专升本语法大全

专升本语法大全 专升本考试语法备考考点 , 通过2002-2010专升本真题统计得出，语法考点依次重点为: , 从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、情态动词 , 形容词和副词、动词时态、动词语态、介词、倒装、独立主格、it 用法、主谓一致、反义疑问句等 专升本必考重点语法一 定语从句 一、定语从句与引导词 定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词 叫做先行词， 而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。 , 1.关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、 宾语,whose作定语。 , 代人的有:who,whom,whose,that; , 代物的有:that,which,whose. , 例如:The man who helped you is Mr White. , (who代人，在定语从句中作主语) That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. , (whom,who,that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略) I?m not the fool(that) you thought me to be. , (that代人，在定从中作表语) A dictionary is a useful book which(,that) tells us the meaning of words , (which或that代物，在定从中作主语) , 2(关系副词有:when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在 定语从句中作状语。 例如:Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk? , (when可省略) The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting. 注意:不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先 行词都用where引导定从。 , 例如:We?ll visit the factory which(,that) makes radios. (which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用) They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe. 1 (which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不 可用) 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 , 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名 词或名词词组或代词;非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可 以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。 , 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系 词不能省略。 , 非限制性定语从句例:Li Ping’s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry. , He is good at physics, as is known to us all.,As is known to us all, he is good at physics. , (as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe 这类结构中as不可换为which) 三、只用that引导和不用that引导的场合 , 1(只用that引导和不用that引导的场合 , 1) 当先行词既包括人又包括物时: , He talked about the men and the books that attracted him. 2) 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时: , These are the very points that interest me./That?s the only watch that I like most. 3) 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时:The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me. 4) 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及 everything,anything,nothing等时: , There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need? 5) 先行词是who时:Who that have seen him does not like him? , 2(不用that的场合如下: 1)非限制性定语从句中 , Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2)介词放在关系代词之前时 , This is the man from whom I learnt the news 3)句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 2 , I have found that which I was looking for. 四、“介词，关系代词”用法 , 1(介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如: , Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配) 2( 介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配)，例如:He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope) 3( 当关系代词作“动词，介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短 语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如: , This is the watch which you?re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on. 五、几个名词后的引导词 , 1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句: , Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word? 2. way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句， 也可省略: , Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem? 3. “the same，名词”，“such，名词”，“as，名词”后通常用as引 导定语从句。 例如:I have the same dictionary as you(have)./Such a book as you bought is not worth buying. 定语从句考点分析 1(The best work ______ Luxun wrote and ______ I have read has been made into a film. A.which;that B.that;× C.×;that D.×;× 析:如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后 一句的不可省略，故应选C。 2( It was in 1969 ______ two Americans got to the moon by space ship. It was 1969 ______ two Amerians got to the moon by space ship. A.when B.which C.that D.× 析:第一句是强调时间in 1969,强调结构是“It was，强调部分，that句”， 故应选C。第二句It是表时间的，先行词1969在从句中作状语，故选A。 3( Is this the house ______ Shakespeare was born? 3 A.at which B.which C.in which D.at where 析:观察题目，空白处只有填in which或where才能表达“这是莎士比亚 出生的房子吗,”这一意思，故答案为C。 4( Is this house ______ Shakespeare was born? A.where B.which C.in which D.at which 析:将此句变为陈述句;This house is ______ Shakespeare was born.显然 is后是一表语从句，只有选where(,the place where)才能表达“这是莎士 比亚的出生地”这一意思，故答案为A。 5(In the dark street,there wasn?t a single person ______ she could turn for help. A.to whom B.of whom C.from whom D.that 析:“介词，关系代词”要考虑短语搭配或与先行搭配，这道题短语turn to有关，故应选A。 7(Have you ever asked him the reason ______ may explain his being late. A.why B.that C.for which D.what 析:此题易误选A、C，因为先行词是the reason,但细观察分析，定语从 句缺少主语，所以答案是B。注意what不能引导定语从句。 8(Farming is difficult ______ there is no rain. A.where B.in place C.that D.the place where 析:因为difficult是形容词，故其后不是定语从句。这儿的空白处应填引 导状语从句where(,in the place where),全句表达“在没有雨水的地方耕种 困难”。这一意思，可见答案为A。 9(We need the same machine ______ in your factory. A.which is being used B.as is being used D.as it is being used C.that is being used 析:根据“the same，先行词”后跟as引导定语从句的原则，可知答案为B。 10(______ the people,not things ______ are most important. A.There are;who B.Those are;that C.It is;that D.It was;who 析:仔细观察分析题目，可知只有C构成强调句才有成立。当我们要检验 视其为强调 句的判断是否正确时，只要将“It is (或was)…that”这三个词去掉，剩下部 分读 起来正确无误，则证明判断是正确的，反之是错误的。此题如不填“It is…that” 三词，句子是The people,not things are most important.语义完整正确，说 明选C是对的。 4 专升本必考重点语法二 名词性从句 名词从句有四类:宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。 宾语从句:I don?t know where he will go. 主语从句:Where he will go is unknown. 表语从句:The problem is how we can get so much money. 同位语从句:We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game. 名词性从句考点1 , whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意，(即引导宾语从 句时if和whether可以互换)但以下几种名词从句要用whether (不用if)引导: (1) 引导主语从句，且在句首时。 , 例:Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但 It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis). (2) 引导表语从句时。 , 例The problem is whether he can get a job. (3) 引导同位语从句时。 , 例:I have no idea whether he will come. (4) 介词后的whether从句。 , 例:I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 名词性从句考点2 , 位于句首引导主语从句的that不能省略 , That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us. 名词性从句考点3 在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/…， that从句”结构中，that从句谓语有时用(should)do这样的虚拟语气形式。 例如:It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us. s life.，It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all one It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings(缺点) 名词性从句考点4 在“The reason why…is that…”句式中that不要误为because. 例如:The reason why he didn’t go to school yesterday is that he was ill 5 名词性从句考点5 名词从句中that,what用法比较: 引导名词从句的that是连词，在句中无成份，无意义，而what是连接代 词，what,the thing(s) that. 