首页 《环境化学》戴树桂(第二版)_课后习题答案1111111111

《环境化学》戴树桂(第二版)_课后习题答案1111111111

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《环境化学》戴树桂(第二版)_课后习题答案1111111111《环境化学》戴树桂(第二版)_课后习题答案1111111111 《绪论》部分重点习题及参考答案 1(如何认识现代环境问题的发展过程, 环境问题不止限于环境污染,人们对现代环境问题的认识有个由浅入深,逐渐完善的发展过程。 a、在20世纪60年代人们把环境问题只当成一个污染问题,认为环境污染主要指城市和工农业发展带来的对大气、水质、土壤、固体废弃物和噪声污染。对土地沙化、热带森林破环和野生动物某些品种的濒危灭绝等并未从战略上重视,明显没有把环境污染与自然生态、社会因素联系起来。 b、1972年发表的《人类环境...

《环境化学》戴树桂(第二版)_课后习题答案1111111111
《环境化学》戴树桂(第二版)_课后习题答案1111111111 《绪论》部分重点习题及参考答案 1(如何认识现代环境问题的发展过程, 环境问题不止限于环境污染,人们对现代环境问题的认识有个由浅入深,逐渐完善的发展过程。 a、在20世纪60年代人们把环境问题只当成一个污染问题,认为环境污染主要指城市和工农业发展带来的对大气、水质、土壤、固体废弃物和噪声污染。对土地沙化、热带森林破环和野生动物某些品种的濒危灭绝等并未从战略上重视,明显没有把环境污染与自然生态、社会因素联系起来。 b、1972年发表的《人类环境宣言》中明确指出环境问题不仅表现在水、气、土壤等的污染已达到危险程度,而且表现在对生态的破坏和资源的枯竭;也宣告一部分环境问题源于贫穷,提出了发展中国家要在发展中解决环境问题。这是联合国组织首次把环境问题与社会因素联系起来。然而,它并未从战略高度指明防治环境问题的根本途径,没明确解决环境问题的责任,没强调需要全球的共同行动。 c、20世纪80年代人们对环境的认识有新的突破性发展,这一时期逐步形成并提出了持续发展战略,指明了解决环境问题的根本途径。 d、进入20世纪90年代,人们巩固和发展了持续发展思想,形成当代主导的环境意识。通过了《里约环境与发展宣言》、《21世纪议程》等重要文件。它促使环境保护和经济社会协调发展,以实现人类的持续发展作为全球的行动纲领。这是本世纪人类社会的又一重大转折点,树立了人类环境与发展关系史上新的里程碑。 2.怎样了解人类活动对地球环境系统的影响 地球环境系统即为生物圈,生物圈有五大圈层组成:大气圈 水圈 生物圈 土壤圈 岩石圈 这五大圈层受到人类影响 也就影响了整个地球环境系统 例如: 大气圈,人类的工业化,是的矿物质燃料使得co2 so2等气体大量进入大气中 是的大气吸收的地面的长波辐射增多,形成保温层 这就是我们说的温室效应 生物圈:人类的砍伐,屠杀野生动物,造成生态系统的破坏,食物链的断裂或减少,是的生态系统的物质循环,能量流动受到影响 造成灾害 各种生态系统的恢复力减弱 抗破坏力减弱 土壤圈:树木的砍伐造成水土流失,人们盲目施肥 造成土壤污染 水圈:水的污染就不用说了 岩石圈:人类活动的原因 引发酸雨,溶洞腐蚀 ,砍伐造成风沙肆虐 风化现象加剧 而且五大圈层相辅相成,一个受到影响会引发其他的影响,进而造成自然灾害,造成生命财产损失,人类的活动最终的苦果还要人类自己承受 1 2(你对于氧、碳、氮、磷、硫几种典型营养性元素循环的重要意义有何体会, (1)氧的循环: (2)碳的循环: 2 (3)氮的循环 (4)磷的循环 (5)硫的循环 3 (6)体会:氧、碳、氮、磷和硫等营养元素的生物地球化学循环是地球系统的主要构成部分,它涉及地层环境中物质的交换、迁移和转化过程,是地球运动和生命过程的主要营力。 3(根据环境化学的任务、内容和特点以及其发展动向,你认为怎样才能学好环境化学这门课程, (1)环境化学的任务、内容、特点:环境化学是在化学科学的传统理论和方法基础上发展起来的,以化学物质在环境中出现而引起的环境问题为研究对象,以解决环境问题为目标的一门新兴学科。环境化学是一门研究有害化学物质在环境介质中的存在、化学特性、行为和效应及其控制的化学原理和方法的科学。它既是环境科学的核心组成部分,也是化学科学的一个新的重要分支。 (2)环境化学的发展动向:国际上较为重视元素(尤其是碳、氮、硫、磷)的生物地球化学循环及其相互耦合的研究;重视化学品安全评价;重视臭氧层破坏、气候变暖等全球变化问题。我国优先考虑的环境问题中与环境化学密切相关的是:以有机物污染为主的水质污染;以大气颗粒物和二氧化硫为主的城市空气污染;工业有毒有 4 害废弃物和城市垃圾对大气、水和土地的污染等。 (3)我对学好这门课的观点:环境化学包含大气、水体和土壤环境化学多个分支学科,研究有害化学物质在大气、水体和土壤环境中的来源、存在、化学特性、行为和效应及其控制的化学原理和方法。这就决定了环境化学研究中需要运用现场研究、实验室研究、实验模拟系统研究和计算机模拟研究相结合的系统研究方法,主要以化学方法为主,还要配以物理、生物、地学、气象学等其他学科的方法。因此, 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 研究人员具有较广泛的各相关学科的理论知识和实验动手能力。我们在日常学习中应当以开阔的视野,除了环境化学之外,广泛涉猎各相关学科,并注重培养自己的实验操作,如此才可能学好这门课。 4(举例简述污染物在环境各圈的迁移转化过程。 以汞为例,说明其在环境各圈层的迁移转化过程,见下图。 汞在环境中的存在形态有金属汞、无机汞化合物和有机汞化合物三种。在好氧或厌氧条件下,水体底质中某些微生物能使二价无机汞盐转变为甲基汞和二甲基汞。甲基汞脂溶性大,化学性质稳定,容易被鱼类等生物吸收,难以代谢消除,能在食物链中逐级放大。甲基汞可进一步转化为二甲基汞。二甲基汞难溶于水,有挥发性,易散逸到大气中,容易被光解为甲烷、乙烷和汞,故大气中二甲基汞存在量很少。在弱酸性水体(pH4,5)中,二甲基汞也可转化为一甲基汞。 HCHCHg426 空气 )Hg(CH32 鱼 水+CHHg3 细菌+HgHgCH(CH)Hg332 细菌细菌2+2+沉积物HgHg+Hg2 细菌 图1,1 汞的迁移转化循环《大气环境化学》重点习题及参考答案 5 3(大气中有哪些重要污染物,说明其主要来源和消除途径。 环境中的大气污染物种类很多,若按物理状态可分为气态污染物和颗粒物两大类;若按形成过程则可分为一 6 次污染物和二次污染物。按照化学组成还可以分为含硫化合物、含氮化合物、含碳化合物和含卤素化合物。主要按照化学组成讨论大气中的气态污染物主要来源和消除途径如下: (1)含硫化合物 大气中的含硫化合物主要包括:氧硫化碳(COS)、二硫化碳(CS)、二甲基硫(CH)S、硫化氢(HS)、2322二氧化硫(SO)、三氧化硫(SO)、硫酸(HSO)、亚硫酸盐(MSO)和硫酸盐(MSO)等。大气中的SO2324342 2-(就大城市及其周围地区来说)主要来源于含硫燃料的燃烧。大气中的SO约有50%会转化形成HSO或SO,2244另外50%可以通过干、湿沉降从大气中消除。HS主要来自动植物机体的腐烂,即主要由植物机体中的硫酸盐经2 微生物的厌氧活动还原产生。大气中HS主要的去除反应为:HO + HS ? HO + SH。 222 (2)含氮化合物 大气中存在的含量比较高的氮的氧化物主要包括氧化亚氮(NO)、一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO)。主22要讨论一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO),用通式NO表示。NO和NO是大气中主要的含氮污染物,它们的2x2 人为来源主要是燃料的燃烧。大气中的NO最终将转化为硝酸和硝酸盐微粒经湿沉降和干沉降从大气中去除。x 其中湿沉降是最主要的消除方式。 (3)含碳化合物 大气中含碳化合物主要包括:一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化碳(CO)以及有机的碳氢化合物(HC)和含氧烃类,2 如醛、酮、酸等。 CO的天然来源主要包括甲烷的转化、海水中CO的挥发、植物的排放以及森林火灾和农业废弃物焚烧,其中以甲烷的转化最为重要。CO的人为来源主要是在燃料不完全燃烧时产生的。大气中的CO可由以下两种途径去除:土壤吸收(土壤中生活的细菌能将CO代谢为 CO 和 CH);与HO自由基反应被氧化为CO。 242 CO的人为来源主要是来自于矿物燃料的燃烧过程。天然来源主要包括海洋脱气、甲烷转化、动植物呼吸和2 腐败作用以及燃烧作用等。 甲烷既可以由天然源产生,也可以由人为源产生。除了燃烧过程和原油以及天然气的泄漏之外,产生甲烷的机制都是厌氧细菌的发酵过程。反刍动物以及蚂蚁等的呼吸过程也可产生甲烷。甲烷在大气中主要是通过与HO自由基反应被消除:CH + HO?CH + HO。 432 (4)含卤素化合物 大气中的含卤素化合物主要是指有机的卤代烃和无机的氯化物和氟化物。 大气中常见的卤代烃以甲烷的衍生物,如甲基氯(CHCl)、甲基溴(CHBr)和甲基碘(CHI)。它们主要333由天然过程产生,主要来自于海洋。CHCl和CHBr在对流层大气中,可以和HO自由基反应。而CHI在对流333层大气中,主要是在太阳光作用下发生光解,产生原子碘(I)。许多卤代烃是重要的化学溶剂,也是有机合成工业的重要原料和中间体,如三氯甲烷(CHCl)、三氯乙烷(CHCCl)、四氯化碳(CCl)和氯乙烯(CHCl)333423等均可通过生产和使用过程挥发进入大气,成为大气中常见的污染物。它们主要是来自于人为源。在对流层中,三氯甲烷和氯乙烯等可通过与HO自由基反应,转化为HCl,然后经降水而被去除。 氟氯烃类中较受关注的是一氟三氯甲烷(CFC,11或F,11)和二氟二氯甲烷(CFC,12或F,12)。它们可以用做致冷剂、气溶胶喷雾剂、电子工业的溶剂、制造塑料的泡沫发生剂和消防灭火剂等。大气中的氟氯烃类 7 主要是通过它们的生产和使用过程进入大气的。由人类活动排放到对流层大气中的氟氯烃类化合物,不易在对流层被去除,它们在对流层的停留时间较长,最可能的消除途径就是扩散进入平流层。 4.影响大气中污染物迁移的主要因素是什么? 主要有:(1)空气的机械运动如风和大气湍流的影响;(2)天气和地理地势的影响;(3)污染源本身的特性。 6.太阳发射光谱和地面测得的太阳光谱有何不同,为什么, 太阳辐射的光谱包括红外线、可见光和紫外线等,其经过大气层被削弱了约一半,其中紫外线和红外线被极大的削弱所剩无几,但可见光却几乎都能到达地表,其比重也由47%上升到92%。即光谱分布就不同了。 7(大气中有哪些重要的自由基,其来源如何, 大气中存在的重要自由基有HO、HO、R(烷基)、RO(烷氧基)和RO(过氧烷基)等。它们的来源如下: 22 (1)HO来源 对于清洁大气而言,O的光离解是大气中HO的重要来源: 3 O,hv,O,O 32 O,HO,2HO2 对于污染大气,如有HNO和HO存在,它们的光离解也可产生HO: 222 HNO,hv,HO,NO2 HO,hv,2HO 22 其中HNO的光离解是大气中HO的重要来源。 2 (2)HO的来源 2 大气中HO主要来源于醛的光解,尤其是甲醛的光解: 2 HCO,hv,H,HCO 2 H,O,M,HO,M 22 HCO,O,HO,CO 22 任何光解过程只要有H或HCO自由基生成,它们都可与空气中的O 结合而导致生成HO。亚硝酸酯和22 8 HO 的光解也可导致生成HO: 222 CHONO,hv,CHO,NO33 CHO,O,HO,HCO3222 HO,hv,2HO22 HO,HO,HO,HO2222 如体系中有CO存在: HO,CO,CO,H2 H,O,HO22 (3)R的来源 大气中存在量最多的烷基是甲基,它的主要来源是乙醛和丙酮的光解: CHCHO,hv,CH,HCO33 CHCOCH,hv,CH,CHCO3333 这两个反应除生成CH外,还生成两个羰基自由基HCO和CHCO。 33 O和HO与烃类发生H摘除反应时也可生成烷基自由基: RH,O,R,HO RH,HO,R,HO2 (4)RO的来源 大气中甲氧基主要来源于甲基亚硝酸酯和甲基硝酸酯的光解: CHONO,hv,CHO,NO33 CHONO,hv,CHO,NO3232 (5)RO的来源 2 大气中的过氧烷基都是由烷基与空气中的O结合而形成的: R,O,RO222 9 9.叙述大气中NO转化为NO2的各种途径。 ? NO + O3 NO2 + O2 ? HO + RH R + H2O R + O2 RO2 NO + RO2 NO2 + RO R`CHO + HO2 (R`比R少一个C原子) RO + O2 NO + HO2 NO2 + HO 10大气中有哪些重要的碳氢化合物,它们可发生哪些重要的光化学反应, ( 甲烷、石油烃、萜类和芳香烃等都是大气中重要的碳氢化合物。它们可参与许多光化学反应过程。 (1)烷烃的反应:与HO、O发生H摘除反应,生成R氧化成RONO反应 与2 RH + OH ? R + HO 2 RH + O ? R + HO R + O ? RO 22 RO + NO ? RO + NO 22 (2)烯烃的反应:与OH主要发生加成、脱氢或形成二元自由基 加成:RCH=CH + OH ? RCH(OH)CH 22 RCH(OH)CH+ O ? RCH(OH)CHO 2222 RCH(OH)CHOO + NO+ NO ? RCH(OH)CH 2222 脱氢:RCH=CH+ HO ? RCHCH+ HO 222 生成二元自由基: 10 O OORRRR1313 CCO+ CC3 RRRR2424 OORR31 CCO+ R2R4 ROOR13 COC+ RR24 二元自由基能量很高,可进一步分解为两个自由基以及一些稳定产物。另外,它可氧化NO和SO等: 2 RRCOO + NO ? RRCO + NO 12122 RRCOO + SO ? RRCO + SO(3)环烃的氧化:以环己烷为例 121223 + HO + HO2 OO + O2 OOO + NO + NO2 (4)芳香烃的氧化 (a)单环芳烃:主要是与HO发生加成反应和氢原子摘除反应。 CH3 OH H CHCH33CH3OHOH HH表示+ HO用 CH3 OH H 11 生成的自由基可与NO反应,生成硝基甲苯: 2 CHCH33 OH H+ NO+ HO2 2 NO2 加成反应生成的自由基也可与O作用,经氢原子摘除反应,生成HO和甲酚: 22 CHCH33 OHOH H+ O+ HO2 2 生成过氧自由基: CH3 OH HH OOCHCH33CHOO3OHOHOH H+ OH表示H用2 OO CH3 OH HH OO CHCH33 OHOH H+ NO+ NOH 2 OOO CH3 OH OHCHCCHCHOH+ CHC(O)CHO+ O32 O (b)多环芳烃:蒽的氧化可转变为相应的醌 H Ohv+ O 2O H 12 它可转变为相应的醌: OH O O HO (5)醚、醇、酮、醛的反应 它们在大气中的反应主要是与HO发生氢原子摘除反应: CHOCH + HO ? CHOCH + HO 33322 CHCHOH + HO ? CHCHOH + HO 3232 CHCOCH + HO ? CHCOCH + HO 33322 CHCHO + HO ? CHCO + HO 332 上述四种反应所生成的自由基在有O存在下均可生成过氧自由基,与RO有相类似的氧化作用。 22 11.碳氢化合物参与的光化学反应对各种自由基的形成有什么贡献, OH+RH—H2O+R M+R+O2-RO2+M RO2+NO-RO+NO2 RO2+O2-HO2+羰基化合物 RH为碳氢化合物 12.说明光化学烟雾现象,解释污染物与产物的日变化曲线,并说明光化学烟雾产物的性质与特征。 (1)光化学烟雾现象:主要含有氮氧化物和碳氢化合物等一次性污染物的大气,在阳光照射下发生化学反应而产生二次污染物。这种由一次和二次污染物的混合物所形成的烟雾污染现象称为光化学烟雾。因最早(1940年)在美国洛杉矶首先出现,又称洛杉矶型烟雾。 (2)性质与特征:烟雾蓝色;具有强氧化性,能使橡胶开裂;对眼睛、呼吸道等有强烈刺激,并引起头痛、呼吸道疾病恶化,严重可造成死亡;对植物叶子有害,能使大气能见度降低;刺激物浓度峰值出现在中午和午后;污染区域出现在污染源下风向几十到几百公里的范围内。 (3)日变化曲线:白天生成夜晚消污失;染物浓度峰值出现在中午和午后;烃类和NO发生在早上交通高峰时节,此时NO2浓度很低;随太阳辐射增强,O3和NO2浓度逐渐增加,到中午已经较高。一般O3和NO2浓度峰值比NO浓度峰值晚出现4-5小时。 推断:O3和NO2主要是二次污染物。 傍晚虽交通繁忙,但日光较弱,不足以引起光化学反应。 13 说明烃类在光化学烟雾形成过程中的重要作用。 13( 光化学烟雾形成过程是由多种自由基参与的一系列反应,NO和醛的光解可引发O、H自由基的产生,而烃2 类RH的存在又是自由基转化和增殖为数量大,种类多的根本原因。烃类在光化学烟雾形成过程中占有很重要的地位。 RH + O ? R + HO RH + HO ? R + HO 2 H + O ? HO 22 R + O ? RO 22 RCO + O ? RC(O)OO 2 其中R为烷基、RO为过氧烷基,RCO为酰基、RC(O)OO[RC(O)O]为过氧酰基。通过如上途径生成的HO、222RO和RC(O)O均可将NO氧化成NO。 222 14.何谓有机物的反应活性?如何将有机物按反应活性分类? (1)有机物的反应活性:有机物的反应活性是指反应难易程度。反应中有些中间体能增加反应活性。正催化 剂能产生容易反应的中间体,改变反应历程,缩短反应时间。 (2)分类:按有机物所含官能团分类:烷、烯、炔、醇、酮、苯、酚、醚、羧酸、糖等。 15.简述大气中S02氧化的几种途径。 (1)SO2气相氧化:SO2首先氧化成SO3,随后S03被水吸收成硫酸,形成酸雨或硫酸烟雾。硫酸与大气中的NH4+等阳离子结合生成硫酸盐气溶胶。 ?S02的直接光氧化; ?SO2被自由基氧化。 (2)SO2液相氧化:大气中存在少量水和颗粒物。SO2可溶于大气中液体水,也可被大气颗粒物吸附,并溶解在颗粒物表面所吸附的水中。于是SO2便可发生液相反应。 ?S02液相平衡; ?O3对SO2氧化; ?H2O2对SO2氧化; ?金属离子对SO2液相氧化催化作用 。 17.说明酸雨形成的原因 酸性降水是指通过降水,如雨、雪、雾、冰雹等将大气中的酸性物质迁移到地面的过程。最常见的就是酸雨。这种降水过程称为湿沉降。酸雨现象是大气化学过程和大气物理过程的综合效应。酸雨中含有多种无机酸和有机酸,其中绝大部分是硫酸和硝酸,多数情况下以硫酸为主。从污染源排放出来的 SO 2 和 N O x是形成酸雨的主要起始物,其形成过程为: SO 2 + [O] ? SO 3 SO 3 + H 2 O ? H 2 SO 4 SO 2 + H 2 O ? H 2 SO 3 H 2 SO 3 + [O] ? H 2 SO 4 NO + [O] ? NO 2 2NO 2 + H 2 O ? HNO 3 + HNO 2 14 大气中的 SO 2 和 NO x 经氧化后溶于水形成硫酸、硝酸和亚硝酸,这是造成降水 pH 降低的主要原因。 除此之外,还有许多气态或固态物质进入大气对降水的 pH 也会有影响。大气颗粒物 中Mn 、 Cu 、 Ν 等是酸性气体氧化的催化剂。大气光化学反应生成的 O 2 和 HO 2 • 等又是使 SO 2氧化的氧化剂。因此,降水的酸度是酸和碱平衡的结果。如降水中酸量大于碱量,就会形成酸雨。 确定酸雨pH界限的依据是什么, 18( pH为5.6作为判断酸雨的界限。依据以下过程得出:在未污染大气中,可溶于水且含量比较大的酸性气体 3是CO,所以只把CO作为影响天然降水pH的因素,根据CO的全球大气浓度330ml/m与纯水的平衡: 222 KHCO (g) + HOCO + HO 2222 K1+- CO + HOH + HCO223 K+-22- HCO H + CO33 +-+-2-根据电中性原理:[H],[OH] + [HCO] + 2[CO],将用K、K、K、[H]表达的式子代入,得: 3H123 +3+ [H] – (K + KKp) [H] – 2KKKp,0 CO2CO2WH1H12 都有固定值,将这些已知数值带入上式,计算结果是pH,5.6。 在一定温度下,K、K、K、K、pCO2WH12 论述影响酸雨形成的因素 答 影响酸雨形成的因素主要有: (1) 酸性污染物的排放及其转化条件。 (2)(2) 大气中NH3的含量及其对酸性物质的中和性。 (3)(3) 大气颗粒物的碱度及其缓冲能力。 4)(4) 天气形势的影响 ( 20什么是大气颗粒物的三模态,如何识别各种粒子模, ( Whitby等人依据大气颗粒物表面积与粒径分布的关系得到了三种不同类型的粒度模。按这个模型,可把大气颗粒物表示成三种模结构,即爱根(Aitken)核模(D<0.05μm)、积聚模(0.05μm2μm)。 ppp (1)爱根核模主要源于燃烧产生的一次颗粒物以及气体分子通过化学反应均相成核而生成的二次颗粒物。由于它们的粒径小、数量多、表面积大而很不稳定,易于相互碰撞结成大粒子而转入积聚模。也可在大气湍流扩散过程中很快被其他物质或地面吸收而去除。 (2)积聚模主要由核模凝聚或通过热蒸汽冷凝再凝聚长大。这些粒子多为二次污染物,其中硫酸盐占80%以上。它们在大气中不易由扩散或碰撞而去除。积聚模与爱根核模的颗粒物合称细粒子。 15 (3)粗粒子模的粒子称为粗粒子,多由机械过程所产生的扬尘、液滴蒸发、海盐溅沫、火山爆发和风沙等一次颗粒物所构成,因此它的组成与地面土壤十分相近,主要靠干沉降和湿沉降过程而去除。 23.何谓温室效应和温室气体? 大气中的某些微量组分,能使太阳的短波辐射透过,加热地面,而地面增温后所放出的热辐射,却被这些组分吸收,使大气增温。由于这些组分的作用在某些方面类似温室的玻璃房顶,因此这种现象被称为温室效应,这些组分被称为为温室气体。 主要温室气体有二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、二氧化氮(NO2)、氯氟烷烃(CFCs)等。八十年代研究表明,人为排放各种温室气体对温室效应所起作用比例不同,其中二氧化碳55,,氯氟烷烃24,,甲烷15,,二氧化氮6,。二氧化碳大量增加是造成温室效应加剧的主要原因。 *-2-1、 请推导出封闭和开放体系碳酸平衡中[HCO]、[HCO]和[CO]的表达式,并讨论这两个体系之间的区别。 2333 16 解: 2、 请导出总酸度、CO酸度、无机酸度、总碱度、酚酞碱度和苛性碱度的表达式作为总碳酸量和分布系数(α)2 的函数。 3、 向一含有碳酸的水体加入重碳酸盐,问:?总酸度、?总碱度、?无机酸度、?酚酞碱度和?CO酸度,是2 增加、减少还是不变。 17 4、 在一个pH为6.5,碱度为1.6mmol/L的水体中,若加入碳酸钠使其碱化,问需加多少mmol/L的碳酸钠才能使水体pH上升至8.0.若用NaOH强碱进行碱化,又需加入多少碱 :总碱度=KW/ [H+] + CT(α1 + 2α2) - [H+] 解 CT={[总碱度] + [H+] - [OH-]} 令α= 当pH在5,9范围内,[碱度]?10-3mol/L时, [H+],[OH-]项可以忽略不计,得到简化式:CT=α[碱度] 当pH=6.5时,查教材P110表得α1=0.5845,α2=8.669×10-5,则α=1.71,CT =α[碱度]=1.71×1.6=2.736mmol/L 若加入碳酸钠将水的pH升至8.0,查表得α′=1.018,此时CT值与碱度值均有变化.设加入的碳酸钠量为Δ[CO32-],则有 CT + Δ[CO32-]=α′{[碱度] + 2Δ[CO32-]} 即2.736 + Δ[CO32-]=1.018{1.6 + 2Δ[CO32-]} 解得,Δ[CO32-]=1.069 mmol/L 若加入氢氧化钠将水的pH升至8.0,其CT值并不变化,可得: [碱度] =CT/ α′=2.736/1.018=2.688 mmol/L 碱度增加值就是应加入的氢氧化钠强碱量: -3*-2-Δ[OH-]=2.688-1.6=1.088 mmol/L具有2.00×10mol/L碱度的水,pH为7.00,请计算 [HCO]、[HCO]、 [CO]2333-和[OH]的浓度各是多少, 5、 若有水A,pH为7.5,其碱度为6.38mmol/L,水B的pH为9.0,碱度为0.80mmol/L,若以等体积混合,问混合后的值是多少, 18 -4+6、 溶解1.00×10mol/L的Fe(NO)于1L具有防止发生固体Fe(OH)沉淀作用所需最小[H]浓度的水中,假定3332+3+2++4+溶液中仅形成Fe(OH)和Fe(OH)而没有形成Fe2(OH)。请计算平衡时该溶液中[Fe]、[Fe(OH)]、22++[Fe(OH)]、[H]和pH。 2 19 7、 请叙述水中主要有机和无机污染物的分布和存在形态。 20 8、 8 什么叫优先污染物,我国优先控制污染物包括哪几类, 9、 请叙述天然水体中存在哪几类颗粒物, 21 10、 什么是表面吸附作用,离子交换吸附作用和专属吸附作用 并说明水合氧化物对金属离子的专属吸附和非专属吸附的区别. (1)表面吸附:由于胶体表面具有巨大的比表面和表面能,因此固液界面存在表面吸附作用.胶体表面积越大,吸附作用越强. (2)离子交换吸附:环境中大部分胶体带负电荷,容易吸附各种阳离子.胶体每吸附一部分阳离子,同时也放出等量的其他阳离子,这种作用称为离子交换吸附作用,属于物理化学吸附.该反应是可逆反应,不受温度影响,交换能力与溶质的性质,浓度和吸附剂的性质有关. (3)专属吸附:指在吸附过程中,除了化学键作用外,尚有加强的憎水键和范德化力或氢键作用.该作用不但可以使表面点荷改变符号,还可以使离子化合物吸附在同号电荷的表面上. (4)水合氧化物对金属离子的专属吸附与非金属吸附的区别如下表所示. 项目 专属吸附 非专属吸附 发生吸附的表面净电荷的符号 -,0,+ - 金属离子所起的作用 配位离子 反离子 吸附时所发生的反应 配位体交换 阳离子交换 发生吸附时要求体系的pH值 任意值 >零电位点 吸附发生的位置 内层 扩散层 对表面电荷的影响 负电荷减少,正电荷增加 无 动力学可逆性 不可逆慢过程 快速可逆请叙述氧化物表面吸附配合模型的基本原理以及与溶液中配合反应的区别。 -311、 用Langmuir方程描述悬浮物对溶质的吸附作用,假定溶液平衡浓度为3.00×10mol/L,溶液中每克悬 -3-3浮固体吸附溶质为0.50×10mol/L,当平衡浓度降至1.00×10mol/L时,每颗吸附剂吸附溶质为0.25×-310mol/L,问每克吸附剂可以吸附溶质的限量是多少, 22 12请说明胶体的凝聚和絮凝之间的区别。 由电介质促成的聚集称为凝聚,由聚合物促成的聚集称为絮凝 12、 请叙述水中颗粒物可以哪些方式进行聚集, 13、 请叙述水环境中促成颗粒物絮凝的机理。 14、 含镉废水通入HS达到饱和并调pH值为8.0,请计算水中剩余镉离子浓度(已知CdS的溶度积为7.92-27×10)。 15、 已知Fe3+与水反应生成的主要配合物及平衡常数如下: Fe3+ + H2OFe(OH)2+ + H+ lgK1= - 2.16 Fe3+ + 2H2OFe(OH)2+ + 2H+ lgK2= - 6.74 Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+ + 3OH- lgKso= - 38 Fe3+ + 4H2OFe(OH)4- + 4H+ lgK4= - 23 2Fe3+ + 2H2OFe2(OH)24+ + 2H+ lgK= - 2.91 请用pc-pH图表示Fe(OH)3(s)在纯水中的溶解度与pH的关系. 解: (1)K1=[Fe(OH)2+][H+]/ [Fe3+]=[Fe(OH)2+]KW3/Kso[H+]2 p[Fe(OH)2+]=3 lgKW - lgKso + 2 pH - lgK1=2 pH - 1.84 (2)K2=[Fe(OH)2+][H+]2/ [Fe3+]=[Fe(OH)2+]KW3/Kso[H+] p[Fe(OH)2+]=3 lgKW - lgKso + pH - lgK2=pH + 2.74 23 (3)Kso=[Fe3+][OH-]3=[Fe3+]KW3/[H+]3 p[Fe3+]=3 lgKW - lgKso + 3 pH=3 pH - 4 (4)K4=[Fe(OH)4-][H+]4/ [Fe3+]=[Fe(OH)4-][H+]KW3/ Kso p[Fe(OH)4-]=3 lg KW - lgK4 - lgKso - pH=19 - pH (5)K=[Fe2(OH)24+][H+]2/ [Fe3+]2=[Fe2(OH)24+]KW6/ Kso2[H+]4 p[Fe2(OH)24+]=6 lg KW - lgK - 2 lgKso + 4 pH=4 pH - 5.09 用pc-pH图表示Fe(OH)3(s)在纯水中的溶解度与pH的关系如下 0+-2+0,,216、 已知,。溶液中存在[H]、[OH]、[Hg]、[Hg(OH)]lgK,,6.3Hg,2HO,2H,Hg(OH)222 +-5-和[ClO]等形态,且忽略了[Hg(OH)]和离子强度效应,求1.0×10mol/L的Hg(ClO)溶液在25?时的pH值。 442 17、 请叙述腐殖质的分类及其在环境中的作用。 -32--18、 在pH=7.00和[HCO]=1.25×10mol/L的介质中,HT与固体PbCO(s)平衡,其反应如下: 33 ,2,,,2 PbCO(s),HT,PbT,HCO,K,4.06,1033 2-问作为HT形态占NTA的分数。 24 19、 请叙述有机配体对重金属迁移的影响。 20、 什么是电子活度pE,以及它和pH的区别。 21、 有一个垂直湖水,pE随湖的深度增加将起什么变化, 22、 从湖水中取出深层水,其pH=7.0,含溶解氧浓度为0.32mg/L,请计算pE和E。 h 25 23、 在厌氧消化池中和pH=7.0的水接触的气体含65%的CH和35%的CO,请计算pE和E。 42h-2-—24、 在一个pH为10.0的SOHS体系中(25?),其反应为: 4 2,,, SO,9H,8e,HS,4HO(l)42 02--0 已知其标准自由能G值(kJ/mol)SO:-742.0,HS:12.6,H2O(l):-237.2,水溶液中质子和电子的Gf4f值为零。 0?请给出该体系的pE。 -4?如果体系化合物的总浓度为1.0×10mol/L,那么请给出下图中?、?、?和?的lgc-pE关系式。 25、 解释下列名词:分配系数;标化分配系数;辛醇-水分配系数;生物浓缩因子;亨利定律常数;水解速率;直接光 解;光量子产率;生长物质代谢和共代谢. (1)分配系数:在土壤-水体系中,土壤对非离子性有机化合物的吸着主要是溶质的分配过程(溶解),即非离子性 有机化合物可通过溶解作用分配到土壤有机质中,并经过一定时间达到分配平衡,此时有机化合物在土壤有机 质和水中含量的比值称为分配系数. (2)标化分配系数:有机化合物在颗粒物-水中的分配系数与颗粒物中有机碳呈正相关,以固相有机碳为基础的 26 分配系数即标化分配系数. (3)辛醇-水分配系数:有机化合物的正辛醇-水分配系数(KOW)是指平衡状态下化合物在正辛醇和水相中浓度的比值.它反映了化合物在水相和有机相之间的迁移能力,是描述有机化合物在环境中行为的重要物理化学参数.KOW与化合物的水溶性,土壤吸附常数和生物浓缩因子等密切相关. (4)生物浓缩因子:有机毒物在生物体内浓度与水中该有机物浓度之比. (5)亨利定律常数:通常可理解为非电解质稀溶液的气-水分配系数. (6)水解速率:反映某一物质在水中发生水解快慢程度的一个参数. (7)直接光解:化合物本身直接吸收太阳能而进行分解反应. (8)光量子产率:分子被活化后,它可能进行光反应,也可能通过光辐射的形式进行"去活化"再回到基态,进行光化学反应的光子数占吸收光子数之比称为光量子产率. (9)生长物质代谢和共代谢:生物降解过程中,一些有机污染物作为食物源提供能量和提供酶催化反应分解有机物,这称为生长物质代谢.某些有机污染物不能作为微生物的唯一碳源与能源,必须有另外的化合物存在提供微生物碳源或能源时,该有机物才能被降解,这种现象称为共代谢. 26、 某水体中含有300 mg/L的悬浮颗粒物,其中70%为细颗粒(d<50μm),有机碳含量为10%,其余的粗 6颗粒有机碳含量为5%。已知苯并[α] 芘的K为10,请计算该有机物的分配系数。 OW 27、 一个有毒化合物排入至pH=8.4,T=25?水体中,90%的有毒物质被悬浮物所吸着,已知酸性水解速率 -7-1常数K=0,碱性催化水解速率常数K=4.9×10L/(d.mol),中性水解速率常数K=1.6d,请计算化合物的水解abh 速率常数。 28、 某有机污染物排入pH=8.0,T=20?的江水体中,该江水中含悬浮颗粒物500mg/L,其有机碳含量为10%。 ?若该污染物分子量为129,溶解度为611 mg/L,饱和蒸汽压为1.21Pa(20?),请计算该化合物的亨利定 3律常数(Pa.m/mol),并判断挥发速率是受液膜控制或气膜控制。 ?假定K=3000cm/h,求该污染物在水深1.5m处挥发速率常数(K)。 gv 27 29、 某有机污染物溶解在一个含有200 mg/L悬浮物、pH=8.0和T=20?水体中,悬浮颗粒物中细粒为70%, -1有机碳含量为5%,粗颗粒有机碳含量为2%,已知此时该污染物的中性水解速率常数K=0.05d, 酸性水解h6-1速率常数K=1.7 L/(d.mol),碱性催化水解速率常数K=2.6×10L/(d.mol),光解速率常数K=0.02 h,污染物abp5-1的辛醇-水分配系数K=3.0×10,并从表中查到生物降解速率常数K=0.20 d,忽略颗粒物存在对挥发速OWB 率和生物降解速率的影响,求该有机污染物在水体中的总转化速率常数。 3-1-130、 某河段流量Q=2160000m/d,流速为46km/d,T=13.6?,耗氧系数K=0.05d,复氧系数K=1.82d,12-143BOD沉浮系数K=0.17d,起始断面排污口排放的废水约为10×10 m/d,废水中含BOD500mg/L,溶解氧35 为0 mg/L,上游河水中BOD为0mg/L,溶解氧为8.95 mg/L,求排污口下游6km处河水中的BOD和氧亏55 值。 28 31、 请说明湖泊富营养化预测模型的基本原理。 32、 请叙述有机物在水环境中的迁移,转化存在哪些重要过程. (1)负载过程:污水排放速率,大气沉降以及地表径流引入有机毒物至天然水体均将直接影响污染物在水中的浓度. (2)形态过程: 酸碱平衡:天然水中pH决定着有机酸或碱以中性态存在的分数,因而影响挥发及其他作用. ? ?吸着作用:疏水有机化合物吸着至悬浮物上,由于悬浮物质的迁移而影响它们以后的归趋. (3)迁移过程: ?沉淀-溶解作用:污染物的溶解度范围可限制污染物在迁移,转化过程中的可利用性或者实质上改变其迁移速率. ?对流作用:水力流动可迁移溶解的或者被悬浮物吸附的污染物进入或排出特定的水生生态系统. ?挥发作用:有机污染物可能从水体进入大气,因而减少其在水中的浓度. ?沉积作用:污染物被吸附沉积于水体底部或从底部沉积物中解吸,均可改变污染物的浓度. (4)转化过程: ?生物降解作用:微生物代谢污染物并在代谢过程中改变它们的毒性. ?光解作用:污染物对光的吸收有可能导致影响它们毒性的化学反应的发生. ?水解作用:一个化合物与水作用通常产生较小的,简单的有机产物. ?氧化还原作用:涉及减少或增加电子在内的有机污染物以及金属的反应都强烈地影响环境参数. (5)生物累积过程: ?生物浓缩作用:通过可能的手段如通过鱼鳃的吸附作用,将有机污染物摄取至生物体. ?生物放大作用:高营养级生物以消耗摄取有机毒物进入生物体低营养级生物为食物,使生物体中有机毒物的浓度随营养级的提高而增大.请叙述有机物水环境归趋模式的基本原理。 29 《土壤环境化学》重点习题及参考答案 1(土壤由哪些主要成分,它们对土壤的性质与作用有哪些影响, 1) 土壤矿物质:其是土壤的主要组成部分,占土壤固体总质量的90%,是土壤的骨骼和植物营养元素的重 要供给来源,分为原生矿物质与次生矿物质。原生矿物质主要有硅酸盐矿物,氧化物类矿物,硫化物好 磷酸盐类矿物。次生矿物质主要有高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石类,很多重要的物理化学过程和性质都 30 和土壤所含黏土矿物种类和数量有关。 2) 土壤有机质:一般占土壤固相总质量的10%以下,是土壤的重要组成部分,是土壤形成的重要标志, 在土壤肥力、环境保护及农林业可持续发展等方面有重要作用。 3) 土壤水分:是植物营养的主要来源,也是进入土壤的各种污染物向其他环境圈层迁移的的媒介。 4) 土壤中的空气:土壤空气使土壤具有疏松的结构。 2(什么是土壤的活性酸度与潜性酸度,试用它们二者的关系讨论我国南方土壤酸度偏高的原因。 +根据土壤中H的存在方式,土壤酸度可分为活性酸度与潜性酸度两大类。 (1)活性酸度:土壤的活性酸度是土壤溶液中氢离子浓度的直接反映,又称有效酸度,通常用pH表示。 +3+(2)潜性酸度:土壤潜性酸度的来源是土壤胶体吸附的可代换性H和Al。当这些离子处于 +吸附状态时,是不显酸性的,但当它们经离子交换作用进入土壤溶液后,即可增加土壤溶液的H浓度,使土壤pH值降低。 3+南方土壤中岩石或成土母质的晶格被不同程度破坏,导致晶格中Al释放出来,变成代换性3+Al,增加了土壤的潜性酸度,在一定条件下转化为土壤活性酸度,表现为pH值减小,酸度偏高。 3(土壤的缓冲作用有哪几种,举例说明其作用原理。 土壤缓冲性能包括土壤溶液的缓冲性能和土壤胶体的缓冲性能: (1)土壤溶液的缓冲性能:土壤溶液中HCO、HPO、HSiO、腐殖酸和其他有机酸等弱442334 酸及其盐类具有缓冲作用。以碳酸及其钠盐为例说明。向土壤加入盐酸,碳酸钠与它生成中性盐和碳酸,大大抑制了土壤酸度的提高。 NaCO + 2HCl2NaCl + HCO 2323 当加入Ca(OH)时,碳酸与它作用生成难溶碳酸钙,也限制了土壤碱度的变化范围。 2 HCO + Ca(OH)CaCO+ 2HO 2323 2 土壤中的某些有机酸(如氨基酸、胡敏酸等)是两性物质,具有缓冲作用,如氨基酸既有氨基,又有羧基,对酸碱均有缓冲作用。 NHClNH32 RCH+ HClRCH COOHCOOH NHNH22 RCH+ NaOHCHR+ HO2 COOH COONa 31 (2)土壤胶体的缓冲作用:土壤胶体吸附有各种阳离子,其中盐基离子和氢离子能分别对酸和碱起缓冲作用。 对酸缓冲(M,盐基离子): 土壤胶体土壤胶体 H,MCl M,HCl 对碱缓冲: 土壤胶体土壤胶体 M,HO H,MOH2 3+3+Al对碱的缓冲作用:在pH小于5的酸性土壤中,土壤溶液中Al有6个水分子围绕,当OH,3++-增多时,Al周围的6个水分子中有一、二个水分子离解出H,中和OH: ,, 4+32Al(HO) + 2OH[Al(OH)(HO)] + 4HO 2622282 4.什么是盐基饱和度,它对土壤性质有何影响, 盐基饱和度:在土壤交换性阳离子中盐基离子所占的百分数成为土壤的盐基饱和度。盐基饱和度越高,土壤对酸的缓冲能力越大;土壤的盐基饱和度越低,土壤对碱的缓冲能力越大。 5.试比较土壤阳、阴离子交换吸附的主要作用原理与特点, 阳离子交换吸附作用原理:以离子价为为依据,受质量作用定律支配,土壤胶体吸附的阳离子与土壤溶液中的阳 离子进行等价交换。 阳离子交换吸附作用特点:1离子电荷数越高,阳离子交换能力越强。 2同价离子中,离子半径越大,水化离子半径就越小,因而具有较强的交换能力。 3+3+3土壤中一些常见阳离子的交换能力顺序:Fe错误~未找到引用源。Al错误~未 +2+2+找到引用源。H错误~未找到引用源。Ba错误~未找到引用源。Sr错误~未 2+2++找到引用源。Ca错误~未找到引用源。Mg错误~未找到引用源。Cs错误~ +++未找到引用源。Rb错误~未找到引用源。NH错误~未找到引用源。K错误~4 ++未找到引用源。Na错误~未找到引用源。Li 阴离子交换吸附作用原理:带正电荷的胶体所吸附的阴离子与溶液中阴离子进行交换。 阴离子交换吸附作用特点:(1)土壤阴离子与胶体微粒或溶液中的阳离子形成难溶性沉淀而被强烈地吸附。 (2)各种阴离子被土壤胶体吸附的顺序如下: ---- F,草酸根,柠檬酸根,,硅酸根,CHCOO,SCN,Cl3 6.土壤中重金属向植物迁移的主要方式及影响因素有哪些, 土壤中重金属向植物迁移的主要方式为跨膜吸收,影响因素主要有土壤的理化性质、重金属种类、浓度及在土壤中的存在形态,植物种类、生长发育期,复合污染,施肥等。 (1) 土壤的理化性质 土壤的理化性质主要通过影响重金属在土壤中存在形态而影响重金属的生物有效性,其主要包括pH、土 32 壤质地、土壤的氧化还原电位、土壤中有机质的含量等。 (2) 重金属的种类、浓度及在土壤中的存在形态 重金属对植物的毒害程度首先取决于土壤中重金属的存在形态,其次才取决于该元素的数量。从总量上 来看随着土壤中重金属含量的增加,植物体内各部分的积累量也相应增加。重金属的存在形态可分为交 换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态,交换态的重金属迁移能力最强,具有 生物有效性。 (3) 植物的种类、生长发育期 植物的种类和生长发育期影响着重金属在土壤-植物体系中的迁移转化。植物的种类不同,其对重金属的 富集规律不同;植物的生长发育期不同,其对重金属的富集量也不同。 (4) 复合污染 在复合污染状况下,影响重金属迁移转化的因素涉及污染物因素(包括污染物的种类、性质、浓度、比 例和时序性)、环境因素(包括光、温度、pH、氧化还原条件等)和生物种类、发育阶段及所选择指标 等。 (5) 施肥 施肥可以改变土壤的理化性质和重金属的存在形态,并因此而影响重金属的迁移转化。由于肥料、植物 和重金属种类的多样性以及重金属行为的复杂性,施肥对土壤-植物体系中重金属迁移转化的影响机制十 分复杂。 7(植物对重金属污染产生耐性作用的主要机制是什么, 不同种类的植物对重金属的耐性不同,同种植物由于其分布和生长的环境各异可能表现出对某种重金属有明显的耐性。 (1)植物根系通过改变根系化学性状、原生质泌溢等作用限制重金属离子的跨膜吸收。 )重金属与植物的细胞壁结合,而不能进入细胞质影响细胞代谢活动,使植物对重金属表(2 现出耐性。 (3)酶系统的作用。耐性植物中酶活性在重金属含量增加时仍能维持正常水平,此外在耐性植物中还发现另一些酶可被激活,从而使耐性植物在受重金属污染时保持正常代谢过程。 (4)形成重金属硫蛋白或植物络合素,使重金属以不具生物活性的无毒螯合物形式存在,降低了重金属离子活性,从而减轻或解除其毒害作用。 33 8(举例说明影响农药在土壤中进行扩散和质体流动的因素有哪些, (1)影响农药在土壤中扩散的因素主要是土壤水分含量、吸附、孔隙度、温度及农药本身的性质等: ?土壤水分含量:研究表明林丹的汽态和非汽态扩散情况随土壤水分含量增加而变化。 ?吸附:土壤对农药的吸附改变了其扩散的情况,如土壤对2,4-D的化学吸附,使其有效扩散系数降低了,两者呈负相关关系。 ?土壤紧实度:土壤紧实度对农药的扩散的情况有影响是因为对于以蒸汽形式进行扩散的化合物来说,增加紧实度就降低了土壤孔隙率,扩散系数就自然降低了。如二溴乙烷、林丹等农药在土壤中的扩散系数随紧实度增加而降低。 ?温度:温度增高的总效应是使扩散系数增大。 ?气流速度:气流速度可直接或间接地影响农药的挥发。如果空气的相对湿度不是100%,那么增加气流就促进土壤表面水分含量降低,可以使农药蒸汽更快地离开土壤表面,同时使农药蒸汽向土壤表面运动的速度加快。 ?农药种类:不同农药的扩散行为不同。如有机磷农药乐果和乙拌磷在Broadbalk粉砂壤土中的扩散行为就是不同的。 (2)影响农药在土壤中质体流动的因素有农药与土壤的吸附、土壤种类和农药种类等。 ?农药与土壤吸附:非草隆、灭草隆、敌草隆、草不隆四种农药吸附最强者移动最困难,反之亦然。 ?土壤种类:土壤有机质含量增加,农药在土壤中渗透深度减小;增加土壤中粘土矿物的含量,农药的渗透深度也减小。 ?农药种类:不同农药在土壤中通过质体流动转移的深度不同。如林丹和DDT。 9(比较DDT和林丹在环境中的迁移、转化与归趋的主要途径与特点。 DDT和林丹迁移转化、归趋主要途径与特点比较如下表所示: 迁移转化、归趋途径 特点 1)在土壤中移动不明显,易被吸附 1)不溶于水,高亲脂性,易通过 2)通过根系渗入植物体 食物链放大,积累性强 DDT 3)在土壤中按还原、氧化和脱氯化2)挥发性小,持久性高 氢等机理被微生物降解 3)在缺氧和高温时降解速度快 4)光解 4)南方水田里DDT降解快于北方 1)从土壤和空气转入水体 1)易溶于水 2)挥发而进入大气 林丹 2)挥发性强,持久性低 3)在土壤生物体内积累 3)在生物体内积累性较DDT低 4)植物积累 34 10(试述有机磷农药在环境中的主要转化途径,并举例说明其原理。 有机磷农药在环境中转化途径有非生物降解和生物降解。 (1)有机磷农药的非生物降解 ?吸附催化水解:吸附催化水解是有机磷农药在土壤中降解的主要途径。如地亚农等硫代硫酸酯的水解反应如下 SS +HO2,+ (RO)POHR(RO)P22+-,或OH)(HOHOR ?光降解:有机磷农药可发生光降解反应,如辛硫磷在253.7nm的紫外光下照射30小时,其光解产物如下 CNO SNCHO)P(C(辛硫磷感光异构体)252 OO H)OP(OC(特普)(CHO)P252252CNS ONC(CHO)P252SO (辛硫磷)(CHO)PP(OCH)(一硫代特普)252252 OCN (辛氧磷)(CHO)PONC252 (2)有机磷农药的生物降解 有机磷农药在土壤中被微生物降解是它们转化的另一条重要途径。化学农药对土壤微生物有抑制作用。同时,土壤微生物也会利用有机农药为能源,在体内酶或分泌酶的作用下,使农药发生降解作用,彻底分解为CO和HO。如马拉硫磷被绿色木霉和假单胞菌两种土壤微生物以不同方式22 降解,其反应如下: S HO2(CHO)PSHHOCHCOOCH+ 3225 CHCOOCH225 SSCHO绿色木霉3(CHO)PSCHCOOCH3225PSCHCOOCH25HOCHCOOCHCHCOOCH225225 SS (CHO)P(CHO)PSCHCOOHSCHCOOH3232 CHCOOHCHCOOCH2225 35 《生物体内污染物质的运动过程及毒性》重点习题及 参考答案 1.在试验水中某鱼体从水中吸收有机污染质A的速率常数为18.76 h-1,鱼体消除A的速率常数为2.38×10-2h-1;设A在鱼体内起始浓度为零,在水中的浓度可视作不变。计算A在该鱼体内的浓 缩系数及其浓度达到稳定浓度95%时所需的时间。 2(在通常天然水中微生物降解丙氨酸的过程如下,在其括号内填写有关的化学式和生物转化途径名称,并说明这一转化过程将对水质带来什么影响。 O(1)2 CHCH(NH)COOH(3) + (2)32 (4) (13途径)酶 (5) (11途径)(10)(12)(6) , HOCO22 (7)(8)(9)解:有关的化学式和生物转化途径如下: (1)CO;(2)CHCOOH;(3)NH;(4)CoASH;(5)HO;(6)CHCOCoASH;(7)CHCOCOOH;(8)HO;2332332 -(9)CoASH;(10)(CHCOOH)C(OH)COOH;(11)三羧酸循环;(12)NO;(13)硝化。 222 该过程将氮由不能被植物吸收利用的有机态转化为无机氮,利于植物利用;且此过程是耗氧过 36 程,可能引起水体富营养化,使水质变差。 3(比较下列各对化合物中微生物降解的快慢,指出所依据的定性判别规律。 NOOH2 (1) (2)CH (CH)CHCHCHCH 3253 323 CH3 CHSONa(CH)CH3233(3) 答:(1)硝基苯降解要慢于苯酚,根据取代规律,在芳香族化合物中羟基取代基加快其降解,硝基取代基使其降解减缓。 (2)庚烷的降解要快于丙烷,根据链长规律,在一定范围内,碳链越长,降解越快。 (3)前者降解要快于后者,根据链分支规律,在烷基苯磺酸盐中,分支程度越大,降解越慢。 4.在下列微生物降解烷基叔胺过程的括号内,填写有关的酶名、化学式或转化途径名称。 ++图中有关酶名、化学式和转化途径名称:(1)O;(2)NADH+H;(3)NADP;(4)HO;(5)RCHO;(6)223RCHNHRCH;(7)加氧酶;(8)RCHO;(9)NH;(10)RCHO;(11)水化酶;(12)RCH(OH);(13)122223112 +NAD;(14)NADH+H;(15)RCOOH;(16)脂肪酸β氧化;(17)TCA循环 1 37 5已知氨氮硝化数学模式适用于某一河段,试从下表中该河段的有关数据,写出这一模式的具体形式。 河段设置的断面 流经时间(h) 氨氮浓度(mg/L) 被硝化的氨氮浓度(mg/L) ? 0 2.86 0 ? 2.37 2.04 0.63 ? 8.77 0.15 2.65 6.用查阅到的新资料,说明毒物的联合作用。 毒物的联合作用分为四类。 (1) 协同作用,是指联合作用的毒性大于其中各毒物成分单独作用毒性的总和。即是说,其中某一毒物成分 能促进机体对其他毒物成分的吸收加强、讲解受阻、排泄迟缓、蓄积增多或产生高毒代谢物等,是混合 物毒性增加。如四氯化碳与乙醇,臭氧与硫酸气溶胶等。 (2) 相加作用,是指联合作用的毒性等于其中各毒物成分单独作用毒性的总和,即其中各毒物成分之间均可 按比例取代另一毒物成分,而混合物毒性均无改变。当各毒物成分的化学结构相近、性质相似、对机体 作用的部位及机理相同时,其联合作用结果往往呈现毒性相加作用。如丙烯腈与乙腈,稻瘟净与乐果等。 (3) 独立作用,是指各毒物对机体的侵入途径、作用部位、作用机理等均不相同,因而在其联合作用中各毒 物生物学效应彼此无关、互不影响。即独立作用的毒性低于相加作用,但高于其中单项毒物的毒性。如 苯巴比妥与二甲苯。 (4) 拮抗作用,是指联合作用的毒性小于其中各毒物成分单独作用毒性的总和。就是说,其中某一毒物成分 能促进机体对其他毒物成分的讲解加速、排泄加快、吸收减少或产生低毒代谢物等,使混合毒性降低。 如二氯乙烷与乙醇,亚硝酸与氰化物,硒与汞,硒与镉等。 7(试说明化学物质致突变、致癌和抑制酶活性的生物化学作用机理。 (1)致突变作用机理:致突变性是指生物体中细胞的遗传性质在受到外源性化学毒物低剂量的影响和损伤时,以不连续的跳跃形式发生了突然的变异。致突变作用发生在一般体细胞时,则不具有遗传性质,而是使细胞发生不正常的分裂和增生,其结果表现为癌的形成。致突变作用如影响生殖细胞而使之产生突变时,就有可能产生遗传特性的改变而影响下一代,即将这种变化传递给子 38 细胞,使之具有新的遗传特性。 (2)致癌机理:致癌是体细胞不受控制的生长。其机理一般分两个阶段:第一是引发阶段,即致癌物与DNA反应,引起基因突变,导致遗传密码改变。第二是促长阶段,主要是突变细胞改变了遗传信息的表达,增殖成为肿瘤,其中恶性肿瘤还会向机体其他部位扩展。 (3)抑制酶活性作用机理:有些有机化合物与酶的共价结合,这种结合往往是通过酶活性内羟基来进行的;有些重金属离子与含硫基的酶强烈结合;某些金属取代金属酶中的不同金属。 8(解释下列名词的概念。 (1)被动扩散;(2)主动转运;(3)肠肝循环;(4)血脑屏障;(5)半数有效剂量(浓度);(6)阈剂量(浓度);(7)助致癌物;(8)促癌物;(9)酶的可逆和不可逆抑制剂 答:(1)被动扩散:脂溶性物质从高浓度侧向低浓度侧,即顺浓度梯度扩散通过有类脂层屏障的生物膜。 )主动转运:在需要消耗一定代谢能量下,一些物质可在低浓度侧与膜上高浓度特异性蛋(2 白载体结合,通过生物膜,至高浓度侧解离出原物质。 (3)肠肝循环:有些物质由胆汁排泄,在肠道运行中又重新被吸收,该现象叫肠肝循环。 (4)血脑屏障:脑毛细血管阻止某些物质(多半是有害的)进入脑循环血的结构。 (5)半数有效剂量(浓度):毒物引起受试生物的半数产生同一毒作用所需的毒物剂量(浓度)。 (6)阈剂量(浓度):在长期暴露毒物下,会引起机体受损害的最低剂量(浓度)。 )助致癌物:可加速细胞癌变和已癌变细胞增殖成瘤块的物质。 (7 (8)促癌物:可使已经癌变细胞不断增殖而形成瘤块。 (9)酶的可逆和不可逆抑制剂:抑制剂就是能减小或消除酶活性,而使酶的反应速率变慢或停止的物质。其中,以比较牢固的共价键同酶结合,不能用渗析、超滤等物理方法来恢复酶活性的抑制剂,称为不可逆抑制剂;另一部分抑制剂是同酶的结合处于可逆平衡状态,可用渗析法除去而恢复酶活性的物质,称为可逆抑制剂。 39 9(在水体底泥中有下图所示反应发生,填写图中和有关分解反应中所缺的化学式或辅酶简式。图中的转化对汞的毒性有何影响。 ++答:(1)Hg;(2)HgCl;(3)CH;(4)NADH;(5)NAD;(6)HCl;(7)NADH + H;(8)24 +CH;(9)HCl;(10)NADH + H;(11)HCl;(12)CH;(13)CH;(14)Hg 4426 可溶性无机汞在生物体内一般容易排泄,而烷基汞具有高脂溶性,且在生物体内分解速度缓慢,因而其毒性比可溶性无机汞化合物大10到100倍。 图中所示的氯化甲基汞变成金属汞的转化过程,是微生物以还原作用转化汞的主要途径,是降低毒性的过程。 ,10试简要说明氯乙烯致癌的生化机制和在一定程度上防御致癌的解毒转化途径 11.举出一个新的研究实例,说明比较分子力场法在QSAR中的应用。 谷妍等应用CMFA(比较分子力场法)分别研究了112种含氟农药的抗小麦赤酶病活性和对小麦生长的毒0 1234性,为研究设计新的更高效、安全的含氟农药提供了有益的参考。所有农药母体酒后中的R,R,R和R表示不同的供电集团和吸电集团。农药的活性和毒性以抑制率的测量值表示。 采用标准键长、键角构建所有化合物分子的初始三维结构;通过计算,在对能量进行优化后选择各分子最低能量构象为其可能的优势构象,并确定后者中各原子净电荷。选取78个化合物作为训练集建立CMFA模型,余0下34个化合物为测试集,检验所建模型对化合物的活性和毒性的预测能力。 将训练集所有分子的优势构象,在共有的特征点组合上,即在共有的对受体结合、活性及在空间的相对位置 3所需的重要官能团上叠合起来,置于一个设定的三维网格内。选用sp杂化的一价碳正离子作为探针,沿该网格格点移动,计算各分子周围立体势场和静电势场的能值分布,连同对应的活性与毒性测量数据,分别进行偏最小二乘法回归分析,建立有关活性与毒性的两个CMFA模型,评价模型质量,用等高图形显示模型的结果。 0 与测试集34个含氟化合物的活性与毒性测量值相比较,两个模型预测的标准偏差对极差之比分别是10.4%和6.4%,都具有良好的预测能力。 40 《典型污染物在环境各圈层中的转归与效应》 重点习题及参考答案 2++1(为什么Hg和CHHg在人体内能长期滞留,举例说明它们可形成哪3 些化合物, 这是由于汞可以与生物体内的高分子结合,形成稳定的有机汞络合物,就很难排出体外。此外,烷基汞具有高脂溶性,且它在生物体内分解速度缓慢(其分解半衰期约为70d),因而会在人体内长期滞留。 2++ Hg和CHHg可以与羟基、组氨酸、半胱氨酸、白蛋白形成络合物。甲基汞能与许多有机配3 位体基团结合,如—COOH、—NH、—SH、以及—OH等。 CSC2 2(砷在环境中存在的主要化学形态有哪些,其主要转化途径有哪些, 砷在环境中存在的主要化学形态有五价无机砷化合物、三价无机砷化合物、一甲基胂酸及其盐、二甲基胂酸及其盐、三甲基胂氧化物、三甲基胂、砷胆碱、砷甜菜碱、砷糖等。 砷的生物甲基化反应和生物还原反应是砷在环境中转化的重要过程。主要转化途经如下: 41 3(试述PCDD是一类具有什么化学结构的化合物,并说明其主要污染来源。 (1)PCDD这类化合物的母核为二苯并一对二噁英,具有经两个氧原子联结的二苯环结构。在两个苯环上的1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9位置上可有1,8个取代氯原子,由氯原子数和所在位置的不同可能组合成75种异构体,总称多氯联苯并一对二噁英。其结构式如右: (2)来源:?在焚烧炉内焚烧城市固体废物或野外焚烧垃圾是PCDD 的主要大气污染源。例如存在于垃圾中某些含氯有机物,如聚氯乙烯类塑料 废物在焚烧过程中可能产生酚类化合物和强反应性的氯、氯化氢等,从而进 一步生产PCDD类化合物的前驱物。除生活垃圾外,燃料(煤,石油)、枯草败叶(含除草剂)、氯苯类化合物等燃烧过程及森林火灾也会产生PCDD类化合物。?在苯氧酸除草剂,氯酚,多氯联苯产品和化学废弃物的生产、冶炼、燃烧及使用和处理过程中进入环境。?另外,还可能来源于一些意外事故和战争。 4(简述多氯联苯(PCBs)在环境中主要分布、迁移与转化规律。 (1)分布:由于多氯联苯挥发性和水中溶解度较小,故其在大气和水中的含量较少。近期报导的数据表明,在地下水中发现PCBs的几率与地表水中相当。此外,由于PCBs易被颗粒物所吸附,故在废水流入河口附近的沉积物中,PCBs含量较高。 45水生植物通常可从水中快速吸收PCBs,其富集系数为1×l0,l×l0。通过食物链的传递,鱼体中PCBs的含量约在l,7mg/kg范围内(湿重)。在某些国家的人乳中也检出一定量的PCBs。 (2)迁移:PCBs主要在使用和处理过程中,通道挥发进入大气,然后经干、湿沉降转入湖泊和海洋。转入水体的PCBs极易被颗粒物所吸附,沉入沉积物,使PCBs大量存在于沉积物中。虽然近年来PCBs的使用量大大减少,但沉积物中的PCBs仍然是今后若干年内食物链污染的主要来源。 (3)转化:PCBs由于化学惰性而成为环境中持久性污染物,它在环境中主要转化途径是光化学分解和生物转化。PCBs在紫外光的激发下碳氯键断裂,而产生芳基自由基和氯自由基,自由基从介质中取得质子,或者发生二聚反应。PCBs生物降解时,含氯原子数目越少,越容易降解。 5. 6.表面活性剂有哪些类型?对环境的人体的危害是什么? 分类:阴离子表面活性剂,阳离子表面活性剂,两性表面活性剂,非离子表面活性剂。 危害:1,使水的感官状况受到影响,出现持久性泡沫;2,造成水体富营养化;3.促进水体中石油和多氯联苯等 42 不溶性有机物的乳化、分散,增加废水处理困难;4,浓度高时破坏生物群。 《受污染环境的修复》重点习题及参考答案 1(微生物修复所需的环境条件是什么, 微生物修复技术是指通过微生物的作用清除土壤和水体中的污染物,或是使污染物无害化的过程。它包括自然和人为控制条件下的污染物降解或无害化过程。在自然修复过程(natural attenuation)中,利用土著微生物(indigenous microorganism)的降解能力,但需要有以下环境条件:?有充分和稳定的地下水流;?有微生物可利用的营养物;?有缓冲pH的能力;?有使代谢能够进行的电子受体。如果缺少一项条件,将会影响生物修复的速率和程度。特别是对于外来化合物,如果污染新近发生,很少会有土著微生物能降解它们,所以需要加入有降解能力的外源微生物(exogenous microorganism)。 2(请列举几种强化微生物原位修复技术。 原位强化修复技术包括生物强化法、生物通气法、生物注射法、生物冲淋法及生物翻耕法等。 (1)生物强化法是指在生物处理体系中投加具有特定功能的微生物来改善原有处理体系的处理效果,如对难降解有机物的去除等。投加的微生物可以来源于原来的处理体系,经过驯化、富集、筛选、培养达到一定数量后投加,也可以是原来不存在的外源微生物。 (2)生物通气法(bioventing)用于修复受挥发性有机物污染的地下水水层上部通气层(Vadose Zone)土壤。这种处理系统要求污染土壤具有多孔结构以利于微生物的快速生长。另外,污染物 3-1应具有一定的挥发性,亨利常数大于1.01325Pa?m?mol时才适于通过真空抽提加以去除。生物通气法的主要制约因素是影响氧和营养物迁移的土壤结构,不适的土壤结构会使氧和营养物在到达污染区之前被消耗。 (3)生物注射法(biosparging)又称空气注射法,这种方法适用于处理受挥发性有机物污染的地下水及上部土壤。处理设施采用类似生物通气法的系统,但这里的空气是经过加压后注射到污染地下水的下部,气流加速地下水和土壤有机物的挥发和降解。也有人把生物注射法归入生物通气法。 (4)生物冲淋法(bioflooding)将含氧和营养物的水补充到亚表层,促进土壤和地下水中的污染物的生物降解。生物冲淋法大多在各种石油烃类污染的治理中使用,改进后也能用于处理氯代脂肪烃溶剂,如加入甲烷和氧促进甲烷营养菌降解三氯乙烯和少量的氯乙烯。 (5)土地耕作法(land farming)就是对污染土壤进行耕犁处理。在处理过程中施加肥料,进行灌溉,施加石灰,从而尽可能为微生物代谢污染物提供一个良好环境,使其有充足的营养、水分和适宜的pH值,保证生物降解在土壤的各个层面上都能发生。 43 3(请列举几种强化微生物异位修复技术。 异位生物修复主要包括堆肥法、生物反应器处理、厌氧处理。 (1)堆肥法(composting)是处理固体废弃物的传统技术,被用于受石油、洗涤剂、多氯烃、农药等污染土壤的修复处理,取得了很好的处理效果。堆肥过程中,将受污染土壤与水(达到至少35%含水量)、营养物、泥炭、稻草和动物肥料混合后,使用机械或压气系统充氧,同时加石灰以调节pH。经过一段时间的发酵处理,大部分污染物被降解,标志着堆肥完成。经处理消除污染的土壤可返回原地或用于农业生产。堆肥法包括风道式堆肥处理、好气静态堆肥处理和机械堆肥处理。 (2)生物反应器处理(bioreactor)是把污染物移到反应器中完成微生物的代谢过程。这是一种很有价值和潜力的处理技术,适用于处理地表土及水体的污染。生物反应器包括土壤泥浆生物反应器(soil slurry bioreactor)和预制床反应器(prepared bed reactor)。 (3)厌氧处理对某些具有高氧化状态的污染物的降解,如三硝基甲苯、多氯取代化合物(PCBs等)等,比耗氧处理更为有效。但总的来说,在生物修复中好氧方法的使用要比厌氧方法广泛得多。主要原因是,严格的厌氧条件难于达到,厌氧过程中会产生一些毒性更大、更难降解的中间代谢产物。此外,厌氧发酵的终产物HS和CH也存在毒性和风险。 24 4(植物修复重金属的主要过程是什么, 根据其作用过程和机理,重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术可分为3种类型。 (1)植物提取:利用重金属超积累植物从土壤中吸取一种或几种重金属,并将其转移、储存到地上部分,随后收割地上部分并集中处理,连续种植这种植物,即可使土壤中重金属含量降低到可接受的水平。 所谓超积累植物(hyperaccumulator),是指对重金属的吸收量超过一般植物100倍以上的植物,超积累植物积累的Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Pb含量一般在110mg/ kg(干重) 以上,积累的Mn、Zn含量一般在10mg/ kg(干重)以上。 超积累植物从根际吸收重金属,并将其转移和积累到地上部,这个过程中包括许多环节和调控位点:?跨根细胞质膜运输;?根皮层细胞中横向运输;?从根系的中柱薄壁细胞装载到木质部导 跨叶细胞的液泡膜运管;?木质部中长途运输;?从木质部卸载到叶细胞(跨叶细胞膜运输);? 输。在组织水平上,重金属主要分布在表皮细胞、亚表皮细胞和表皮毛中;在细胞水平,重金属主要分布在质外体和液泡。 (2)植物稳定:利用耐重金属植物的根际的一些分泌物,增加土壤中有毒金属的稳定性,从而减少金属向作物的迁移,以及被淋滤到地下水或通过空气扩散进一步污染环境的可能性。其中包括沉淀、螯合、氧化还原等多种过程。 (3)植物挥发:利用植物的吸收、积累和挥发而减少土壤中一些挥发性污染物,即植物将污染物吸收到体内后将其转化为气态物质,释放到大气中,目前这方面研究最多的是类金属元素汞和非金属元素硒。 44 8(请说明臭氧与有机污染物反应的主要机理。 (1)臭氧分子的直接氧化反应 臭氧的分子结构呈三角形,中心氧原子与其它两个氧原子间的距离相等,在分子中有一个离域π键,臭氧分子的特殊结构使得它可以作为偶极试剂、亲电试剂和亲核试剂。与有机物的直接反应机理可以分为三类: ? 打开双键发生加成反应。 由于臭氧具有一种偶极结构,因此可以同有机物的不饱和键发生1,3偶极环加成反应,形成臭氧化的中间产物,并进一步分解形成醛、酮等羰基化合物和水。例如: RC=CR+O? RC(-OOH, G)+RC=O 123 12 式中的G代表OH,OCH,OC(O)CH基 33 ? 亲电反应 亲电反应发生在分子中电子云密度高的点。对于芳香族化合物,当取代基为给电子基团(—OH,—NH等)时,它与邻位或对位碳具有高的电子云密度,臭氧化反应发生在这些位置上;当取代基2 是吸电子基团(如—COOH,—NO等)时,臭氧化反应比较弱,反应发生在这类取代基的间位碳2 原子上,进一步与臭氧反应则形成醌打开芳环,形成带有羰基的脂肪族化合物。 ? 亲核反应 亲核反应只发生在带有吸电子基团的碳原子上。分子臭氧的反应具有极强的选择性,仅限于同不饱和芳香族或脂肪族化合物或某些特殊基团发生反应。 (2)自由基的反应 臭氧在碱性环境等因素作用下,产生活泼的自由基,主要是羟基自由基(•OH),与污染物反应。臭氧在催化条件下易于分解形成•OH,土壤中天然存在的金属氧化物(α-FeO),MnO和AlO23223通常可以作为这种催化反应的活性位点。因此,臭氧气体能直接或通过在土壤中形成•OH迅速氧化土壤中的许多有害污染物,使它们变得易于生物降解或者变成亲水性的无害化合物。进一步的研究发现,臭氧的氧化作用可以增大土壤中的小分子酸的比例和有机质的亲水性,并通过改变土壤颗粒的结构,促进有机污染物从土壤的脱附,从而提高有机物被生物降解的可能性。然而,臭氧的作用也会由于以下因素而受到限制,例如土壤有机质的竞争反应、土壤湿度、渗透性和pH值等。要提高臭氧的氧化速率和效率,必须采取其它措施促进臭氧的分解而产生活泼的羟基自由基。 11(写出Fe,PRB去除重金属的主要机理。 以零价铁为反应活性填料的PRB占整个技术的70,,它可以用于可还原有机污染物、可还原无机阴离子,如硫酸根及硝酸根,及重金属的去除。它的反应机理非常复杂,包括还原降解;还原沉淀(沉积);吸附;共沉淀;表面络合等化学过程。很多场合,即使是对一种污染物,也是多种过程同时起作用。零价铁PRB技术用于重金属去除最成熟的是对Cr、U和Tc的去除,有较多实 45 际应用的 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 实例,去除原理为还原沉淀。以Cr为例,生成的三价铬,形成氢氧化铬沉淀以及与铁离子形成氢氧化物共沉淀。 ,02-Fe + CrO + 4HO , FeCr(OH)(x?1) , 5 OH ,42x1x3 零价铁作用于重金属其它主要的机理为吸附和共沉淀,零价铁在水中放置过程中,逐渐发生腐蚀反应,生成多种形式的铁的(氢)氧化物沉淀,这些新生的沉淀具有高度反应活性,并具有巨大表面积,可以吸附截留水中的重金属离子。 从热力学角度出发,零价铁对重金属的去除还应包括还原沉积途径,如铜离子可与零价铁发生 2+02+0如下反应:Cu + Fe = Fe + Cu。 46 (英文版 ) easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the < code > and < rule >, lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management , strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the < code > and < rule > is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with < > and < >. To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the 47 supervision of "concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing" three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the < code > as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement < >, do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, 48 some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Don't always take everything back to things, and don't get into a blind alley, don't want to face, don't be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, I'm afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell don't 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can 49 sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth, Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open one's mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also don't envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, ma'am, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, don't envy him A sum of, don't lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 50 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also can't let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze, the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of live, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of 51 suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The pursuit will be disappointed; to be alive, you will have trouble. Life is the most afraid of what all want to care about, but also what all grasp is not firm, without scenery, separated populations, such as not to desire, all docked in the fate of the end. Why is too rigid, the natural, to go stay not to live, let go of obsession, revel is 20, if the fate of the broken Hopes of sailing, please don't despair, the coast is still, if the fate of the withered petals of the beautiful, please do not sink, the spring is still, life will always be endless trouble, please don't helpless, because they are still alive, is still a dream, the sun still, we still. Lost, keep memories; to get, must work to; but the most important is good to cherish their own. 21, life, select the complex, is to choose the pain; choose a simple, is choose to be happy. The complex world like a Significance of pride. Hope is the ornate palace, outside people admiring the magnificent, living in the deep knowledge of living it to pay the price. Simple world as a simple log cabin outside ridiculed shabby, the heart is willing to go live to know the joy. Suffering and joy is their own choice. 22, learn how to use a single powerful heart, let the past be the past, let the future come. Life is really the end of the end of an eagle is flying wings, life is constantly pursuit. Don't miss to regret, don't wait for old just miss. Time to return, seize every moment, again painstakingly again tired also Those struggling to fly. 23, life could not Yimapingchuan, even flat 52 pavement, inevitably there will be a few pieces of roadblocks. Some of the rocks around the past, while others have to move it out. Just move others put the stone is very easy, because the stone from the appearance we can discern; difficult to myself to move away the heart of stone head. Leave time to spend with her, often reflect my heart, so as to remove your heart of stone. 24, everything does not have to be demanding, come to, everything does not have to care about, over the past; failing to do not frown, laugh it laugh. Results Don't demand, do to; life is a simple, calm and peaceful. Always not to choose their own path and regret, life is like a train, the scenery and then the United States will retreat, the passage of time and encounter will eventually drifting further and further away, before is always himself. 25, everyone has a weakness, weakness is true humanity. That has no weakness, a shallow person. That people think there is no weakness, mostly false. Life has shortcomings, there are shortcomings is the real life. That no one regret, or childish or numbness or Self deception. It is in tolerance of weakness and so on to accept, people live happily. Hello, everyone! I am a party member. The title of my speech is: < study and implement the party's two laws, doing practical play highway. 2015 October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the implementation of the < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party 53 discipline and punishment regulations. We Heyuan male passers-by to respond positively to the call of the Central Committee of the party, earnestly organize the study "party two regulations", truly grasp the essence and gist, and in their respective positions, to hold the bottom line of the discipline, build a strong ideological line of defense, with the courage to play, the courage to fight tough and fearless spirit, at the crucial moment well to complete the task, with practical action to test the study and implement effect Because of discipline in the * * * * * * * * * * * story. Here, let me to cast a brick to attract jade, speak about our highway. Highway line section of the road surface transformation project, last year "towards the country seized" will be seized one of the items. To complete this arduous task, as a project management office director Comrade, keep in mind from the Communist Party membership, recognize and identify the "bottom line", strict management, and strict adherence to the quality of the project. He not only set an example, honesty and self-discipline, but also requires the management of all the members of the O.K., do not eat the construction unit one meal, do not accept the construction unit a ceremony. In this way, they didn't really dare to adhere to the principle. No comrade, constantly put on reworking an emergency meeting to Comrade Zhen to speak louder, management tube too strict. Remember in Dongguan Street, 400 meters long cement concrete surface layer, because of various reasons, the smoothness of the poor in the bottom cavity, covering film traces and 54 car imprinting quality problems, * * * inquiries, immediately rushed to the scene to understand and verify the situation, the convening of the management office, the construction units, supervision units, construction units, construction units construction time is tight, the economic loss and other reasons to intercede ******** unmoved. He said, "now a popular word, to the discipline and rules quite in front, there are no rules Radius, you construction team not accordance with the technical specifications, quality problems, it must be to carry out rectification. Engineering quality responsibility be weightier than Mount Tai, if we manage to this matter Pavement quality quantity are placed the matter, we this time to learn two regulations have what use? Still what is the Communist Party? "Finally, in his insisted, the road after rework, to solve these problems. In the construction of the new comrades and the project all the colleagues efforts, after four months of fighting, the project the main project was finally completed and passed inspection. Thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles Piao, this is a splendid and romantic scene. But snow for the highway, it is a disaster, a serious threat to the