Hypocreaceae 2. 朱红从赤壳Nectria cinnabarina 腐生阔叶树枝上。 疔座菌科polystigmataceae 3. 李疔座霉Polystigma ochraceum 寄生稠李上,引起李疔病。 间座壳科Diaponthaceae 4. 污黑腐皮壳Valsa sordida 引起杨树烂皮病。 5. 胡桃黑盘壳Melanconis juglandis 引起胡桃楸枯枝病。 6. 榆日规壳菌Gnomonia ulmea 寄生在榆树叶片上。 7. 黑轮层炭壳Gnomonia ulmea 腐生在阔叶树倒木、枯枝上。 8. 炭盘Nummularia repanda 腐生在阔叶树枯枝上。 9. 红棕炭团菌Hypoxylon rutilum腐生在阔叶树枝、干上。 腔菌纲Loculoascomycetes 座囊菌目Dothideales 座囊菌科Dothideaceae 10. 日本落叶松球腔菌Mycosphaerella larici-leptolepis 引起落叶松早落病。 11. 葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea 引起杨树水泡溃疡病。 纵裂菌目Hysteriales 纵裂菌科Hysteriaceae 12. 大孢纵裂壳Hysterium macrosporum 红松伐根上。 盘菌纲Discomycetes 盘菌目Pezizales 肉杯菌科Sarcoscyphaceae 13. 白毛肉杯菌Sarcoscypha floccose guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 羊肚菌科Morchellaceae 14. 羊肚菌Morchella esculenta 15. 小顶羊肚菌Morchella angusticeps 盘菌科Pezizaceae 16. 大足盘菌Macropodia macropus 17. 浅脚瓶盘菌Urnula craterium 星裂盘菌目Phacidiales 斑痣盘菌科Rhytismataceae 18. 松针散盘壳Lophodermium seditiosum 19. 柳斑痣盘菌Rhytisma salicinum 20. 小孢录盘菌Chlorosplenium aeruginascens 21. 松芽孢盘菌Tympanis confusa 22. 铁锈薄盘菌Cenangium ferruginosum 23. 杨薄盘菌Cenangium ferruginosum 担子菌亚门Basidiomycotina 24. 杨锐孔菌Oxyporus populinus 25. 毛盖绵皮孔菌Spongipellis litschaueri 26. 泡盖绵皮孔菌Spongipellis spumeus 27. 桦滴孔菌Piptoporus betulinus 28. 桦革裥菌Lenzites betulina 29. 三色革裥菌Lenzites tricolor 30. 肉三色革裥菌Lenzites tricolor var. rubescens 31. 凌孔菌Favolus squamosus 32. 宽鳞棱孔菌Favolus squamosus 33. 黑柄多孔菌Polyporus melanopus 34. 冬拟多孔菌Polyporellus varius 35. 多变拟多孔菌Polyporellus varius 36. 短尖栓菌Trametes acuta 37. 香栓菌Trametes suaveolens 38. 岛生栓菌Trametes insularis 39. 肉色栓菌Trametes dickinsii 40. 异型栓菌Trametes heteromorpha 41. 偏肿拟栓菌Pseudotrametes gibbosa 42. 单色下皮黑菌Cerrena unicolor 43. 毛革盖菌Coriolus hirsutus 44. 彩绒革盖菌Coriolus versicolor 45. 环文革盖菌Coriolus zonatus 46. 烟管菌Bjerkondera adusta 47. 烟色烟管菌Bjeerkondera adusta 48. 蜜粘褶菌Gloeophyllum trabeum 49. 香粘褶菌Gloeophyllum odoratum 50. 囊孔菌Hirschioporus pargamenus 51. 冷杉囊孔菌Hirschioporus abietinus 52. 褐紫囊孔菌Hirschioporus fusco-violaceus the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 53. 朱红蜜孔菌Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 54. 血红蜜孔菌Pycnoporus sanguineus 55. 木蹄层孔菌Fomes fomentarius 56. 奥地层孔菌Fomes ohiensis 57. 薄盖大孔云芝Polystictus pinsitus 58. 白扇云芝Polystictus lamii 59. 环带干酪菌Tyromyces zonatulus 60. 毛盖干酪菌Tyromyces pubescens 61. 白干酪菌Tyromyces albidus 62. 粗毛栓菌Funalia gallica 63. 耙齿菌Ixpex lacteus 64. 翁孔菌Mucronopurus scaurus 65. 树脂薄皮孔菌Ischnoderma resinosum 66. 硫色炫孔菌Laetiporus sulphureus 67. 粗糙拟迷孔菌Daedaleopsis confragosa 68. 青顶拟多孔菌Polyporellus picipes 69. 红拟层孔菌Fomitopsis rosea 70. 层卧孔菌Fomitiporia punctata 71. 皱囊孔菌Hirschioporus laricinus 72. 