例如:s newspaper that what the students had done was praised，It was told in yesterday by the factory. I know that he will study. I know what he will study. That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all. What he works hard at is known to us all. All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what(,the person that)he used to be.他和以前大不相同了。 名词性从句考点6 where在名词从句中的使用特点: where在名词从句中有时可以变为“the place where”,有时可以变为“介词 ，the place where” 形式。例如: 主从:Where(,The place where)she has gone is still unknown. 宾从:Would you please tell me where(,the place where) Mr Smith lives? 表从:Your dictionary remains where(,in/at the place where)you put. 同位从:Have you any idea where(,of the place where) she is spending her holidays? 名词性从句考点7 无论是哪种名词从句都是陈述语序。 , 例如: I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is. 当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序(即“主，谓，(宾)”或“主 ，系，表”结构)，将其变为间接引语(即宾语从句)时，无需改变 语序。例如: What’s the matter with him? , She asked me what was the matter with him. Who looks after your grandfather? , He asked me who looked after my grandfather 一、主语从句 1. 主语从句 在句中作主语的句子叫主语从句 6 引导词: 从属连词that whether 连接代词what who which whatever whoever 连接副词how when where why 注意:that在从句中无词义，只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚 Who will win the match is still unknown. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. That he stole a bike was true. 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。 Where and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: 1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) +do”，常用的句型有: It is necessary It’s important It’s natural /strange that … 二、宾语从句 2. 宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1.)由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非 7 正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。 He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 注意:在demand, order, suggest, advise, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用 “should+ 动词原形”。 I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。 The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. I want to know what he has told you. She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 3)用whether或if引导的宾语句 whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如:主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether. 介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。 I don’t care about whether you have money or not. Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 4)宾语从句中的时态呼应 宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态; I know that he studies English every day. I know that he studied English last term. I know (that) he will study English next year. We all know that he has studied English since 1998. 如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等; We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America( 当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态 The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east. 5)当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否 8 定的转移。 We don’t believe that he will win the game. I don’t think he will do so. 三、表语从句 3. 表语从句 在句中作表语的句子叫表语从句。 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if, because 引导。其基本结构为: 主语 + 系动词 + that从句 The fact is that we have lost the game. That’s just what I want. This is where our problem lies. That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. This is because he missed the train by one minute. 需要注意的是，当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。 The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. 三、定语从句 定语从句的两种形式 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句的构成 The old lady who lives next to us sells books. You should do all that I said. I have found the teacher whom I am looking for . I visited the factory where my father works. 先行词和关系词的关系 1.A plane is a machine that can fly. a machine = that 2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom. the boy =who 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指 3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather. the boy?s =whose 关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格 4.The school where I study is far from my home in the school = where 关系副词实际上是介词，先行词 9 指人指人指物指物主语主语宾语宾语 关系代词的用法 thatthat 关系代词在从句中可以: whichwhich whowho whomwhom 何时可以省略, 做宾语时可以省略 关系代词的用法练习 1.The eggs were not fresh. I bought them yesterday The eggs (that/which) I bought them were not fresh. 2.The friend was not hungry. He came to supper last night. The friend who/ that he came to supper last night was not hungry. 3.He prefers the cheese. It comes from his parent?s farm. He prefers the cheese that / which it comes from his parent?s farm. 4.The noodles were delicious. You cooked them. The noodles( which/ that )you cooked them were delicious. 5.I don?t like the people. They smoke a lot. I don?t like the people that / who they smoke a lot. 关系副词和先行词的关系 I still remember the day when I came here. on the day =when This is the house where I lived last year. in the house= where There are many reasons why people like traveling. for the reasons =why I don?t like the way that you speak. in the way =that 关系副词实际上是介词，先行词 几种易混的情况 1.I?ll never forget the days__when /in which_ _ we worked together. 2.I?ll never forget the days __which__ we spent together. 及物动词 3.I went to the place where/ in which I worked ten years ago. 4.I went to the place _which I visited ten years ago. 及物动词 5.This is the reason __why/ for which__ he was late. 6.This is the reason __that/which__ he gave. 及物动词 难用的 whose Join the following pair of sentences The teacher praised the student. His English is the best in our class. The teacher praised the student whose English is the best in our class. 10 whose =the student?s 关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格 The house is mine. The window of the house is broken. The house whose window is broken is mine. whose=the house?s window The house the window of which is broken(of which the window is broken) is mine. 非限制性定语从句 Please compare: Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. The town where I live is beautiful. Kenli, where I live, is beautiful. 分析两种定语从句省略后的结果 Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. The town where I live is beautiful. Kenli, where I live, is beautiful. 限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，所以不能省略 非限制性定语从句和单句的比较 1.I am reading Harry Porter, _which_is an interesting book. 2.He failed in the exam._This_ made his parents angry. 3.He failed in the exam, _which_made his parents angry. (That错误) 4.He has two sons. Both of _them_ are teachers. 5.He has two sons, both of _whom_ are teachers. as 引导的非限制性定语从句 The earth is round ._It_ is known to all. The earth is round , _which/ as _ is known to all. _As_ is known to all, the earth is round. 