traffic safety. This year, a month, a century of cold wave swept from North to south, and the snow blowing to Guangdong, but also to bear the blow To * * * * the highway. In January on the evening of 23, Lianping county city temperatures dropped to minus 2 degrees, a wide range of sudden rain sleet, before and after the provincial S341 line in Jiulianshan Mountain tunnel sections of the road appeared in 55 the snow, lead to the passing vehicles skid, traffic is blocked. In the face of the sudden natural disasters, city and county highway department immediately launched the emergency plan for disaster prevention. As the front line of the main force, Lianping Highway Bureau of all Party members and cadres to remember the Party member responsibility, braving the biting cold wind, the first time rushed to the scene, on the icy pavement of salt disposal. Because the temperature is too low, just melt water immediately freezes, addition to the ice work to increase the difficulty. To ensure In addition to the re organization of the depths of the traffic safety, road people braved the icy put reflective cones and warning signs, endure cold at minus 2,3 of Jiulianshan patrols until one in the morning. Just before dawn, Lianping Highway Bureau personnel on the icy road salt ice melting processing until ten o'clock, ice melting ice success, the road gradually returned to normal traffic. In the cold winter night, which people do not miss the warm bed, which people do not miss the warm home. However, our highway on the road to the owners of the masses can go home early, the night fighting to secure the avoidance of the road safety and smoothness, fulfill their responsibility. Xi General Secretary Every Party member cadre cautioned against said: blacksmith needs self hard "." two regulations ", is our own hard standard test, more exercise every party members and cadres of the fire. We should continue to strengthen the party two regulations, conscientiously in practical work, practical play road, the 56 road for the development of the cause of Heyuan and struggle. In the industry domain report the situation of road traffic in recent years, in the province highway departments of the concern and support, our bureau management department based on the job, loyalty duty, best service, to further promote the highway management standardization, legal, scientific and information technology to improve the management level and service quality. This will be my last work is as follows: first, around the center, go all out to greet the seizure in 2015, "meet national examination" is my bureau work. As the highway management department, we focus on the work of the center to strengthen road renovation and management as the focal point, further optimize the service environment, improve service levels. Inspection, the inspection group and the Ministry of transport, the Bureau under the leadership of the ministries and agencies highly evaluated and fully affirmed. (a) increase road area remediation efforts. The programme of work, strengthen the organization and leadership. The timely development of the city of <*** common trunk highway area environment remediation plan >, along the road signs and markings, traffic safety facilities, on both sides of the green, advertising signs, control area illegal construction and implementation of remediation tasks to the relevant departments, clear work time of the node to ensure rectification work timely. Set up road area special rectification work 57 leading group, implement a bureau, the Bureau of the county (District), the project road site domain environment comprehensive improvement Mechanism. To ensure that the work carried out smoothly, the bureau also organized the city road managers participated in the regulation of road region and the relevant laws and regulations of the special training. 2. Active butt joint is reported, actively strive for the support of. Local Party committee and government support is the job As a magic weapon, I am one of the Bureau of the principal leaders repeatedly attack inspection "remediation and road area to the principal leaders of the municipal report. * * *, the Secretary of municipal Party committee, mayor * *, * * *, vice mayor of many times the rate of the relevant departments directly under the responsible person in-depth National Highway G105 line, G205 line, provincial S341 line and the other highway project site, on-site office, coordination solve engineering construction and environmental comprehensive renovation in the presence of difficulties and problems. Last year, national highway along the county (District) government led organizations deploy traffic, urban management, public security, land, environmental protection, industry and commerce, highways and other related departments, to carry out to dismantle illegal construction and ground structures, cleaning up illegal standard Records label "as the main content of the road domain integrated environmental remediation activities and achieved good results. 3. Pay attention to 58 comprehensive management, improve the effectiveness of remediation. Road construction control management has been strengthened. According to the relevant provisions of the laws and regulations of the < Highway Law > and < highway safety regulations for the protection of > and so on, county * *, * * County People's Government on highway construction control area were delineated and issue a public notice, * * County People's government also approved by the executive meeting of the government through discussion, implementation of road boundary markers of 73 million yuan of special funds input, stake setting. According to statistics, last year the city has erected building control zone peg 820, construction control area boundary markers 815 . the second is highway greening and beautification work enhance the road area remediation effectiveness. Will highway greening and beautification work as road area remediation of a key, invite garden experts to guide the design of green, the implementation of high standards for ecological landscape highway activities to create, five years, I board greening mileage of more than 900 kilometers, appropriate road greening greening rate of 100%, effectively enhance the city road greening level and grade, adds a sharp scenery line for **********. Third, rectification of illegal construction and occupation of the road has been checked. By through the town, crossing the road on many occasions to carry out concentrated rectification actions, to clear the remnants of the wall, broken Archives of highways in strict accordance with the wall of 59 building structures and the illegal deposits, remediation along the Jeeves, Jeeves placed advertisements and vehicle maintenance, car washing and other acts, standardize and purification on both sides of the highway billboards and other non road signs, I city of national and provincial highway basic elimination of the "dirty, chaotic, poor, blocking phenomenon, highway traffic environment purification, landscaping. (2) to strengthen the management on the basic data management. The level of the archives management regulations, formulate the < file management system >, the establishment of the road, the implementation of the file manager, file collection, filing, sorting, filing, confidentiality, custody, borrow, identification pin Destroy the standardization. 2, standardized management, enhance service image (a) evaluation system to further improve in order to strengthen and standardize guidance and assessment of each county (area) bureau of highways management work, the Bureau developed a <*** City Highway Bureau highways management assessment implementation measures (Trial). To regularly check for half a year, year-end assessment and irregular random sampling combined, taking the spot road inspections, sampling sections, listening to the reports, archives data check, for each county (area) bureau of highways management work implementation of the special assessment. According to the annual comprehensive assessment appraisal score results, evaluation of outstanding, excellent compliance and Not up to the standard of four 60 grades. And in accordance with the level of assessment, the award on behalf of dial highway management funds. Total score is above 95%, is excellent, 10 million yuan reward; total score of 90 - 94 for excellent, 8 million yuan reward; for the total score of 80 - 89 points for standard, reward 50000 yuan. On the total score is less than 79 points for non-compliance unit, circulate a notice of criticism. (II) Sheung inspection work to further standardize a is in place to ensure the inspection. National and provincial trunk highway patrol monthly not less than 20 days, State Road a week of not less than 3 times, dart a week of not less than 2 times. The second is to explore and promote the electronic patrol monitoring. City highway patrol vehicles are installed on the highway patrol vehicle monitoring system; highway law enforcement personnel are equipped with a recorder for law enforcement, on the process of supervision and law enforcement to ensure evidence has played an effective role. The third is unified and standardized inspection ledger records, inspection equipment use and management of the electronic Patrol information storage utilization. The fourth is the establishment of highway maintenance and inspections mechanism. The city's 19 country and provincial trunk highway maintenance center equipped with the CPPCC keeper, and to develop a road of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference tube member responsibilities. According to statistics, in 2015 (on the road. Day.... Stop the road mileage, 17 cases; clean up debris on 61 both sides of the road 20 , demolition billboard 30, demolition chaotic scaffolding house 3, clean Lane Hawking 15.) (3) road permit work to further strengthen the implementation of administrative licensing system, strengthen the supervision and administration of the licensing. Strict implementation of the < Guangdong Province highways license implementation measures >. According to the provisions of the road approval procedures and processes to carry out road license, do according to the law, the license in accordance with the law, shall be subject to examination and approval of the. Implement the collective examination and approval, to strengthen supervision. Highways and approval of business implementation of technical review of administrative approval and separation, the audit focused on the more complex involved in the road licensing matters, collective decision-making, to improve the scientific nature of the road administrative examination and approval, reduce approval corruption risks. Second is to promote the In administrative permission of information technology to improve service quality. According to the <*** Provincial People's Government Office on Issuing 2014 improve and expand the spirit of the relevant documents of the online business hall of program of work notice > and ministries and provincial and municipal government, I realized the butt of Guangdong Province highway information network and provincial network business hall * * * branch office highways licensing examination and approval work. 62 Simplify the licensing process, and strengthen the office system, optimize the quality of service. (4) image of the team to further enhance a is grasp Windows image.2015 years, my bureau highways licensing in the city administrative service center settings window service. According to the <** provincial highway The provisions of the administrative licensing service window management way > and < on regulating the content of the public notice >, I Bureau for damaged highway capacity compensation standard, occupied by highway repair (lost) compensation expenses standards, in accordance with the law of administrative licensing items, the communications administrative license implementation procedures into the line on the wall publicity, in the service window is equipped with all kinds of application fill in sample, administrative licensing service guide brochure, in a conspicuous place public commitment to the system and advisory telephone complaints, for the masses provides warm and thoughtful service. Second is to grasp the "Four Unifications" working in the city's highway law enforcement image. According to the Ministry of transport < to strengthen transportation administrative law enforcement image construction guidance Scheme > and the ministries of the Provincial Bureau of the relevant documents, I board in front of the June 2015 completed the identification of law enforcement, law enforcement station appearance, clothing of law enforcement, law enforcement documents "four unification". (5) the AILU nursing atmosphere further formation of 63 my bureau attaches great importance to the propaganda work of highway management "road awareness month" into <*** City Highway Bureau 2015 road administration work points. One is around the "norms of law enforcement, improve the service" theme "road awareness month" activities carried out. According to statistics, the city's highway system were deployed highways propaganda car 60 times, staff of highways 152 people, set point consulting 6, issued and publicity Data of 8000, hanging banners 134; broadcast 60 hours / 20, update 7 inch high rod making permanent propaganda page 4; in <*** Daily > 7th edition published < highway laws and regulations publicity content >, purchased and distributed < the people's Republic of China Highway Law >, < highway Ann Quanbao supporting regulations > legal text, a total of 500 this. The second is to carry out "12.4" national legal advocacy day activities, the city road officers go deep among the masses interpretation of highway Highways Management laws, regulations and policy advocacy, analysis for illegal construction at both sides of the road, a typical case of illegal advertising management, showing public road construction and maintenance of highways The actual results of the management, the masses love protection consciousness and social awareness to further enhance the enforcement of highways. In recent years, I board in the highway management work were some beneficial explorations and the attempt, and achieved initial results, but 64 there is still a certain gap compared with requirements of the Provincial Bureau and other brothers City, we will to implement the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the opportunity, and further increase the intensity of road management work, and constantly improve the overall quality of the workforce and the ability to learn, and strive to achieve the new highway across. Today the topic of democratic life will I talk about the main to correctly treat leave turn ensure transition delicate gas is understanding, to carry out criticism and self-criticism, in-depth to find problems, profound analysis of the causes, through self analysis to find their own existence problem, to correctly understand their own, strengthen the party spirit training, to ensure that the election of smoothly and successfully completed. Below I talk about their own situation, please put forward valuable opinion. Main understanding (a) serious discipline, to create a delicate gas is in the general environment in accordance with the Central Commission for discipline inspection organs, < of Organization Department of CPC Central Committee on strengthening the election of the notice of customs supervision >, municipal < on doing a good job City Township leadership transition in the notification > and county Party Committee Organization Department of the county Party Committee Organization Department < on the convening of the correct treatment leave turn ensure transition 65 Fengqing gas is a feature of democratic life notice > files related to the spirit of the requirements, earnestly implement the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be" the solemn discipline, I earnestly study the < Chinese Communist Party principle of honesty and self-discipline >. < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations >, < promote leading cadre of some regulations >, < party and government leading cadres selection and appointment Regulations > and file, and a profound understanding of the nine is prohibited, a nine law "discipline essence and firmly safeguard the election of serious Ensure the unhealthy tendencies have successfully completed, and actively create a delicate gas is the election of environment, to ensure that the election, so as to further strengthen the town leadership and cadre team construction. Through the study, in-depth thinking, to a serious discipline the importance and necessity of a more profound understanding. First, it is the iron discipline. The central put forward the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be the reason for early serious general discipline, designated" high-voltage wire, "itself reflects the party committees at all levels of the reelection of attaches great importance to the objective is bright resolute attitude, the implementation of effective measures, the same candidate to fight with discipline election of wind Discipline in gas is health. Secondly, this is prevenient. From some typical cases, we can see that individual cadres election to engage in speculative hack canvassing votes, in violation of discipline, and ultimately paid a high 66 price. The destruction of Hengyang election case and Nanchong canvassing bribery case that strengthen election discipline, serious election discipline of necessity and importance. The discipline of publicity to the public, wide report, that is, early warning, early hit precautionary needle, tell the cadres should do what shouldn't do, what to do and what not to do, and better education of cadres, warning cadres, and build a strong line of defense, to avoid the occurrence of similar problems. There is duty. Serious discipline, with a strong team is an important starting point. As the leadership of the party members and cadres, take the lead in the implementation and take the lead in upholding