灰黄锐孔菌Oxyporus ravidus 刺革菌科Hymenochae 73.贝形刺革菌Hymenochaete badio-ferruginea 74.多年生集毛菌Coltricia perennis 75.松木层孔菌Phellinus Pini 76.火木层孔菌Phellinus igniarius 77.裂蹄木层孔菌Phellinus linteus 78.淡黄木层孔菌Phellinus gilvus 79.鸟状纤维孔菌Inonotus rheades 80.薄皮纤孔菌Inonotus cuticularis 81.粗皮纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus 82.宽棱木层孔菌Phellinus torulosus 83.辐射状层孔菌Inonotus radiatus 84.平滑褐孔菌Fuscoporia laevigata 裂褐菌科Schizophyllaceae 85.裂褐菌Schizophyllum commune 86.厚白层孔菌Aleurodiscus disciformis 87.珠丝盘革菌Aleurodiscus disciformis 88.胶皱孔菌Merulium tremellosus 韧革菌科Stereaceae 89.扁韧革菌Stereum fasciatum 90.红褐韧革菌Stereum rufum 91.血痕韧革菌Stereum Sanguinolentum 92.细绒韧革菌Stereum Sanguinolentum 93.毛韧革菌Stereum hirsutum guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 94.脱毛韧革菌Stereum lobatum 95.褐盖韧革菌Stereum vibrans 革菌科Thelephyoraceae 96.疣革菌Thelephora terrestris 猴头菌科Hericiaceae 97.猴头菌Hericium erinaceus 98.烟色齿耳Steccherinum adustum 99.细绒齿耳Steccherinum ochraceum 灵芝菌科Ganodermataceae 100.树舌Elfvingia applanata 木耳目Auriculariales 木耳科Auriculariaceae 101.木耳Auricularia auricula 102.毛木耳Auricularia auricula 103.毡盖木耳Auricularia mesenterica 伞菌目Agaricales 鬼伞科Coprinaceae 104.晶粒鬼伞Coprinus micaceus 口茉科Tricholomataceae 105.波状沟菌科Trogia crispa 106.蜜环菌Armillariella mellea 107.止血扇菇Panellus stypticus 108.变黑扇菇Panellus nigritus 109.美味侧耳Pleurotus sapidus 110.榆干侧耳Pleurotus sapidus 111.亚侧耳Hohenbuelia serotina 112.洁丽香菇Lentinus lepideus 113.毛杯金钱菌Collybia velutipes 球盖菇科Strophariaceae 114.红环鳞伞Pholiota spectabilis 115.多脂鳞伞Pholiota adipose 冬孢菌纲Teliomycetes 锈菌目Uredinales 栅锈菌科Melampsoraceae 116.松杨栅锈菌Melampsara larici-populina 117.山杨栅锈菌Melampsora laricis_tmulae 118.松柳栅锈菌Melampsora larici-epitea 119.茶鹿子柱锈菌Cronartium ribicola 鞘锈菌科Coleosporiaceae 120.颖冬鞘锈菌Coleosporium tussilaginis 柄锈科Pucciniaceae 121.禾柄锈菌Puccinia graminis 122.草地早熟禾柄锈菌Puccinia poae-pratensis 123.茶鹿子柄锈菌Puccinia ribis the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 124.榆三孢锈菌Triphragmium ulmariae 125.萎陵菜多孢锈菌Phragmidium potentillae 半知菌亚门Deuteromycotina 腔孢菌Coelomycetes 球壳孢目Sphaeropsidales 球壳孢科Sphaeropsidaceae 126.榆叶点霉Phyllosticta bellunensis 127.醋栗叶点霉Phyllosticta grossulariae 128.茶鹿子壳针孢Septoria ribis 黑盘孢目Melanconiales 黑盘孢科Melanconiaceae 129.胡桃黑盘孢Melanconium juglandinum 130.杨棒盘孢Coryneum populinum 丝孢纲Hyphomycetes 丝孢目Hyphomycetales 暗色孢科Dematiaceae 131.朝鲜槐尾孢Cercospora cladrastidis 从梗孢科Moniliaceae 132.灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea 瘤座孢目Tuberculariales 瘤座孢科Tuberculariaceae 133.普通瘤座孢Tubercularia vulgaris guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation
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