定语从句在句首时只能用as _It_ is known to all that the earth is round. as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如: as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected as 引导的非限制性定语从句 (1) Please compare: This is the same pen as I lost. 这本书和我丢的那本一模一样. This is the same pen that I lost. 这本书就是我丢的那本。 as 引导的限制性定语从句 (2) 11 Please complete the following sentences and compare : This is such an interesting book _as_ we all like. This is so interesting a book _as_ we all like. 这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句) This is such an interesting book _that_we all like it. This is so interesting a book _that_we all like it. 这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句) 介词+关系代词的情况 1 The man whom you spoke to was a scientist. The city which she lives in is far away. 介词+关系代词的情况 2 Are these two sentences right? The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist. The city that/which she lives in is far away. 介词+关系代词的情况 3 The man to who(×)/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city in that(×)/which she lives is far away. 可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后 介词+关系代词的情况 4 下面两句中的介词能提前吗? Is this the watch that you are looking for? The old man whom I am looking after is better . 在固定短语中介词不 能提前 介词+关系代词的情况 练习 , 1. Do you like the book on which she spent $10? , 2. Do you like the book for which she paid $10? , 3. Do you like the book from which she learned a lot? , 4. Do you like the book about which she often talks? , 5. He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. , 6. There is a tall tree outside, under which stands our teacher. , 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _of which_is the Yellow River. 8. The tower from which people can have a good view is on the hill. , 9. The man _to whom_ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. , 10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _of which_ 12 hadn?t been cleaned for at least a year. 只能用that 做关系代词的情况 1.当先行词是不定代词时,如:All ,few, little, much, every, something, anything, everything等 2.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, any等修饰时 3.当人和物合做先行词时 4.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 5.在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中 只能用which 做关系代词的情况:在非限制性定语从句中或者在介词后 面。 (that , which or who?) Exercise 1.He did all / everything _that_he could to help me. 2.This is the very thing _that_ I am after. 3.We talked about the men and the things _that_ we remembered at school. 4.He is the only man _that_ can do the work. 5.This is the first thing _that_ I want to say. 6.He is the finest man _that_ I have ever worked with. 7.Who is the man _that_ spoke to you at the gate. 8.Which is the star _that_ is nearest to the earth. (that , which ,whose, whom or who?) 9.Is there anything else _that_ you want to say? 10.Any person _that_ has the money can join the group. 11.He often speaks the role he played in the play, which made others upset. 12.He opened the door, in front of _which_ sat a boy. 13.The man to _whom_ I spoke is a famous scientist. 14.The boy _whose_ mother is dead was brought up by his father. 五、状语从句 5. 状语从句-------状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子 根据其作用可分为9种: 1.时间 2.地点 3.原因 4.条件 5.目的 6.结果 7.让步 8.方式 9.比较 1.时间状语从句 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner „ than, hardly „when, scarcely „ when I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. 13 While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2.地点状语从句 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定 的句型: 句型1:Where，地点从句，(there)，主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时，there 可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如: Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地 方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原 来的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated. 哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever，地点从句，，主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词， 意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于 主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。 例如: Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 3.原因状语从句 常用引导词:because, since, as, for 特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more 14 4.目的状语从句 常用引导词:so that, in order that 特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly 5.结果状语从句 常用引导词:so „ that, such „ that, 特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6.条件状语从句 常用引导词:if, unless, 特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7.让步状语从句 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句 首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won’t listen whatever you may say. 15 8.比较状语从句 常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …， so„; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no „ more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。 9.方式状语从句 常用引导词:as, as if, how 特殊引导词:the way When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 六、同位语从句 放名词后，补充说明该名词被称为同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词通常 为answer, hope, doubt, truth, belief, news, idea, promise, information, conclusion, order, beliefsuggestion, problem, question, fact, thought, report, decision, opinion, theory等抽象名词。 The news that his heath is failing made us sad. There is no doubt that he will come here again. He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now. The question who should do the work requires consideration I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. I have no idea when he will be back( I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. 同位语从句的引导词: 1.从句意义完整，不缺成分,由that 引导且that不充当任何成分，只起连 接作用，不能省略。 2.从句意义不完整，需要增加“是否”这个含义，应用whether 引导同位语 从句。(if不能引导同位语从句) 3.从句意义不完整，缺成分的,需要增加什么地方，什么时候，谁等等这样 的含义由wh-(how), -ever引导,在从句中作成分。 16 掌握同位语从句的用法要注意以下两个问题: 1、 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面， 而是被别的词隔 开，以使得整个句子的结构显得平衡。 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. Word came that Hussein had been captured. 2、同位语从句和定语从句区别: 同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明， that引导的同位语从句中引导 词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分， 但不能被省略，同位语从句 还可以用whether、 how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。 定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中 充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、 宾语 或者表语， 充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。 比较下列句子 We can’t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light. I can’t remember the problem that they have. I won’t believe the fact that he lied to his mother. I won’t believe the fact (that) he told me. The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. We have no idea at all where he has gone. That’s the place where he was born 1.There is much chance __A__ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006天津) A. that B. which C. until D. if 2.