the election of discipline, which is a major political responsibility. Must be clear requirements, strict constraints themselves, cherish the honor, safeguard the image of the organization; promote righteousness, play an exemplary role. Especially as deputy Township, but also to give a full play to its role, always stand in the discipline of first-line maintenance. The wind Su Ji through the election of the work of the whole process. (II) serious discipline, treat correctly leave turn as a cadre of the party, whether it is in, is back, stay, turn are organization Metabolism of entrepreneurial career, need and development need. So, his first with a broad mind to treat "leave turn". The position is officer positions, power for the people service tools. Different positions of the party's cause, plays a decisive role, the same important. To ability strong, 67 style of comrade to important positions and applause, is full of vigor and vitality and promising young cadres in leadership and cheer for their own "leave turn" and calmly face, calm place. Second is to a healthy state of mind to treat "leave turn". The personnel of metabolic, between the past and the present. Cadre new old alternant, team, push In the party constitution control strict working to career development objective need, is never the end of the historical process. Each a cadre must face up to the laws of nature to think we also took the former relay baton "go on leadership post, regardless of the current positions, positions and responsibilities have what change, can do for peace of mind and mood, such as water, in a happy mood. (3) carefully and find out the problem, correct understanding of themselves, even though they do conscientious, serious attitude, honesty in politics, but high standard < >, the control standard, especially control learning, striving for excellent activities emerge in large numbers of advanced characters, advanced deeds Static not consciously practice the "strict three real" and strengthen the party spirit accomplishment to find the gap, swing is insufficient, a clear direction, mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is the learning initiative and self-consciousness. Often busy with work as an excuse, not consciously take the initiative to spare time to learn. Is often superior to learn what to learn what, and work closely to learn, and working relationship is not less to learn. Mainly manifested in the theoretical study 68 is not thorough, system is not thorough, the Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, the scientific concept of development and learning, general secretary of the series of speech learning, just from the surface on learning In the less less less and not deep enough, not from the deeper study, to study, to understand, to sentiment, to use, to guide the work. The second is to investigate the research. This year their participation in the county, the county government's important meeting, the town Party work time is more, coupled with the specific affairs busy, in-depth primary research time reduced. The inspection was carried out research activities, there are surface examination, thematic research, listen to reports and discussion research, the general requirements and specific guidance, in a certain extent, affected the timely discovery and solve. Third is the level of leadership, leadership and need to be further improved. Stroke the personnel selection is positive, work coordination and cooperation can't to the best effect; in the coordination to deal with some complex problems, the approach is not enough. Especially encountered, time is tight, the task is heavy, is often the soldiers to be blocked, the water to soil cover, struggling to cope with. The global and forward-looking innovation is not enough. (4) to ensure that the transition delicate gas selected loyal to the party loyal to the people of leading cadres (recommended) for the county to provide accurate information to ensure the transition in the air, after the 69 general election of work have a greater change. The second is balanced, promote the work in an orderly manner. In the future a period of time, the transition will be in the county under the leadership of the Extended surface. And breeding industry and the construction of key projects also in actively, they have to seriously consider, overall transition and key projects to promote. Education team members and the town, village cadres actively participate in industry cultivate the work, with outstanding achievements to accept the assessment of test of the organization and the masses of the people, in the town set up promising is a strong general business and the right atmosphere general election, do election and projects to promote the two not mistake, the promotion of two. Second, the rectification measures One is to enhance learning, awareness raising, he will continue to strengthen learning, improve the level of awareness, their own unity of thought and action to the county, township party committee of arrangements for the election. The second is correctly, strengthen discipline, own the right of transition, a matter of personal leave turn, as a town, deputy secretary of Party committee, themselves are fully aware of the only serious work, strict demands on themselves in order to not negative expectations of organizations and the masses, so that individuals can well deal with good transition in personal leave turn. Three people on the election promise as Deputy Secretary of the Party committee, in the election of my solemn commitment to Catch: if a is strictly abide by and 70 take the lead in the implementation of the "nine is prohibited, nine" transition discipline, not to engage in cliques, not to engage in canvassing votes buying and selling, buying, and no fraud swindlers officer, do not intercede say hello, not illegal, not to run gas leak, do not interfere with changing times, accomplish strict discipline, warning, with iron discipline firmly put unhealthy trends, promote delicate gas to ensure transition in the healthy and orderly development; the second is resolutely obey organization arrangement, and resolutely to stress the party spirit, principle, discuss overall situation, correctly treat personal leave turn, the correct treatment the election results and focus on their careers, from start to finish, ensure the normal and orderly develop. For in-depth study and implement the party's eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, the spirit of the fifth plenary session, the implementation of comprehensive strictly required, a solid grasp of the construction of Party member team, in accordance with the requirements of the county Party Committee Organization Department No. 3 (2016) Luo Zufa. According to the requirements of the < Chinese Communist Party Constitution > and the central work of education for the party members, combined with actual town, 2016 Party member education and training scheme is formulated. The guiding ideology adhere to a 71 comprehensive study of implementing the scientific development view as guidance, in-depth study and implement the party's eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, fifth plenary session and the General Secretary Xi Jinping series important Speech adhere to the application for promoting learning, and strive to improve our ideological and political quality of Party members; firmly establish catch a party to build pipe must be members, tube members first catch education of ideological understanding, close to the Party member's ideological and practical work, strive to build a party regular education work mechanism, promote the party members play a vanguard and exemplary role; firmly grasp the construction of ability of administration of strengthening the party, advanced nature and purity of construction of the main line, adhere to to enhanced grasp the party building work consciousness, strengthen the self construction of the party organizations as the fundamental starting point, for the town's economic and social development provided for ideological and political guarantee of the strong and powerful organization guarantee. Second, target 201 The main task of 6 years of education and training of Party members is earnestly implement the <2015 - 2018 XX County Education and training of Party members to implement views > (Luo Wei do [2015] 121) to further strengthen the work of the education and training of Party members request, to training the town, the grassroots party members and common. From 5 January 2016, through a variety of channels in a variety of forms in 72 a planned, step by step, to focus on the organization to carry out the education and training of Party members. A party spirit idea generally enhanced. Through education and training, prompting the majority of Party members to further strengthen the ideal and faith, enhance the party concept, consciously practice the agency will socialist core value system. To further enhance the confidence of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, theoretical system of self-confidence and confidence. (II) Party members working ability greatly improved. Through the development of education and training, to boost the knowledge structure of Party members transformation and upgrading, improve the party to use the Marxist stand, viewpoints and methods of analysis and problem solving ability, adapt to the new situation and new tasks. (3) play an effective role of Party member model. Through the development of training and education, promote the party members in theProduction, work, learning and service to the community in give full play to the exemplary vanguard role, and actively striving to take the lead in learning to improve and take the lead in striving for success, serving the masses to take the lead and lead law-abiding, take the lead in promoting the healthy atmosphere model. (4) the building of grassroots organizations strong impetus. Through the development of education and training, the Party member troop overall quality and ability to serve the people increased, grass-roots party organization's creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the 73 improved. Contents and measures according to different type of the town, at different levels, the actual needs of the different positions of Party members, hierarchical class to carry out the education and training of Party members. Adhere to the town overall and please tutoring, please Come in and sent down the combination, to the party spirit education and ability cultivation as the center, overall constitution and discipline, the core value system, political theory, domestic and international situation in town situation, party organization construction, legal education, culture, science and technology, industrial development, management, resource management and protection, social management innovation in the aspects, to village (unit) as a unit, to all members of the organization a above rotation activities. Focus on Township and village committee cadres straight unit leading Party group secretary, activist of join or be admitted to the party, the education and training of village class mothball cadre training, efforts to strengthen the parties organization Secretary of party spirit accomplishment, do a good job of the consciousness of the party building work, enhanced the Party activist , people in rural areas to promote rural economic development of practical abilities. At the same time, through the development of the theme of practical training, autonomous learning training, make full use of the party members and cadres of modern distance education network etc., for the party members in various fields to carry out the classification of rotation, party spirit training, tobe grind quality, 74 improve quality. Organizational Leadership (a) strengthen leadership, implement the responsibility. Town Party committee to the work of the education and training of Party members into the party building work important content, the overall responsibility of the Secretary of the Party committee, vice secretary of the lead and the implementation of specific members of the organization, the organizational Secretary of the parties to personally plan, personally deploy, supervise the implementation; the education and training of Party members to carry out into the grass-roots party Construction work responsibility system and the building of grassroots organizations special assessment, directly with the grass-roots party organizations Pingxianpingyou link, to strengthen the organization and leadership to do a good job of work to implement. (II) the overall progress, implement the plan. Ensure that the deployment, according to the arrangement of the 2016 Party member education and training plans, based on the actual needs of the party, on-demand rationing; do supervision and guidance, strengthen the supervision of the work of the education and training of Party members, guidance and services to help solve the difficulties and problems in the training; assessment, by listening to the report, information search, evaluation, etc., with emphasis on the assessment of the implementation of the plan, Party members to participate in training proportion and effect, indeed Protect task implementation. (3) the typical guide, step up publicity. Pay attention to cultivate advanced and 75 typical, timely promotion and the typical experience of the characteristics of the practice. The work of the education and training of Party members as the focus of the grass-roots party building and the sector skills training for communication and advocacy, by setting the column, offering special journals and other forms of propaganda, to create a strong atmosphere of public opinion, promote the orderly conduct of the work and achieved certain results. In order to further implement the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of major speeches about the party's work style and clean government and anti-corruption struggle spirit and the central, province, city, County Commission for Discipline Inspection and the spirit of the plenary session, to further strengthen the awareness of the loyal party members and cadres, sense of purpose, sense of responsibility and a sense of discipline, boost the county's economic and social development. In accordance with the ensemble [of Ji Qing 2016) spirit of the document No. 3, combined with my bureau actual, make this program of activities, and a theme of learning party discipline, strict discipline, boosting Qingshen development. Second, activity time April 2016 1 - April 30, three, activity content (a) carry out party discipline learning activities. Global organization of cadres and workers to focus on learning, network learning, self-study and other forms of strengthen constitution < < the probity of the Communist Party of 76 China self-discipline criterion "" Chinese Communist Party disciplinary Regulations >, < Xi Jinping on clean government and anti-corruption fight discusses excerpts > and other relevant information learning. Education for Party members and cadres to < code > < Regulations > as the ruler, combined with its work, measure, control and their own ideas and practical test, take the initiative to conduct Lianzheng is affirmatory consciously practice commitment, achieve the hearts of the party, Zun Jishou Confessions of readings of the Si > < confessions to carry out the hearts of the people, in the heart has the responsibility, in the heart has quit, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. (2) to carry out special warning education activities. In the global "read < > writing experience, the concept of warning education independent micro film > reflections, prisons and courtroom free" as the main content of the special warning education activities. Use of the weekly worker will focus to watch a warning education. The < >, cadres and workers to write their feelings, reflections, and the clean publicity column posted; 4 month global organization of Party members and cadres to the eyebrow delta prison visits to detainees xianshenshuifa education of cadres and workers With low-cost combined with special method. (3) to teach a class of anti-corruption initiate cheap course. By the leaders of anti corruption and financial supervision and administration of state-owned assets of explain the profound things in a simple way to explain, so that all staff of honest business, according to the 77 law to act in a more profound understanding, so as to enhance staff's sense of responsibility and sense of mission. (4) to promote innovation to help the family activities. To carry out the party members and cadres "motto, bright family traditions" activities for family education into harmony, filial piety, encouraging learning, goodness, thrifty, inspirational, cultivation of excellent genes to guide Party members and cadres to good tradition folk, with a good tradition being honest, with good tradition promote political winds, creating a delicate gas is the general atmosphere. Four activities (a) to strengthen leadership, careful organization. One is the establishment of the "independent warning education month" activities leading group of the state owned Financial Bureau, bureau leading Party group secretary of the leader, board members of the team to serve as deputy head. The second is making < County State Owned Financial Bureau independent warning education activities month scheme > determine promotional content, clear steps, truly understanding, measures, and put in place, ensure the effectiveness of the activities. (II) take all factors into consideration, pay attention to actual effect. According to "strict three real special education and" two studies do "activities, in based on the provisions of the action without aliasing, and creativity to carry out various forms, rich and colorful activities, and strive to Pay attention to actual effect, and resolutely prevent, going through the motions, really promote the party members and cadres from the depths of the ideological solidating abide by discipline 78 regulations of the