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class __B__ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. (2006重庆) A. why B. that C. where D. because Do you have any idea __B__ is actually going on in the classroom? (2005辽 宁) A. That B. what C. as D. which The difficulty we now meet with is __D__ we can persuade him to tell the truth. A. whether B. that C. what D. how 名词从句考点分析 1(They want to know ______ do to help us. 17 A. what they can B. how they can C. how can they D. what can they 析:此题要选陈述语序项，故应排除C、D。又因how they can do不完 整，do后无宾语，故也应排除，只有A项既是陈述语序，且what they can do完整正确地表达出“他们能做些什么”这一意思，故答案为A。 2(His teacher ______ he ______ bright and ______ he was worth teaching. A.didn?t think;was;that B.thought;was;whethert;×， C.didn?t think;was;× D.thought;wasn 析:观察题目，可知think后跟有and连接的两个并列宾语从句，这时 前一个宾语从句的引导语that可以省略，但引导后一宾语从句的that不 可省略，据此，可排除C、D两个选项。若选B项，全句意思不通，而选 择A项可表达“他的老师认为他不聪明，不值得教”这一意思，且语法结构 无误，故可定A是正确答案。 3(______ is done cannot be undone. A.How B.That C.What D.Where 析:do一般作及物动词使用，从题干看，需选一词作主语(逻辑上是 done的宾语)。而A.How,D.Where均是副词，不能作主语，故应排除。B 项that一词只能在定语从句中作主语，不能在主语从句中作主语，也应排 除。只有选what(,the thing that),才 能正确表述“凡是做的不可不做”这一 意思。 4(Take care ______ you dont make mistakes in the coming exam. A.of that B.about that C.for what D.that 析:take care是“注意”、“当心”意，后面可跟that引导的宾语从句来表 达“当心不要…”意思，据此，该题应选D。 5(To his surprise,the umbrella was not ______ he had put. A.which B.where C.the place D.that 析:观察题干，was not后是表语，根据where在表语从句中相当于in/at the place where,将其置于空白处则可表达“伞不在他当初放的地方”这一意 思，而C选项缺少词，不可选。A、D项皆不合用。 6(______ we can get seems better than ______ we have. ， A.what;what B.what;that C.that;that D.that;what 析:此题显然是要表达“我们得不到的东西似乎比我们得到的东西好。” 这一意思，即 “A seems better that B”结构，根据what,the thing(s) that这一特点，将其置 于两空白处正好可以表达出前者比后者好这一意思，故 答案为A。 7(______ we?ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 18 析:此题depends前的主语从句是一个不肯定的内容，在句首表“是否” 意时，只能Whether,不可用If。故答案为B。 8(______ they are most interested in is ______ they can produce more and better cars. A.That;how B.What;how C.What;what D.That;that 析:is前面是一个主语从句，要表达“他们最感兴趣的(东西)”这一意 思，只能选what填入空白;is是表语从句，显然只有选how才能表达“如 何生产更多更好的汽车”，故选B。 9(He made a suggestion that the English test ______ until next Wednesday. A.will be put off B.be put off C.will put off D.put off 析:suggestion,order,adivce等词后的同位语从句谓语要用(should)do 的形式，且该句中test与put off为被动关系，故选B。 10(I don t think ______ he said something like that is right. A.that B.what C.whether D.when 析:此句think后是一宾语从句，这个宾语从句的主语在is之前，它是 一个被动句。因为he said something like that已经含有主、谓、宾、状等 成分，只有选不表意义，不做成分的that才合适，故选A。 专升本必考重点语法三 , 非谓语动词分三种， , 即:不定式，动名词和分词。 一、动词不定式 , 考试重点:动词不定式的基本结构和用法(尤其是复合结构，否 定式，被动式，完成式等。);stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区 别;remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别;have sth done 和 have sb do sth。 基本形式 , 在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 (一)动词不定式的基本结构和用法 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。 1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I?m pleased _____ you. A. to meet B .meeting C. to have been meeting D. to be met (答案:A) 2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done (答案为B) (二)动词不定式的被动式 19 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时(或动作的承受者时)，不 定式一般要用被动式。 1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker. A. to hear clearly B. to be clearly heard C. to hearing clearly D. to being clearly heard (答案:B。动词不 定式的被动式。 2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn?t expect the house _____ so well. A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating (答案:A) (三)动词不定式的复合结构 如需指出不定式动作的发出者时(即逻辑主语时)要在不定式前用for加名 词(或代词)表 示。 1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish. A. of B. to C. with D. for (答案:D) 2、It is necessary _____ the papers immediately. A. for you to hand in B. that you hand out C. your hand in D. for your hand in (答案:A) (四)动词不定式的完成式 表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。 1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn?t seem _____ much education. A. to receive B. to be receiving C. to have received D. to have been received (答案:C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。) 2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now. A. to translate B. to have translate C. to have been translated D. to be translated (答案:C) (五)stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别 动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情;不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做 另外一件事情。 1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____. A. on rest B. at rest C. resting D. to rest (答案:D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。) 2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy. A. search B. to search C. searching D. searched (答案:C) 3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _____ like that? 20 A. talking B. to talk C. doing talking D. talk (答案:A) (六)remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别 remember, forget + doing sth:表示动作发生在过去。 remember, forget +to do sth:表示动作尚未发生。 1、Don?t forget _____ the window before leaving the room. A. to have closed B. to close C. having closed D. closing (答案:B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作) 2、I remember giving the letter to him. 我记得把信给他了。(giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。) (七)have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法 1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer. A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged D. rearranging (答案:C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。) 2、I?ll _____ that I?m a qualified engineer. A. have you know B. have known you C. have you knowing D. have you know (答案:A。表示让某人做某事。) 考试重点:动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式;动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略;“to”的作用。 动名词 , 考试重点:动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式;动名 词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略;“to”的作用。 基本形式: 一般时 doing 被动形式 being done 完成时 having done having been done在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。 一、动名词的基本用法: 1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon. A. being heard B. hearing C. to hear D. having been heard (答案:B。appreciate后接动名词做宾语。) 2、John suggested _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. A. not to say B. saying not C. to say not D. not saying (答案:D。suggest后接动名词做宾语，否定式要在动名词前加“not”) 二、动名词的完成时:表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。 21 1、I don?t remember _____. A. ever to be saying B. to have ever said C. having ever said that D. ever said that (答案:C) 2、I regret having done such a thing. 我后悔做了这样的事。 三、动名词的被动式 1、No one avoid _____ by advertisements. A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence D. being influenced 2、Susan was very unhappy for not __B__ to the party. A. to be invited B. having been invited C. inviting D. to have been invited 四、动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。 1、He forgot about _____ him to attend my wife?s birthday party. A. I asking B. my asking C. me to ask D. mine to ask (答案:B。做介词 about 的宾语， 物主代词+动名词，构成动名词的复 合结构。) 2、I object to his (him)making private calls on the office phone. 我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话。 五、动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略。 1、Don?t risk _____ the job which so many people want. A. losing B. to lose C. lost D. your life to lose (答案:A。risk后接动名词做宾语，risk(in)doing sth.中的介词in常省略。) 2、I don?t think it is any use _____ this matter any further. A. discussing B. to discuss C. to discussing D. to be discussed (答案:A。it is no use (good)doing…做…没有用(好处)，动名词做 介词in的宾语，常省略。) 六、有的动词后的to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特 别注意。 1、You don?t object _____ you by your first name, do you? A. for me to call B. me to call C. to my calling D. my calling (答案:C。object to 中的to是介词，故接动名词做宾语。) 2、The students are looking forward to ___ their parents in winter vacation. A. see B. watch C. seeing D. being seen (答案:C) 22 分词 , 考试重点:分词在句中的作用;现在分词的被动式和过去分词的 区别;现在分词和过去分词的区别;分词的逻辑主语与主句的主 语是否一致; , 分词的独立主格;with(without)引导的分词的独立结构。 -ING分词是指由动词原形，-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语 态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下: , 就其语法功能而言，它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。 一、分词在句中的作用 1、She was sitting in an armchair _____ a book. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. to have read (答案:A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。) 2、_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. A. Not know B. Know not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing ( 答案:D。分词做原因状语) 3、They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over. A. convincing B. convinced C. to convince D. having convinced (答案:B。过去分词做伴随状语) 4、We kept our _____ all night to frighten the wolves. A. burning fire B. burnt fire C fire burning D. fire burnt (答案:C。现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行) 二、现在分词和过去分词的区别 1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received. A. delighting B. delighted C. delights D. delight (答案:A。现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人……”，具有主动、 进行的意思。过去分词修饰人，常译作“感到……”，具有被动、完成 的概念。又如:a moved audience:受感动的观众。) 2、My parents are _____ with my progress. A. please B. pleased C. pleasing D. being pleased (答案:B。) 三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。 1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ 23 answers the questions. A. to be interviewed B. interviewing C. being interviewed D. interviewed (答案:C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生) 2、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods. A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loaded (答案:B。现在分词的被动式。) 3、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。 (过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。) 四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。 1、Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there. A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were C. he found a lot of people?s D. people were found (答案:A。分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。) 2、_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. A. Felt B. Feeling C. Being felt D. To feel (答案:B) 五、分词的独立主格:分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，(一般由名词担任) 称为分词的独立主格。 1、The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground. A. exploded B. were exploded C. exploding D. were exploding (答案:C) 2、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace. 如果天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。 六、with (without) 引导的分词的独立结构。 1、He walked across the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her. A. with B. as C. while D. when (答案:A。with或without可以引导分词的独立结构，做伴随状语。) 2、With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. A. leading B. led C. lead D. to be led (答案:A) 专升本必考重点语法四--------虚拟语气 , 考试重点:虚拟语气的基本形式和用法;if的省略形式;含蓄条件 24 句; , 以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句;would rather 引导 的从句; , 以as if, as though 引导的从句; , 以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句; , It is necessary(important)that引导的主语从句;It is time (that)…句型中。 一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法: 虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类: 1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know (答案:C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时) 2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language? A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak (答案:A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。) 3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time. A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. came (答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。) 二、if的省略形式 在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。 1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn„t have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized (答案:B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were， had，或should等移至主语之前。) 2、_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us (A与将来事实相反。) 三、含蓄条件句 有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的 句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。 1、Without your help, we __B___ so much. A. didn?t achieve B. would not have achieved C. will not achieve 25 D. don?t achieve (这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因 此要用虚拟语气。) 2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had(答案:B。) 四、以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句 wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似 在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用:主语，wish ，从句(主语，过去时);表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用:主语，wish +从句(主语，过去完成时); 1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study(答案:C) 2、I didn?t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there. A. were B. would be C. had been D. will be (答案:C) 五、would rather，句子(过去时) 1、I?d _____ you didn?t touch that, if you don?t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier D. further (答为案:A) 2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come B. would come C. came D. have come (答案为C) 六、以as if，as though引导的从句------在as if，as though引导的从句中， 如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟 语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。 1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known (答案:B。as if(though)从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示 说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。) 2、You are talking as if you had seen them 你谈的那么起劲，好像 你真的见过似的。 (表示想象中的过去的动作) 七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词 26 要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。类似的动词有:propose，order，demand，require，request等。 