defence. (3) strengthening propaganda, to create atmosphere. To make full use of the column publicity, propaganda position of network, increase publicity efforts, expand warning education activities of the coverage and influence. Today, we hold the city's precise technology to poverty alleviation and project work to promote the meeting, the main purpose is to further promote the task of aiding the poor with technology roots and accelerate all kinds of scientific and technological projects. Last year, this year, the city's scientific and technological work has made remarkable achievements, such as the convening of national poverty alleviation of science and technology on the spot will, cultivate high-tech enterprises, Bashan scholar training and the introduction of scientific and technical personnel incentives, listing national agricultural science and Technology Park, science and technology incubator building. Just now, Huangli In recent years city science and technology to help the poor and science and technology project effectiveness, the main problems were analyzed, and in a period of time in the future, the city's precise technology to poverty alleviation and science and technology project work arrangements, I agree, I hope everyone to earnestly implement. Here, I stressed the three points. Learning "learning", to carry out the "learning and doing" education as 79 the city's innovation and development of an important driving force. The Party Central Committee decided to 2016 years in all Party members to carry out learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education (referred to as "learning to do"). Some time ago, I called the "learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education and mobilization, the province carried out within the" two a "learning education mobilization. Municipal Party committee will soon be held a mobilization will make arrangements for the deployment. To carry out the" two a "study and education, based on" learning ", key in" do ". As the science and Technology Department of cadres and workers, to (benchmark for two pilot demonstration study through studying the party constitution of party compasses, a series of speech, not only to do a qualified party members, to do a good job of science and technology innovation. Next week, I as the city's county-level leading cadres reading class open cooperation and innovation driven study group members went to Mianyang, Meishan national innovation driven development characteristics and the province's Innovation Driven Development Zone work experience, a great harvest, feeling very deep. Mianyang, Meishan city innovation driven strength is very great, especially is Mianyang has become civil military integration, a comprehensive reform and innovation, our benchmarking in Mianyang, the gap is very large. Mianyang Science and technology city construction 80 as the basis, built around the "Five" goal of building Hotbed of innovation of construction science and technology, military and civilian fusion demonstration, collecting and distributing center of scientific and technological achievements, innovative talents convergence and high technology industry concentration), vigorously promote to military and civilian fusion for the characteristics of comprehensive reform pilot innovation, and achieved remarkable results, is toward the national civil military integration innovation demonstration area, the national innovation driven development characteristics demonstration area and western economic development growth emerging great step forward. The expanding Park, stronger innovation platform; incubated enterprises, cultivate innovation; poly talent, to improve the ability of innovation; promoting fusion, highlighting the characteristics of the innovation; catch open, form innovation efforts of the experience is worth learning from. Benchmarking advanced, we have to struggling to The amount of weight is to grasp to catch the strategic innovation. To improve the target oriented system. The innovation actually placed in the core position, firmly establish the "grasping innovation development, seek innovation is to seek the future, innovation is not backward, slow innovation also will lag behind" concept, accelerate factor driven to innovation driven change. City Branch Bureau to actively seek the city management system emphasizing the innovation driven development, focus on strengthening the scientific 81 and technological enterprise incubator construction, scientific and technological innovation platform, technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate, high and new technology industry output value and product evaluation. Second, we must built innovation and Entrepreneurship platform. The city will be in Pakistan and the open area to build the whole To confidence, "double center", the new industrial park for a period, the city public entrepreneurship Park Phase II, Qin Ba electricity supplier industry park for three period, incubation area of more than 50 million square meters. The county (District) to take advantage of idle assets of construction science and technology enterprise incubator, a passenger space and other new public record space, the formation of a, a, a, to create vivid situation. Third, we must foster technological innovation subject. To vigorously implement the "high and new technology enterprise doubling plan" and "science and technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate plan", to honor the implementation of tax incentives, financial subsidies, such as a package of policies to support, so that high technology enterprise "indomitable spirit", let the small and medium-sized enterprise "overwhelming". To increase investment in science and technology innovation. To actively seek special funds for the development of Municipal Science and technology part for cashing innovation drive the development of financial subsidy policy, transfer a portion of funds for science and technology enterprises of loan 82 guarantees and interest subsidies. Encourage banking institutions set up science and technology branch of the franchise, push the patent pledge loan, for the small and medium sized enterprises of science and technology provide financing services tailored. Fifth, we must strengthen science and technology personnel. To attract more technology military personnel and high-end talent with technology, project, with funds to Bazhong Lingban or joint science and technology enterprises, encourage and support both inside and outside the citycomrades and the5 years of college graduates and college students to a new public space, science and technology business incubator innovation and entrepreneurship. Second, it is necessary to promote the precision technology poverty alleviation as the important content of the scientific and technological work. To build a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020 is the party's eighteen to the whole Party and the people throughout the country to make a solemn commitment. Lead the city people out of poverty to become rich go straight towards well-off, Party committees at all levels, political responsibility and mission of the times of the government's major political, technology sector is also the bounden responsibility. Municipal three tenth plenary session made < on the go all out win battle poverty alleviation and development to ensure synchronous completion of a comprehensive well-off society decided >, proposed to further promote the "five a group 83 of" precise action to help the poor, "six precision" and "1 + 6" poverty alleviation projects, clear the "add Great science and technology achievement transformation efforts, accelerate the construction science and technology poverty demonstration village and demonstration households, give full play to the role of modern information network, for the impoverished village poor households to provide production technology, market information, policy advice, encourage scientific and technical personnel to the poor village launched a to one helping and guiding the development of income industrial projects, strengthen technical training and propaganda of popular science, highlighting grasp large breeding, family farmers, agricultural co-operatives are the backbone of the training "technical poverty alleviation mission. The city's science and technology sector must be from the political height, the assault fortified positions that help deficient up as the most important task, the most urgent work. The most arduous mission, to science and technology for precise poverty alleviation promote to speed up a well-off society in an all-round way Decision to deploy, boost the process to precise technology to poverty alleviation and the effectiveness of a well off society in an all round way. One should obey the overall situation. The city's scientific and technological system of cadres and workers, especially leading cadres, should have the political consciousness, ideological conscious action conscious, in accordance with the central, provincial and municipal 84 deployment requirements, to strengthen the organization and leadership, reasonable arrangement of time, carefully study the deployment, to ensure poverty. There must be resolutely implement the political position and character, poverty alleviation and the attitude to be distinctive, poverty alleviation action should be strong, to politics, to understand the overall situation, re implementation, see results. To lock the target. In accordance with the provincial Party committee and the municipal Party committee, municipal government, lock 2 provincial-level General requirements for the completion of the goal of poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation and Technology Demonstration County, four provincial science and technology demonstration towns, 10 provincial science and technology demonstration village and a municipal science and technology demonstration area, 2 Municipal Science and technology demonstration towns, five municipal science and technology demonstration village and the "five one" precise technology to poverty alleviation and special operations tasks, inverted duration, wall chart battle, set the time, tasks, measures, staff, given the responsibility to ensure high quality precision technology poverty alleviation task. To focus on the key. To focus on precise poverty and accurate out of poverty, detailed measures, clear job responsibilities, to develop targeted and operable precise technology to implement poverty alleviation program. Prominent precise poverty 85 technical training, poor village informatization construction, technology oriented poverty reduction model village and demonstration households construction precision technology poverty alleviation focus, in a precise sense, precise attitude, precise style, go all out to fight the precise technology of poverty alleviation and battle. Three, it is necessary to strengthen science and technology funds supervision as an important means to enhance the quality of the project. Science and technology project fund supervision is the key to the implementation of the project of science and technology. In recent years, especially during the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, the system of science and technology management in the city vigorously to declare the implementation of the country and province science and technology projects, science and technology demonstration lead brought obvious effect and improve the scientific and technological innovation capability of enterprises, boosting the characteristics and advantages of industrial development, science and technology support to the economic and social leading role improved significantly. In the project management of science and technology, in addition to seriously implement the state, provincial science and technology project management rules and regulations, and the actual Bazhong, established the access system of science and technology projects, the project of science and technology commissioner system, 86 science and technology Project credit system and scientific and technological projects honest commitment system, and the Municipal Finance Bureau jointly issued the > < Bazhong City Science and technology development funds management approach, formulated the "trilogy of seven" science and technology project implementation specification, these are worth fully affirmed. However, we should also see clearly, we in the science and technology project management still exist "account of the special accounts, earmarking system is no effective implementation and other issues. In particular, this year the Audit Commission Chengdu Tepai ban on Bazhong confidence found in the audit of science and technology business incubatorProblem has certain representativeness. The audit to us sounded the alarm, should cause everyone vigilance. Here, I will strengthen science and technology project budget supervision put forward four requirements: a strict project reporting, prevent fraud. Implementation of the project to declare the competition mechanism, the annual financial support to science and technology projects oriented society Bulletin, conditions open content, open competition to declare, open field investigation, public presentations, the public assessment of the decision, do full open and transparent, fair, accept social supervision. To those who resort to deceit or something real is not clear, suspected of defrauding, impersonator national subsidy funds, once found immediately cancel Declaration of qualification, recovery of funds 87 subsidy and discipline in accordance with the law strictly held responsible. Second, we must innovation funds supervision. In county finance to establish science and technology project "account", the project undertaking entity in accordance with the key nodes task completion by formal invoice to apply for funding and audited by the Department of science and technology, the Ministry of finance funds, and resolutely put an end to project funds are retained, misuse and misappropriation. Third, we need to strengthen scientific and technological project supervision. Department in charge of science and technology to strengthen project inspections to check or checks, of ineffective implementation to strengthen the supervision and the existence of violations of responsibility into the project undertaker rectification. To establish a scientific and technological project, "black list" system, the Project implementation quality particularly poor recorded in the "black list", stage or permanent abolition of the applicant country, province, city science and technology project qualification. Fourth, it is necessary to carry out training funds management. Science City Bureau to the initiative to meet with the finance department, organize project unit commitment held science and technology project funds management training, of country, provincial and municipal science and technology project funds management of the relevant policies, financial acceptance specification, mid supervision points, budget review points and key contents were training system, to ensure the use of project funds safe and 88 reasonable. Thank you all! To implement the central, provincial, city and county to make important decision about the grass-roots party construction work in the deployment, push forward the county public security organs in the work of Party building, further strengthen the party secretary of the governing party and party liability, according to < of the Organization Department of CPC Committee of Xuchang County on the issuance of the "counties as well as the authority of Party building debriefing appraisal implementation solutions" notice > requirements, according to the arrangement of the Bureau of the party work. Today, the organization held the county public security organs party secretary grasping grass-roots party construction work in the debriefing will. The implementation of this is a powerful measure to the Secretary of the party organization construction of the party,, and is learning to carry out the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the, grasp the new situation of Party building work under the rules, pushing Public security party building services in the public security center of the inevitable requirement. Just now, the 3 Juzhu unit Party branch secretary of debriefing, below I 89 on the 3 party organization work one by one review. Party branch of the Political Department Good: first, strengthen ideological and political work, pay close attention to the work of the implementation. The Political Department of the Party branch strictly in accordance with the requirements of bureau Party committee, to "strict three real special education as the main line, take effective measures, pay close attention to the ideological and political work of the implementation, strengthen the education of Party members and the police thought, improve the Police Ideological and political consciousness, make a solid foundation for public security work smooth development of health. Second, strict management team, boost the morale of the team. Strict implementation of Police Ideological Trend of periodic analysis, timely grasp the ideological situation of the personnel; strictly implement the system of check on work attendance, strengthen the daily management; cash rewards and punishments, continue to boost the morale of the team. The third is The intensification of police training, improve the police actual combat skill. Seriously and actively carry out a series of training activities and < Henan public security network, > learning activities, the majority of police in the political quality, physical quality, professional quality, policing skills improved. The fourth is to adhere to the 90 preferential treatment from the police, the warm pool police. According to thRequirements, and actively do a good job of personnel management work, to run within the scope of the policy, help the police solve the practical difficulties, the police systemic heart into work. The fifth is strengthening propaganda, promote