1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had B. would have C. have D. was going to have(答案:C) 2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on (答案:A) 八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。 1、It?s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come (答案:C) 2、It?s urgent that a meeting __C__ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged 九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。 1、It?s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do B. will do C. did D. must do (答案:C) 2、Don?t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up (B) 专升本必考重点语法五------情态动词 考试重点:情态动词+完成时 情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。 一、must +现在完成时 表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。 1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received B. must have failed to receive C. must receive D. must fail to receive (答案:B) 2、I believe he __D__ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had 二、should (ought to )+完成时 表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。 27 1、They have done things they ought _____. A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done (答案为C) 2、I?m sorry I couldn?t get in touch with him before he left, I _C_ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned 三、could +完成时表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜\遗憾。 1、He could have joined us, but he didn?t get our invitation in time. 他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。 2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough. 我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。 专升本必考重点语法六------被动语态 考试重点:感官动词和使役动词的被动语态;动词短语的被动语态;情态动词的被动语态;用主动表示被动的含义。 一般现在时:主语+am/is/are + 动词的过去分词 一般过去时:主语+was/were+ 动词的过去分词 一般将来时:主语+will/shall/may+be+ 动词的过去分词 过去将来时:主语+would/should/might+be+ 动词的过去分 现在进行时:主语+am/is/are +|being+动词的过去分词 过去进行时:主语+was/were+|being+动词的过去分词 将来进行时:主语+will/shall/may+being+ 动词的过去分词词 现在完成时:主语+has/have+been +动词的过去分词 过去完成时:主语+had+been+动词的过去分词 将来完成时:主语+would/should/might+has/have+been +动词的过去分词 一、感官动词及使役动词(如:see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。 1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came B. come C. to come D. have come (答案为C) 2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。 二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。 1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。 28 2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。 三、情态动词的被动语态 构成:情态动词+be+过去分词。 1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。 四、用主动表示被动的含义 常用:need/require +doing sth(=to be done)(此句型主语大多为物) 例:My room is a mess. It needs _____. A to be tidying up B. tidying up C. to tidy up D. tidied up(答案为B) 29 倒装句讲解 , 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种是陈述语序，一种是倒装语序。 , 将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前的语序叫做倒装语序。 , 倒装可分为二种:将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装(full inversion); , 而只将be 、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装 (partial inversion)。 一、完全倒装 1. There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand等。如: There stood a dog before him. There exist different opinions on this question. 巩固练习: 1) ___D___ a beautiful palace ________ the foot of the hill. A. There stand; at B. There stands; under C. Stands there; under D. There stands; at 2 (1).在以here、there、now、then等副词开头的句子里。 “Here, There, Now, Then + come (或be,go,lie,run) + 主语" 结构。 Here comes the old lady! Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. There comes the bus. Now comes your turn. 如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如: Here you are. There she comes. (2). 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。如果主语 是人称代词,就不用倒装。如: In came Mr. White. Up went the arrow into the air. Away went the boy. 2) There __A__. And here ________. A. goes the phone; she comes B. is the phone going; is she C. does the phone go; does she come D. the phone goes; come she 3) Out ___C_____, with a stick in his hand. A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush 4) ____C____ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him. 30 A. Jumped down the robber B. Jumped the robber down C. Down jumped the robber D. Down the robber jumped (3).当表示地点的介词词组(如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house, in the middle of the room等)在句首时。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. The soldiers ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag. East of the lake lie two towns. Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier. 5) Near the church ___A___ cottage. A. was such an old B. had a so old C. was such old a D. is so an old 3."分词(代词) + be + 主语"结构。如: Walking at the head of the line was our teacher. Such was the story he told me. 6) ____B____, a man of achievements, deep thoughts, but with simple habits. A. Einstein was such B. Such was Einstein C. Einstein was so D. So was Einstein 7) ____A____ are the days when teachers were looked down upon. A. Gone B. Go C. To go D. Going 二、部分倒装 部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有 这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do / does / did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成 原形放在主语之后。 1. 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。 这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom(很少，不常), rarely (很少，罕有), hardly, scarcely(几乎不，简直没有), no sooner(立即), not only, in no way(决不), at no time, few, not, no等, 如: Not a word did I say to him. Never have I found him so happy. Little does he care about what I said. I can't swim. Neither can he. No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. 巩固练习: 1) Hardly __C__ the airport when the plane took off. A. I had arrived at B. had I arrived C. had I reached D. I had got to 2) —Have you ever seen anything like that before? —No, __C__ anything like that before. 31 A. I never have seen B. never I have seen C. never have I seen D. I have seen 3) She is not fond of cooking, __B__ I. A. so am B. nor am C. neither D. 2. only + 状语放在句首,要部分倒装。如: Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语) Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词) Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句) 4) Only in this way __B__ make progress in your English. A. you B. can you C. you be able to D. will you able to 5) Only when the meeting was over_C__ go back to meet his friend. A. he could B. he was able to C. was he able to D. was able to he 3. so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装。如: I saw the film, so did she. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 6) The doctor told Charlie to breathe deeply and __B__. A. so did Charlie B. Charlie did so C. Charlie does so D. did Charlie so 7) So loudly __B___ that ____ hear her clearly. A. did she speak; could everyone B. did she speak; everyone could C. she spoke; could everyone D. she spoke; everyone could 4. "Not only + 分句,but also + 分句"句型中的前一分句要部分倒装。