righteousness. Around the center of the public security work, actively do a good job in the publicity, fully display the spirit of good public security team. Six is to fulfill the responsibility of Party building, do a good job of education and management of Party member team. Sound and perfect "three class", Party of democratic appraisal, commendation and reward system, effectively enhance the branch of the creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity. Shortcomings: is ideological and political work still can not adapt to the new situation, new task, in the form of a single, innovation is not enough, lack of learning education of the appeal and study the effect of education needs to be improved, the political department to strengthen the guidance to the grass-roots units. The second is the branch of organizational life will implement the is not good enough to play an exemplary role. Traffic Police Brigade Party branch 91 System of good practice: one is grasping the implementation of the work of Party building system, enhanced branch team cohesion, combat force. The brigade Party branch always pay close attention to the work of Party building and would not let go, conscientiously perform their duties, strict implementation of democratic life etc., to develop the branch of learning plan, all equipped with learning record the experience and experience the and organize regular inspection learning, ensures that the learning plan, implement, effect. Second is to carry out the "strict three real special education. The development of special education learning scheme, held a party branch focus on learning and the level of consultation forum, deputy director in charge of, brigade leader for the party members and the police on the lectures, deployed to carry out Ban Zicheng throughout the Yan Zhenchang Yang Shuicai to relive the oath to join the party, visit the memorial hall, learning advanced characters, micro lectures attention and learning characteristics of the activities, and to develop measures for rectification. Three is to pay attention to the party building work into the public security work. The brigade Party branch and always will be the work of Party building in 9.3 security, national civilized city re examination, the SCO security meeting, the focus of illegal investigation, "sword", "anti terrorist violence, to ensure safety", "five wave", "camp turn non bus", "detoxification", the focus of the work, in a timely manner to carry out the pre war mobilization, wartime dynamically judged, the 92 post-war award in recognition of a series of measures Members always fighting in the first line of traffic management, all traffic police has always maintained a high state of mind, a strong impetus to the work carried out. Shortcomings: first, there is a "hand hard and soft" phenomenon. Of work of Party building under the new situation is not enough emphasis, focus on light business building, re form light effects. The second is measures are not enough effective. In particular, catch a party to build working innovation consciousness is not strong, measures and methods used in the experience of the old, old practices and effectiveness needs to be further strengthened. The third is three lesson "not very good insist, life of the party organization to carry out less often. Zhao police station Party branch Good practice: one is to strengthen the study and education. To "strict three real special education as an opportunity to take leadership lectures, seminars, individual learning, exchange of experience in various forms, the police organization learning leaders at all levels of the spirit of the important speech, < > in the constitution as well as the side of corruption cases and asked party members and the police carefully recorded study notes, writing experiences, join and pay attention to the micro lectures, 93 according to the control requirements of inspection, enhance their own, to ensure that the learning effect. The second is to strengthen the leadership responsibility. Party branch secretary as the first responsibility of honest government, earnestly implement the" four person ", and insisted on the" important work personally Department Department, major issues personally intervene, personally key aspects of coordination, supervision of important cases personally ", Party branch members always strict demands on themselves, play an exemplary role model. Third, strengthen the service for the people. Every act of the masses for the warm reception, carefully recorded masses anti reflect each a problem, and make the resistancee bureau Party committeeHeart to answer, and constantly improve the quality of service. Combined with the "one village, one police work, police organization carefully touch row all may affect the stability of the unstable factors, resolve conflicts and disputes, and arrange for the police with daily visits, issued security leaflets, collecting sites, personnel information, promote the harmony police. Existing problems: a party branch team party affairs knowledge is not rich enough, on some of the procedural provisions are not familiar with, in a certain extent restricted the work carried out. The second is regular ideological education is not deep enough, the ideological trends of the police command is not timely and accurate. Third, there is a need to 94 improve the management level of refinement, police standardization awareness is not strong enough, daily habit is not quite self-conscious. Since this year, bureau unit Party branch to "strict three real special education as the main line, to the service center, troop construction as the focus, adhere to the combination of ideological building of the party and the system of the party, solid to carry out the comprehensive strictly required, to further standardize the construction of the party organization, continuously improving the quality of Party members and police, continue to strengthen the party building innovation, service building execution significantly improved, has made remarkable achievements. Meeting debriefing of 3 units in the work of Party building problems in other units are also different degrees of existence to other units by the party building debriefing, draw on the experience of face the problem, replicability, careful analysis of rectification, promote the sustained and healthy development of the work of Party building units. Below, to further strengthen the county public security organs party building work stressed the views of five points. One, improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of 95 political responsibility and historical mission Follow the basic construction of the party's eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary: the series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new judgment, the new requirements is to promote grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions, namely:" is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the Department of the party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of the party Forced the construction of Party committees (party) members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think about the conscious of it, is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether in to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and 96 convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality Are accounted for in the police forces of discipline, do not do, is to stop the event tells us, not a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The county public security organs is a team of the Communist Party as the main body, Party members and the vast majority of bureau of belonging to different units of the leadership cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party's construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch a party to build is an empty word. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. The total learning book Remember that catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must grab the responsibility person, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let the Bureau unit Party branch secretary of the debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization's primary responsibility, seize the key issue. 97 Two, the full implementation of the task of ideological construction, the theory of armed tasks implementedGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping in the mass line of educational practice summary congress put forward in the new period party building thought of tasks and requirements, to strengthen the construction of the Party pointed out the direction and path. One is to strengthen theoretical study. The urgent task is to fully understand the study and implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the eighth session of the significance of, the organization of Party members and the police through the focus on learning, self-study and special counseling and other forms of serious in-depth learning, adhere to the first step in learning, deep layer, accurately grasp the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and do the thinking and learning gains, use it. The second is to strengthen the party spirit temperance. Adhere to the school party constitution. Through the center of the group learning. Secretary of the party organization about lectures and other forms of learning the party constitution, enlightenment spirit, guide Bureau unit Party branch and all members of the police to firmly establish the consciousness of the party. Persist in learning advanced. Vigorously carry forward the spirit of Jiao Yulu, Yang Shuicai spirit, seriously study the advanced deeds of Comrade Yan Zhenchang, deep fine shine Dusing the police party guided, to strengthen public opinion and public servant consciousness, consciously practice the "strict three real. The third is to 98 strengthen the party and Party discipline education. For the ideological construction of the party faces new tasks, new requirements, the emergence of many new problems, new situations, and actively take the initiative to adapt to the constantly emancipate the mind, innovative ways, making use of the Internet, micro channel, micro Bo new platform for new, enrich the content of education, improve education forms, the constant reminder education, enhance the police Party discipline in awe, guide Party members and the police do political understanding discipline about the rules of the leaders. The fourth is to strengthen the ideological and moral education. Guide the party police exemplary practice the socialist core values, cultivate good political and moral character, professional ethics, family virtue and morality, forming a strong atmosphere of moral construction. Pay attention to strengthen the positive guidance to the police party ideology, adhere to the diversification of the social ideology guided by the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improving and perfecting the Party members and the police thought The dynamic analysis of mechanism, providing an ideological guarantee for the purity and firmness of team members. Three, fully implement the strict requirements, the management and administration of the party's responsibility to implement 99 General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that to implement strictly the responsibility, do a good job of Party building as the biggest achievement. Therefore, in my bureau implement comprehensive strictly required must be the party tube responsible party implemented. First, to further implement the responsibility system in Party building. To establish and improve the party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the agenda, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, in charge of the leadership Specific catch, catch a, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. Is to improve the reporting and appraising system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, use of cadres at request of the party", CF county Party debriefing practice, and constantly improve the annual party built debriefing appraisal system, in particular, to the year debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading 100 cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and directive The new integration business. Three is to improve the "three class" system. "Three class" system is to improve the party's organizational life, strict party member education management system, we must do a good job in the implementation and long-term persistence. According to "the party secretary of the organization lectures", "party members and cadres micro lectures and Thematic Party Day activities, innovation" three class "form, rich" three class "content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of" the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion "party organization life situation. At the same time, the" three class "system implementation of join or be admitted to the party organization committee debriefing appraisal of important content, strict grasp the" three class "system Real. Four, strict political discipline and political rules. Guide all Party members and the police in ideological political action always as the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping highly consistent, involved in major political principle, political stand, political views and other issues, we must be sober, stand firm. Guide the members of the civilian police to strengthen the sense of 101 organization, determined to do the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, and the whole party to the Central Committee. Some time ago, I held a party enlarged meeting, focus on adherence to the party's political discipline and political rules of thematic theory study, I at the meeting for the feelings to speak. I understand, party a concept of organization, can not see Party, touch not. According to the materialistic point of view, the material determines consciousness, existence determines consciousness, consciousness is the objective things in the brain to reflect, then, how to prove that the party's existence? Like the current, can not, can not be touched, but through the wire carrier, connect power supply, the electric light, the motor is running, it is proved that the current existence. Similarly, the party is by living every Party member, every Party member, speech and action of the carrier, reflecting party. Party is a whole, in order to normal operation, each party members according to their personality characteristics. Academic knowledge, professional knowledge, hobbies, physical condition, age, work experience, work experience and other comprehensive evaluation, main task of the division of labor and in jointly do a good job in party work, is mainly responsible for the Division I business, then in my division of work, in the Party committee collective discussion by, decision, foreign, on every level of members can to bureau of the party in the name and identity delivered a speech, the organization of 102 work. In specific work, in the higher Party committees have clear provisions of the spirit, in accordance with the spirit of the documents of ranking Party committee, combined with my work of the division of labor, on behalf of the bureau Party committee put forward their views and suggestions. Since Party members according to the higher Party committees to the spirit of the document can be Bureau on behalf of the party organization of work, then the behavior has party authority and seriousness, we should respect them and be with, give support, cannot according to personal preferences, personal understanding and awareness, regardless of the occasion, in broad daylight, in meetings, especially in the lower front of, guilty of liberalism, published the higher Party committees have been expressly prohibited speech, also cannot euphemistically called the personal point of view; regardless of party image and personal image, irresponsible, gossip, just open the river, grumble, grumble about; even, sarcastic ridicule, sarcasm, oblique accusations, make people Hold the most stringent start speech, personal attacks, vent personal grudge; more even, with ulterior motives, ulterior motives; fan Yin breeze, will-o '- the wisp, deliberately and party dissension and discord, rumors spread, the spread of division, and the party and the people, the hearts of the people, the decline of morale. This kind of behavior is the party's discipline are not allowed, from my start, from the members of the Party committee member, once, who despite the party discipline, drunk, behind, the key moment, in 103 violation of the party's political discipline, political rules and wait for the party discipline. We must strictly comply with the implementation of the central and superior party committee has clearly defined, does not allow bargaining, unconditional obedience, unconditional , does not allow a discount, or disguised discount. In addition. We want to strictly enforce the system of democratic life of the party, Party of democratic life, it is necessary to carry out criticism and self-criticism, is between the members of the Party committee of the mutual criticism, remind each other, will not do not speak, gossiping afterwards. Guide Party members and the police strictly request reporting system, regularly party members to execute the political discipline of political rules situation analysis judged and thematic summary, constantly enhance political of the political life of the party, the principle and militancy. Five, comprehensively improve the scientific level of Party building, the task of the party building To enhance the scientific level of the construction of the party is our party according to the worldly affairs, national and the new changes and new challenges of the party put forward the major issue is effective to deal with the four test ", resolve the pressing requirement of" four big risk "is the only way to maintain and develop the party's advanced natuStep is to 104 strengthen the party's cohesion, attraction and the fighting