如: Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it. 但not only...but also...连接主语时,不倒装。如: Not only the mother but also the children are sick. 8) _C_ himself wrong, but his friends were wrong. A. Not was only he B. Not only he C. Not only was he D. Not only was 5. Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装。如 Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句) Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句) 9) Not until the early years of the 19th century _D_know what heat is. A. man did B. man C. didn't man D. did man 10) Not until I began to work __B__ realize how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I B. did I C. I didn't D. I 6. 在以often, well, many a time, now and again 等方式或频度副词(短语) 开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构。如: 32 Many a time has John given me good advice. Often have we made that test. 12) Many a time ____C____ swimming alone. A. the boy went B. went the boy C. did the boy go D. did go the boy 7.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 , May you succeed! , Long live the People’s Republic of China! 巧记倒装句 在带有倒装句的复合句(或并列句)中，到底应在何处倒装，不少初学者觉得难以掌握。下面的顺口溜可以帮助你较容易地掌握其结构形式。 NB前倒后不?， O，NU主倒从不倒?， 2N前倒后也倒?， NM前后均不倒?。 , ?NB代表Not only…，but also…引导的并列句。 not only位于 句首时，所引导的前面的分句倒装，后面的分句不倒装。故此称 为“前倒后不倒”。如: , 1)Not only did he come，but also he was very happy( , 2)Not only was everything that he had taken away from him ，but also his German citizenship(was taken away)( ?O代表only，状语从句;NU代表Not until，状语从句。此两种结构位于句首时，倒装主句而不倒装从句，即:“主倒从不倒”。如: 1)Only when he told me did I know it( 2)Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted( No sooner…than…，Hardly,Scarcely…when…等句型也属此类用法。如: No sooner(Hardly) had we reached home than(when)it began to rain ?2N代表Neither…nor…所引导的并列句。2N若位于两分句之首，则前后分句均倒装。即“前倒后也倒”。如: Neither do I know her name，nor does he. ?NM即No matter…引导的状语从句。此时前面从句及后面主句均不倒装。即“前后均不倒”。如: No matter how busy he is，he always comes to help us( 练习 , 1. ---“ Look ! Here __D__.” ---“Oh, thank God . Here____.” A. the teacher comes ; he comes B. comes the teacher ; comes he C. does the teacher come ; does he come D. comes the teacher ; he comes 33 , 2. We waited and waited. __A__ we had been looking forward to. A. Then came the moment B. Then did the moment come C. The moment then came D. Then was coming the moment , 3. __C__can you expect to get a pay rise. A(With hard work B(Although work hard C(Only with hard work D(Now that he works hard , 4. Only after __C__ to go to school. A. New China was founded ; he was able B. was New China founded ; was he able C. New China came into being ; was he able D. New China founded ;he was able , 5. Little __B__ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself. A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared , 6. Not until all the fish died in the river __A__ how serious the pollution was . A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize , 7. No sooner __A__to the cinema ____the film began. A. had he got ,than B. he had got, when C. did he get ,than D. had he got ,when , 8. Not only __D__interested in football but ____beginning to show an interest in it. A the teacher himself is; all his students are B. the teacher himself is; are all his students C. is the teacher himself; are all his students D. is the teacher himself; all his students are , 9.--Did you enjoy that trip? --I’m afraid not. And __D__. A. my classmates don’t either B. my classmates didn’t ,either C. neither did my classmates D. both B and C , 10. So difficult __B__ it to work out the problem that I decided to 34 ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found BeBe型虚拟式型虚拟式Be/do /be doneBe/do /be done各人称各人称 虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望,假想和建werewere型虚拟式型虚拟式Were/did/were doneWere/did/were done各人称各人称议等. Had beenHad been型虚拟式型虚拟式Had been/had done/had been doneHad been/had done/had been done各人称各人称虚拟语气的形式 Should beShould be型虚拟式型虚拟式Should be/should do/should been Should be/should do/should been 各人称各人称形式形式例词例词适用范围适用范围donedone Should have beenShould have been型型Should have been/should have Should have been/should have 各人称各人称 done/should have been donedone/should have been done虚拟式虚拟式 Should&would beShould&would be型型Should&would beShould&would beShouldShould用于第用于第 虚拟式虚拟式一人称一人称Should &would doShould &would do WouldWould用于第用于第Should &would be doneShould &would be done 二三人称二三人称Should&would have Should&would have Should &would have beenShould &would have beenShouldShould用于第用于第 beenbeen型虚拟式型虚拟式一人称一人称Should &would have doneShould &would have done WouldWould用于第用于第Should &would have been doneShould &would have been done 二三人称二三人称虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用 ? if条件句的虚拟语气 if的非真实条件从句对现在,过去,将来的事实进行虚拟时,主句和if从 句的谓语动词形式如下: 1.与现在事实相反时,其表现形式为:if主语+v-ed,主语+would(或might,Could,should)+v. Eg: If we left now,we should arrive in good time. If I were you,I would refuse the money. 2. 与将来事实相反时,其表现形式为: if主语+should(或were to)v.,主语+Would(或might,could,should)+v. Eg: If you dropped the glass,it would break. If you leaved there for a while,you’d change your mind about thatplace. 3、 与过去事实相反时,其表现形式为:if主语+had v-ed,主语+would(或 Might,could,should)+have v-ed. Eg: We would have dropped by if we had had time. I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told. ? 错综时间句的虚拟语气 当条件从句与结果主句所表的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应当做相应的调整.如: (1) If I had spoken to him yesterday,I should know what to do now. 35 (2) You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. (3) If father hadn’t sent me,I shouldn’t be here. (4) If he knew this,it would have had to be by accident. 如条件从句用if I were…,结果主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式.如: (5)If I were not easy,I would have come. (6)If I were you,I would go. 根据句意的需要,有的句子的主句为陈述语气,而从句为虚拟语气.如: If this machine should fail to give satisfaction,we guarantee to refund the purchase money. ? 含蓄条件的虚拟语气 假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在上下文中。 表示暗含条件的方式有: 1.介词或介词短语，如:without,but for,but that等。 Eg: But for your cooperation,we could not succeeded in our experiment. 2.连词，如:but,or,or else 等。 Eg: I would be most glad to help you,but I?m busy now. 3.副词,如:otherwise等。 Eg: We didn?t know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him. 4.比较等级。 Eg: (1)A more careful person wouldn?t have made so many mistakes. (2)Given more time,I would have been able to finish the experiment. 5.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。 Eg: You wouldn’t know. to come. I would like I would not have dreamed of it. ? if的省略 (1)在正式文体中，当if条件句中含有助动词had,should 或 were 时，可以省略 if,而将had,should或 were提到句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。 Eg: Had such disaster occurred, the damage would have been incalculable. Were he to tell us everything,we would try to solve this problem. (2)如果if条件句是含not的否定句，省略if时,not不能与助动词had ,should或were同时提前。 