power of the inevitable choice. Under the new situation, it is necessary to apply the law of the ruling party construction of Marxism, according to the basic requirements of maintaining the party's advanced nature, continue to study new situations, solve new problems, sum up new experience, make the party building in scientific orbit continues to advance. One to focus, efforts to lay a solid foundation. Continue to carry out the "two hit" activities, accurately grasp strictly required new rules and characteristics of the work of Party building under, deepening grass-roots increase of basic party organization and Party member quality upgrade plan. Continue to carry out the window units vanguard party post, window model building activities, and continuously Enhance the party members and the police involved in activities to create enthusiasm. Increase of Party organizations and Party members advanced typical advocacy training efforts to become a "sign", "evergreen tree". To broaden the party serving the masses channels, construction of Party members contacting and serving the masses work system, make the Party member to become truly keep in mind the purpose, advanced elements of the heart of the masses. Establish and improve incentives within the party, care, helping mechanism, we do care and love grassroots cadres, old party members, difficult life member. In order to promote the party construction services, continue to carry out "party members and counterpart assistance" live and on-the-job Party member 105 volunteer service activities. Second, we must strengthen management, efforts to enhance the party members Quality, and conscientiously implement < the Communist Party of China the development of Party Work Rules >, adhere to strict standards, rigorous training, strict procedures, strict regulation and control, and continuously improve the quality of Party members, optimize the structure of Party member team. Strengthening of different kinds of police, the classified management of Party members in different positions, through the implementation of target management of Party members, record management, star rating etc. ways to strengthen the education of Party members, management and service work. Adhere to the mass appraisal, solid and effective to carry out members of the public commitment, no post party post duty activities, give full play to the role of Party members. Actively introduce the Internet +, by means of information to strengthen the education and management of the party members and make full use of "Xuchang male Ann party building network "," peace of Xuchang, Communist Party members, Liancheng micro lectures and other network platform to strengthen the education and training of Party members. Three to strict requirements, efforts to improve the party's style of work. To build a first-class units, to create a first-class team, cultivate first-class style, create first-class performance as the goal, combined with learning from the advanced models, and effectively solve the police party in the party spirit, moral character, style and ability 106 existing prominent problems; adhere to the lead austerity, oppose extravagance and waste, and oppose formalism, bureaucratism and seriously practice the "strict three real, establish a good style of work; earnestly implement the" eight insist, eight against ", advocate diligence Excited to learn and apply what they have learned, the heart of the masses, serve the people, grab get right on the job really, and to ensure the effectiveness of, hard work, thrift, the overall situation, curried, develop democracy, solidarity work, impartially and with the right of honesty in politics, life is decent, healthy interest in eight aspects of good atmosphere, promote the county public security organs party political construction has made new achievements. Fourth, it is necessary to produce battle fort effect. Party organizations at all levels to grasp the practical to the center of the public security work service key links, adhere to the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building, the more encountered serious incidents, major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the party organization The role of core, and earnestly do a good job before the war mobilization, wartime motivation, war veteran and so, truly party members and cadres to fight to where, the life of the party organization will extend to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. 107 Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, the Party Central Committee and the Party committee of a higher level of the construction of the party proposed the new, higher requirements, the work of Party building task is arduous, the glorious mission, rare opportunity. Let us to the debriefing meeting as a starting point, in the Bureau of the party's correct leadership, conscientiously study and implement the series of important speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping, spirit and the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth, thoroughly implement the comprehensive strictly required, continue to carry forward the party's fine tradition, hearten spirit, do solid work, the enterprising spirit, selfless dedication, to continue to create the county public security organs of Party building work in the new situation, to maintain social stability to ensure Successful completion of the task,re, also is aPromote public security undertakings flourish, for the construction of a beautiful and happy Xuchang county to make new and greater contributions! Carry out the party building debriefing appraisal work, implement the central and provincial Party committee, the municipal Party committee and comprehensively promote the strictly deployment requirements, implement strictly the responsibility, tamp the foundation of Party Construction of major initiatives. Public security organs as the party's 108 absolute under the leadership of the democratic dictatorship force, as the party and the people in the hands of the "hilt" must to strengthen the work of Party building and walk in the forefront, and make an example. From just four of the Secretary of the party organization debriefing situation, the party organization of debriefing of Party building and ideological work attaches great importance to prepare more fully, in the debriefing process, say achievements do not exaggerate, speak the problem does not cover, emphasize not vanity about rectification, truly realistic. Offer as Political Bureau Director comments, targeted strong, closely with the practical assessment highlights outstanding characteristics, ask clear, point out of the results, points out the problems and points out the pressure. This is not only a debriefing meeting and Party building the responsibility to implement, today the debriefing, to do a good job of new period party building work will play a very good role in promoting. Next, according to the city bureau Party Committee on Party building work on the arrangements, Bai chief commissioned by combining city Bureau of Party building work of new requirements, borrow this opportunity to revisit four points. To improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of responsibility and historic mission, the party's eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary Follow the construction of a series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new conclusions and new requirements, the grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly 109 study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the last 10 August, the party's mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions". That is: "is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the departments of Party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of Party committees (party) Forced members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think the self-knowledge; is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether the party's construction to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality, especially the Are substantially more than 80% of the discipline to move tells us, clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". 110 General Secretary of the" three no ", clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The city public security organs is a member of Communist Party as the main body of troops and members accounted for total number of civilian police, the Bureau of belonging to various departments of leading cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party's construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch of Party construction is empty. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. Xi, general secretary of the strong , catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must catch responsibility, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let Jushu unit party secretary to the party organization at the next higher level debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization is mainly responsible person, seize the key problem. Second, it is necessary to improve the work of Party building system, the system construction is to strengthen the party building work of public security is an important guarantee. To through the scientific development of the system, improve the system, execution system and make the system become a hard bound, continue to promote the public security work of Party building standardization. One is to further implement the responsibility of Party BuilSystem. It is necessary to 111 establish and improve Party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the important process, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, leaders in charge of specific grab, grab a level, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. The second is improve the debriefing appraisal system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, the use of cadres at request of the party", the Secretary of the party debriefing contrast do Law, and constantly improve the annual party debriefing appraisal system, especially to the annual debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and oriented. Third, improve the "three will be a lesson system." three class system is to improve the life of the party organization, 112 strict management of Party member education system must do a good job in the implementation, insist for a long time. According to the "Secretary of the party organization lectures", "Party cadres Implementation of integrating micro lectures and theme day activities, innovation "three class" form, rich "three class" content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of "the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion" party organization life new situation. At the same time, the "three class" of the implementation of join or be admitted to the party secretary of the organization debriefing appraisal of the important content, strict grasp the "three class" system. To strengthen the education of Party members, improve Party member of party spirit idea and political consciousness. Xi General Secretary profoundly pointed out: "firm ideal and faith are the legal team of political soul must be the ideal and belief education in political and legal team construction of the first , constantly playing firmly hold high the banner, command of the party, loyalty to the mission of the ideological foundation. "The city's public security organs is a with Communist Party members for the disciplined subject, Party members accounted for more than 80% of the total number of civilian police, bureau of belonging to different departments of leading cadres and backbone basically is a party member, do a good job in the construction of Party member team, will seize the fundamental construction of public security team. We must seize the 113 political construction of the police as the core, adhere to the party for public security work absolute leadership this fundamental principle, put the ideal and belief of party spirit education in a more prominent position, to ensure that the Party member troop absolute loyalty, absolutely pure, absolutely reliable. To adhere to the theory of armed, serious organization And adherence to the in-depth study of the majority of Party members and the party's basic theory, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the series of important speech spirit, education of Party members and the party's political discipline and political rules, and consciously in accordance with the party constitution and party political life standards to regulate their own words and deeds, so that discipline, rules, listen to say hello, do in the party party, the party worry about the party, the party for the party, the party retaining the party, and always in the ideological and political action and to Xi Jinping as general secretary of the Central Committee of the party remain highly consistent, consciously do the party's loyal guards of the masses of the people caring people. To build a strong base layer organization, strengthen grass-roots party organization's cohesive force and fighting force. To strengthen the basic level party organization construction Is the key to the target is doing a good job of Party building work of the important basis and guarantee. To optimize the organizational settings. In accordance with the ease of Party members to participate in activities for Party organizations play a role in principle, 114 reasonable norms of the party organization, Party organizations at the grassroots level full coverage, to ensure that each party members into the party organization in Party activities, organization and management, the organization of care, to accept the supervision of the organization, and actively play a role. Second, we must pay close attention to the team construction. Catch team, with the team party building is an important content and basic level party organization team with members shall complete, clear division of labor, responsibility implementation, implementation of post management. With a good team with a strong Party Secretary , to effectively strengthen the Secretary of the party organization is the Party of person of the first responsibility, sense of responsibility, the responsibility system to prevent "party construction task of Party building, Party building work and business two skins" phenomenon. Third, we need to play good battle fort action. Party organizations at all levels to effectively seize as a key link in the center of the public security work service, adhere to thedingTo the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building and the encounter major emergencies and major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the core role of Party organizations, and earnestly do a good job in the pre war mobilization, wartime motivation, postwar entitled work truly where the battle of Party members and cadres, the party's organizational life extended to where, the role of fighting bastion of the 115 party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, do a good job of public security Party Building work as the task is arduous and glorious mission, hope everyone to firmly establish "a game of chess," thought, put down Real strictly required as the new normal organ of the party's construction, further emancipate the mind, ningxinjuli, do solid work, to maintain social stability, promote social fairness and justice, protect the people live and work, to make new and greater contributions. The accident scene of the accident treatment of XX XX, April 7 to April 11, according to traffic police detachment and the traffic police brigade of the arrangement, I had the honor to participate in the Ministry of Public Security Research Institute held high-end training class, by 5 days of training and learning, I have a deep feeling, learning a lot of new knowledge and to deal with the accident of skills, to learn and work are of great help, we will experience is summed up as follows: first, study the new knowledge, to expand the field of vision. In the research the teacher to explain, we review the < road traffic accident scene drawing >, and emphatically studied at the scene of the real record drawing standards, the graph can reflect the state and each element Full coverage regardless of size, position, give a person to live a more intuitive understanding of the 116 next step accident treatment has a great help. At the same time, I have seen some new accident investigation equipment, such as a new generation of traffic accident scene drawing system, through training, the police can very fast rendering standard site map, data measurement, and in accordance with the Ministry of public security of the standard, and the UAV, the application of UAV camera or camera, from the fundamental solution overview accident photos. Second, on the scene photography basic requirements and accident photographic difference. The scene photography scene is the most objective real reaction. But photographs of the scene taken to ensure objective, comprehensive, timely and clear requirements, this scene photos to assurance its legal effect; the scene photography has also undergone a change by the original photography of orientation and overview of photography, Photo Center, breakdown of the photo, change for range photography, photographic overview, local camera, film element, photography of minutia, than photography, so to photographic content more refined, more specific, the as evidence of a more targeted, more accurate., on site survey extracted traces and field exploration process traces are extracted by the problems and errors. Trace on the scene of the discovery and extraction as a matter of So the scene investigation is an important part of the process, on the analysis of the cause of the accident and the accident are very important role, through the teacher's explanation and analysis them as an expert, from the perspective 117 of identification of traces of the scene points extraction and pointed out the direction for under our own exploration site to extract traces, at the same time, through the teacher's explanation, accidents will produce certain traces, which requires us in the scene of the accident investigation of careful, and not missing any useful to our trace on the scene. On advanced equipment of traffic accident identification, genetic analysis of the role of. I feel the deepest is now home Car safety air bag with something called the airbag module. This is known as "black box" car equipment, has a record of when the speed, whether to take braking, take a few braking and other data, recording, has a very large role for analyzing the cause of the incident, next serious accidents must pay attention to extract such equipment; and escape accidents are common in the general video surveillance on the blurred image, wLicense plate number; shellac, fiber identification, etc. with advanced equipment can make the identification, with the advanced equipment, technical backing, feeling the impartial handling of the each accident and escape detection accident confidence. On the scene of the accident protection. The teacher from three aspects to explain the road traffic accident and law enforcement duty site safety protection: 1, from the level of laws and regulations, Ministry of public security, proceeding from the actual conditions promulgated on the rules and regulations to strictly enforced, which requires each of us a police starting from their own point of view, for their own safety, must not omit any link, don't be afraid of 118 trouble, this is Lists are not qualified for you alone are responsible for the unit is responsible for the family is responsible for; 2. Strengthen on-site protection facilities of the configuration and use, the first to buy and configuration of safety protection equipment, if equipment, but also about what door? Then is another question, equipment, how to use, the teacher of Tianjin accident lesson, because a lot of equipment, is not put into use, resulting in our police due to the lack of timely reminder of the accident, causing us to a number of police casualties; 3, the device is put into use, but also strengthen individual protection skills and teamwork training. In a word, We want to use qualified equipment and abide by laws and regulations, strengthen training of personal skills and teamwork and ensure its own security in the field staff. Through the study of five days of training, an increase of knowledge, learning the something new, strengthen the unit and brother of business flow, also found their own shortcomings, the next step I want to share of Wuxi advanced concepts and colleagues, common learning and common progress, makes the traffic police brigade accident treatment work more on the floor! In recent years, XX city always adhere to a hand grasping the building, a hand grasp the management, and actively explore new mode of Biogas Service, strive to innovate new mechanism for ecological compensation, pay attention to enhance the image of the new energy team, cohesion to 119 create a new bright spot of circular agriculture, biogas in scientific management, comprehensive utilization and achieved certain results. First, the cultivation of new business entities, to explore new mode of follow-up services XX city has been built biogas 11 million households, biogas digesters is "treasure pool, biogas replaced the coal and firewood, become a clean, economic life energy, biogas pool instead of the old cesspool, become to improve the sanitary conditions of important possessions. With the maintenance quantity is increasing year by year, firedamp follow-up service into the long-standing problem. To do a good job of Biogas Service, polish up the brand of "XX model and we guide biogas mechanic established biogas cooperation, energy service companies, such as the model of market main body. Through market service, breakthrough in the past by the government construction, maintenance, a pack in the end of the narrow concept, establish the" who benefits, who management "the correct concept. The main body of the new take innovative service mode, expand service content and other measures, developing biogas service, centralized gas supply pipeline construction and gas charging operation and other aspects of comprehensive 120 management. It not only solves the problem of farm household biogas, and change the follow-up services, but also increases the income of service team. The cultivation of new subjects, to consolidate and improve the service system, the effective establishment of a long-term mechanism of biogas services, to achieve the standardization of the follow-up services, intensive and professional. Two, the introduction of international carbon trading, innovative new mechanism for ecological compensation XX City Xiang Bai Guo centripetal rich is an ordinary farmers biogas, biogas his home with very good results, he is carbon fund project of farmers, this year, the winner of the Netherlands government to pay him thehich can identifyInspired by the introduction of $23, he used this carbon trading income to buy a new gas stove. This is XX household biogas clean development mechanism project is the United Nations first successfully registered household biogas carbon fund project. The project of 4330 household biogas pool, each year to reduce carbon emissions in 7298 tons, carbon emissions trading income of 10 million US dollars, equivalent to RMB 65 million yuan, carbon trading income subsidies to build pool farmer for biogas digesters follow-up maintenance provides ongoing capital investment in carbon fund project, XX City, the implementation of 121 the "gas rewards" project, "whether the normal ignition, gas pressure size, pig herds head number Indicators will biogas digester using effect is good, medium and poor to refine the management and posting the use of farm household biogas, biogas use good farmers reward. Ecological compensation project implementation, increase the income of farmers, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, increase rate of the use of biogas, at this stage for the implementation of the voluntary emission reduction projects to provide a reference. Three, establish an advanced service model, highlighting the new image of the energy team Repeatedly since the technology of biogas digesters "third built seven in charge, not good will be" a year, two years, three years four years keep frogs. To catch the follow-up service, to catch the team XX City in strengthening the team building process, the emergence of a number of service models and technical experts. Dragon and Phoenix Town Agricultural Service Center of Yuan Liang, is a typical representative. He from 2005 years engaged in gas, ten years as one day, always keep the people of noble sentiment, conscientiously perform their duties conscientiously serve the masses. His advanced deeds of people's daily, the farmer daily, Hubei Daily and other media reported that 2015 was named 122 the provincial labor Model, by the Deputy Secretary of the provincial Party committee Zhang Changer as the new era of Shi Chuanxiang, Yuan Liang with his dedication to the cause of the gas, won the majority of people good reputation. Vigorously promote the typical deeds, strengthen the play. Incentive motivation, the city "for everyone to learn advanced, all vying for the advanced, everyone catch up with and surpass the advanced" has become so rampant, the team has the typical, post a pacesetter, set up the city's rural energy team for the good image of the civil service. Four, to promote the development of circular agriculture, build a comprehensive utilization of a new bright spot Table, an important role in the profound understanding of the ecological "XX" from the ecological agriculture, XX city to biogas development of ecological agriculture, always adhere to the construction of biogas energy line overall circulation agriculture demonstration, in accordance with the "gas into people's homes, free installation, according to the charges, comprehensive utilization" principle, vigorously carry out the centralized gas supply, recycling for the purpose of biogas engineering construction. One is to carry out multi demonstration. The dragon and 123 Phoenix Town, Tun Xiang Bai Guo Xiang, the construction of the biogas engineering as a link to the "pig - biogas - vegetable", "pig - biogas - tea", "pig - biogas - fruit" cycle of agricultural demonstration base, through a variety of experiments and demonstrations, summarize test result And promotion of demonstration experience. The second is to enhance the quality. The city in biogas production and utilization, research and development of "high yield biogas fermentation device and selenium enriched biogas fertilizer production method" is State Intellectual Property Office of the grant of the patent right, to enhance the level of technology of the city of Biogas fertilizer use. The third is to expand the use of the area. According to local conditions, due to implement the strategy, the follow-up services of biogas and biogas comprehensive utilization of organic combination, to solve the "planting no biogas pool", "biogas pool or not in the labor force", practical problems such as "labor without cultivation", let biogas fertilizer was in circulation and utilization. The next step, XX city will in accordance with the provincial, state energy deployment, and further increase the efforts to the construction of biogas project, to accelerate rural biogas to the scale of development, comprehensive utilization and scientific management in the direction of transformation and upgrading, promote the sustainable development of biogas in rural areas. 124 In recent years, under the support and guidance of the provincial rural energy office, the county completed a total of household biogas pool nearly 7 million households, large-scale biogas project 4, small and medium-sized biogas project in 141, rural service outlets 211, subsidies for solar water heater 2340, biomass stove 2300 units, for the development of green agriculture, improve the people's quality of life play great role. In particular, we succeed in biogas purification, high value utilization based on, to further expand the scale, to open up the market, standardized management, to promote the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas project made some active exploration. Our approach to report as follows: One, scale development, play the economic and social benefits of high quality of methane utilization Biogas high-quality exploit inspired new rural of our country's energy market, for installation of gas pipeline engineering of new rural residential demand. Since last year the province's rural biogas high quality using after the spot, we based on the basis, to expand the scale, an ample supply of gas source, to ensure that farmers with adequate quality of bio gas. One is to expand the size of the original base. Last year held a spot of Qianfeng county and in the province of rural energy office, county 125 government support, in the original 30 acres of the project on the basis of, to ratify the new 10 acres of land, according to large scale biogas centralized gas supply engineering construction requirements, invest 100 million yuan to build a 3000m3 volume of anaerobic fermentation tank, the implementation of technical innovation, using carbon steel output pipeline, building to gas 10000m3 above the new holder, and complete the related projects, assurance that have been developed to farmers with the supply of gas, 2016 Spring Festival peak gas during. There have been no interruption in supply, the user of ten Satisfaction. Second is to actively open up new bases. This year, we through the comprehensive deployment of the county government, related to the integration of sector funds, in Pu Zhen Zhang Zhuang Songlin farm, the port town of gold farming cooperatives, plans to build two 2000m3 volume fermentor, copy forward mode, solve environmental pollution, fruit trees fertilizer, life problems with gas. We will also under the support of relevant departments, the forward mode is launched county public security, with conditions in other counties, willingness of biogas engineering base, to assist in the construction of gas compression purification equipment and production and marketing integration mode. At present, Qianfeng company has been declared a biogas purification, compression and canning 10 a number of utility Technology patents, 2 invention patents, has 126 applied for a registered trademark of the striker, and with the equipment manufacturers to improve the equipment stereotypes and production and business license related work. File, identity to access to a wide range of measures to implement a decentralized, and third, we will steadily develop the market, we forward the company together to form a team, the public security county, Nanping, lotus pond gate three town residential area development, joint concentrated propaganda, further mobilize and organize farmers to base inspection, to the user, enhance the perceptual knowledge, so that the majority of users of biomass gas from ignorance, doubt, and the safe, convenient, economical and practical advantages of convinced, blown away. At the same time, begin to rural area market development, Meng Zhen Jin Gang Cun Zha Kou Zhen De Yi Village pilot, the biomass gas supply farmers, let old people's lives improve grades. Popular support, this year, has added 2382 users. In the commercial sector, has also developed more than 10 food and beverage industry users, the amount of gas is equivalent to 500 civilian gas consumption. Two, make an inventory of the stock, to play the role of high quality of the use of Biogas 127 Rectification has been built in the biogas project, the use of mobile integrated compression purification equipment, the nearest gas recovery, the nearest distribution, improve the use of the original biogas project effect, give full play to the role of high quality and revitalize thProvince's rural marsh gas with high quality use after the spot, we organized a special group, on the basis of a full range of investigation and research, and forward the company together on the county's three large and medium-sized anaerobic fermentation tank be renovated and through technical transformation to restore gas production capacity, building integrated mobile compression purified gas recovery equipment, gas recovery at the price of one yuan per cubic meter by striker company recovery. Both sides have certain economic benefits, not only start the utilization of waste fermentation tank, but also saves the cost of new fermentation tank, achieve a win-win results. Transformation of concentrated residential above at the same time, we also the county nearly 20 100m3 volume fermentation tank, technological transformation, the use of forward the company's equipment, so that to make full use of the conditions are ripe for the District, we use small equipment for purification of direct supply, the use of the user directly with clean and high quality raw material gas, deeply welcome. For example, we in Zhang Tian Si Zhen Chang Chun Cun residential area gas investment 128 less than 20 million yuan, to more than 100 users for the natural gas. Through the entire old buildings and building new, one or two years to cover the whole county, and truly let the rural biogas upgrading work implemented, resulting in greater social benefits and economic benefits. Three, comprehensive utilization, to play the key role of biogas project to boost green agriculture Consumptive striker in my county is planting, livestock and poultry, aquatic County, according to statistics, the county pig herds 57 million head, poultry kept caged 9.7 million, large-scale farms and farming district more than 1000, animal manure and sewage emissions 20 million tons, aquaculture and environmental protection pressure. In the county government's support, we have more channels to raise funds, the biogas project near the base of the five towns more than 20 a livestock and poultry farm manure renovation to achieve separation of dry and wet, and each farm road repair, the company and the aquaculture field signed agreement, the implementation of paid service. On the one hand, to solve the environmental pollution problems, to ensure that the livestock and poultry breeding The healthy development of the industry, on the other hand, to ensure the Qianfeng company production of biomass gas raw materials, can effectively reduce the cost. In the treatment of biogas slurry and 129 residue, we equip the a full automatic drip injection and spraying fertilization system, biogas slurry destined for the vegetable fruit base, through the pipe network, the use of automation in process of sprinkler irrigation and achieve small investment, big gains in effect. Combined with biogas centralized supply through the establishment of biogas households, biogas comprehensive utilization demonstration area, fan out from point to area, to expand the scale, give full play to the commercial, biogas fertilizer fertilize the soil effect. Comprehensive utilization of agricultural structure adjustment to construction of biogas as a link, promote aquaculture, driven by planting industry development, and vigorously promote the "pig - Marsh - fruit, pig - Marsh - food, pig - Marsh - Fish" green mode, to create eco brand, organic brand. Over the past two years, we met with Xing Long ecological farm, Dorian vegetable cooperatives and Jin Gang grape base jointly invested more than 30 million, to build three "three natural ponds" comprehensive utilization project pilot, the economic benefit is obvious, vegetable growers of identity And praise. Although we have done some work on the use of biogas in high quality, but according to industry standards and market operation requirements there are many procedures need to complete, we urge the department pay more to give guidance and support, to ensure that rural biogas high-quality 130 use of standardization, scale, standardization and rapidly to the province, and strive to promote the country.e stock. 131
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