Eg :Had it not been for their assistance,we couldn’t have finished the taskahead of time. (3)含有助动词should的虚拟条件句，也可用在主句是陈述语气或祈使语气的句子中. 36 Eg :I f there should be another flood,what should we do? Ask her to leave a message if she should come. (4)supposing,suppose,even if也可引导虚拟条件句。 Eg :Supposing it were fine tomorrow,would you go swimming with us? (5)有时suppose或supposing单独引起一个句子，用于提出建议或假设。 Eg :Suppose we started tomorrow. 虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用 ? 虚拟语气在表示命令，请求，建议等从句中的应用 虚拟语气可用于表示命令，请求，建议，愿望，要求等名词性从句中，从句谓语形式是“should+动词原形”或“动词原形” (1)用于主语从句，其谓语用should+动词原形(或should+P.P.)或只用动词原形。常用的形容词和分词有:essential,imperative, advisable,necessary,important,desirable,urgent,preferable,natural,suggested等。 Eg:It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion. It was suggested that the electronic device be tested at once. (2)用于宾语从句，一种是用做动词wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。这种从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示与现在事实相反;亦可用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反。常用的动词有 advise,ask,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,order,move,prefer,prop ose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge等。 Eg :The lawyer asked that the case should be postponed for one month. The detective insisted that he should have a look. (3)表语从句或同位语从句 在advice,command,demand,desire,idea, motion,order,plan等名词作主语的表语 从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用should be型或be型虚拟式。 Eg :The doctor’s advice is that the patient should be kept quiet. He rejected my advice that he should meet my son. 在as if 引导的表示虚拟的表语从句中，谓语动词用were型虚拟式表示对现在情况的假设，用 had been型虚拟式表示对过去情况的假设。 Eg :You look as if you had a toothache. 如果说话人所表示的不是假设的情况，而是一种可能的事实，as if引导的表语从句中的谓语动词使用陈述语气。 Eg :It looks as if it is going to rain. 在主句的谓语动词为过去时的情况下，往往无法从语法形式上辨别表语从句的谓语动词是虚拟还是陈述语气，因为此时两者的形式是相同的。 Eg:She looked as if she had had some bad news 37 ? 虚拟语气在wish后从句中的应用 动词wish后所跟的宾语从句表示实现可能性极小或与事实相反的情 况,从句用虚拟语气. (1)表示与现在情况相反的愿望时,句式:主语+wish+(that)+宾语从句(谓语动词用一般过去时) Eg :I wish I were a bird. I wish I could change my job. (2)表示与过去情况相反的愿望时,句式为:主语+wish+(that)宾语从句 (谓语动词用过去完成时/could+现在完成时) Eg :I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it. (3)表示对将来发生的事情表示希望,祝愿等时,句式为:主语+wish+宾语从句(谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形) Eg :I wish I could see you later. I wish he might try again. (4)除了wish以外,had rather,would rather,would as soon,would sooner,would prefer等动词也要求这样用. Eg :I had rather you had been there. I’d prefer he didn’t stay there long ? 虚拟语气在if only感叹句中的应用 If only后面的句子用虚拟语气,表示“但愿”,“要是…就好了”,其用法基本与wish相同. Eg :If only he had followed your advice. If only she would come. ? 虚拟语气在“It?s+about/high time+从句”中的应用 在It’s about/high time+从句的结构中,从句用一般过去时的虚拟语气. Eg :“You are very selfish.It’s high time that you realized that you are not the most important person in the world.”Edger said to his bossangrily. It is about time that we went to school. ? 虚拟语气在in case,lest或for fear that等从句中的用法 in case,lest或for fear that引起的从句常用虚拟语气,表示“以防,以免”,形式为should+动词原形,should通常不能省略. Eg :He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way. ? 虚拟语气在形容词短语的that宾语从句中的应用 主语+be+adj.+that+主语+should+动词原形 主语+be+adj.+that+主语+should have+过去分词 38 Eg :I am happy that he should agree. I am ashamed that you should have done such a thing. ? 虚拟式动词原形用于独立句中 虚拟语气用于表示祝愿,诅咒等意义的公式化的句子中,谓语动词为be虚拟 式. Eg :Long live our motherland. God bless you. The devil take you. So be it then. ? 倒装的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气 有些让步状语从句是倒装句,这种倒装句往往是一些公式化的句子,句中的 谓语动词为be 型虚拟式,或v.aux.+动词原形. Eg :Say what I would,he refused to go. Be that as it may,we should still help him. He is innocent,be he ever so naughty. Exercises for you 1.“How should the city be run?”“If I ( B ) a mayor,I would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.” A.would B.were C.would be D.should 2.Things might have been much worse if the mother ( B ) on her rightto keep the baby. A.has been insisting B.had insisted C.would insist D.insisted 3.A safety analysis ( C ) the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately, it was never done. A.would identify B.will identify C.would have identified D.will have identified 4.Jack wishes that he ( D ) business instead of history when he was in university. A.studied B.study C.had been studying D.had studied 5.Wouldn?t you rather your child ( B ) to bed early? A.go B.went C.would go D.goes 6.That train looked as if it ( A ) for a long time . A.hadn?t been watered B.hasn?t watered C.didn?t water D.wasn?t watered 7.We are for your proposal that the discussion ( A ). A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D. is to put off 8.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ( A ) himself. A.injure B.had injured C.injured D.would injure 9.It’s time ( C ) about the traffic problem downtown. 39 A.anything will be done B.everything is done C.something was done D.nothing to be done 10.Look at the terrible situation I’m in!If only I ( B ) your advice. A.follow B.had followed C.would followed D.have followed 11.The business of each day,( B ) selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly. A.it being B.be it C.was it D.it was 12.Rebecca ( D ) me earlier if she did not like her house she bought last month. A.told B.would tell C.had told D.would have told 插入语 英语句子中(尤其在口语中)常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充 某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。 (一)插入语的类型: 1、单词(多是副词)，如:besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。 though. 他看起来倒是健康。 e.g. She is looking fit, I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语 e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? 3、句子 e.g. He is an honest man, I believe. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever. (二)插入语的位置 通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末 (见上面例句)。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。 e.g. You know that I think you are wrong.我认为,你明白你错了。 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思, (三)插入语在句中的作用 一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的 含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。 e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不 知道是从哪儿得来的。 (四)插入语的特殊用法 下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问 句(有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”)常用来征询对 40 方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。 did you say she would stay here? e.g. How long When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was (五)大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语 by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下;so far 到目前为止;and so on 等 等;on the contrary 相反; no wonder 不足为奇;as a matter of fact 事实上;come along 快点，来吧;in other words 换句话说;as usual 如同以往;as a result 因此，结果。 41