云桂铁路培训--检测技术2（Yunnan Guangxi Railway Training Test Technology 2）

云桂铁路培训--检测技术2（Yunnan Guangxi Railway Training Test Technology 2） 云桂铁路培训--检测技术2(Yunnan Guangxi Railway Training Test Technology 2) Cloud Guangxi Railway Training - Testing Technology 2.txt love is art, marriage is technology, divorce is arithmetic. This year the girls were vying for the small "waist" fine, who rare small "belly" Po? Higher than high salaries, paid as long, long as happy. This paper is contributed by yvgong2020 ppt 关于艾滋病ppt课件精益管理ppt下载地图下载ppt可编辑假如ppt教学课件下载triz基础知识ppt documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you select TXT first or download the source file to the local machine. Non damage detection of concrete 1. Concrete non damage detection concrete non damage detection defines concrete non damage detection Without damage to the components and structure performance under the condition of not destroying the component and structure performance under the condition of using sound, magnetic and ray method, using sound, light, heat, electricity, magnetism and ray method, measuring the performance of related materials, components and structures, performance related materials and components and the structure of the nondestructive testing technology for engineering construction collectively. Nondestructive testing technology. 2, characteristics No damage (or small damage) the structure of the building, (1) no damage (or small damage) the structure of the building, does not affect the use of performance, simple and rapid, continuous use, impact performance, simple and rapid, continuous and repeated testing, can carry out non-contact detection; detection of non contact detection directly; comprehensive and reflect the material, (2) quality and mechanical properties directly, fully reflect the material and structure; and mechanical properties; get failure test cannot obtain information (3) to obtain failure test cannot obtain information, such as defect information including voids, porosity, crack; subsidence information including empty, loose and crack; can also can be applied to the old project of the new project; (4) can also can be applied to the old project of the new project; factors, The accuracy is worse. (5) influenced by many factors, the precision is worse. 3, classification Strength test: (1) strength test: rebound method, ultrasonic method, dial out method, core drilling method, rebound method, ultrasonic method, dial out the synthesis method, core drilling method, comprehensive method; strength; outside the test: (2) the outside strength test: natural potential method (corrosion) and air permeability (Law), air law natural potential method (rust), permeability (permeability method ultrasonic method, photography method and infrared method (defects),), ultrasonic, photography, infrared method (defects), Nuclear Law (components) Nuclear Law (components) Scanning type steel bar position measuring instrument Instrument for measuring corrosion of reinforcing steel bars Ultrasonic instrument 4, the main content of the course Rebound method to detect concrete strength; ultrasonic rebound method to detect the strength of concrete; ultrasonic testing of concrete defects; JGJ/T23-2001 "technical specification for inspection of concrete strength by rebound method" JGJ/T23-2001 "rebound method to test the compressive strength of concrete technical regulations"; "CECS02-2005" technical specification for testing concrete strength by ultrasonic rebound method CECS02-2005 "comprehensive method of ultrasonic and rebound strength of concrete mixed technical regulations". The first chapter is the rebound method to test the strength of concrete As a basis for testing the bearing capacity and durability of existing buildings Two. Test principle On the basis of between the concrete strength and the surface hardness has high surface hardness of concrete with high strength, high hardness and resilience value relationship; using the resiliometer elastic instrument spring impact surface of concrete, the establishment of relationship between the compressive strength and rebound value of the calibration value, the compressive strength of concrete by rebound calculation. Structure and classification of rebound apparatus Structure: Classification: heavy, medium and light Tile hammer Brick rebound instrument Three, test technology 1, sample selection, The structure or component used for sampling estimation, the number of random extraction is not less than 30% of the total number of structures or components, and not less than 10 pieces. 2. Selection of survey area, (1) the size of each survey area is approximately 400cm2; 16 rebound values are measured from each measurement area, Excluding the 3 maximum and 3 minimum values, the average value of the remaining 10 rebound values was calculated as the average rebound value Rm Rm of the measured area. Rm (2) the length of each specimen should be no less than 10, and the length less than 3m and the height less than 0.5m should not be less than, and the number of measuring areas should be less than 5. The measuring area should be chosen on the side of the concrete pouring, and symmetrically arranged in the two opposite sides. (3) two adjacent areas of the spacing is >2m, the two adjacent measuring points between the distance > <2cm, the measured point structure or component edge or exposed iron bars, < distance is generally not <3cm. (4) the measuring area is smooth, dry and clean, and the measuring points are evenly distributed on the measuring area. Only one shot is allowed at the same measuring point. 3. Correction of rebound value, In the test, the rebound apparatus should be horizontal and the impact surface should be revised as the angle: the pouring side of the concrete, otherwise, the angle of resilience should be corrected first, and then the surface of the casting will be corrected. See table test surface correction: see table 4, carbonation depth correction, Carbonation of concrete refers to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the chemical reaction of Ca (OH) 2 in the concrete, to produce neutral carbonate CaCO3. The lowest alkalinity of the rebar in the concrete is PH = 11.5, while carbonation results in a pH below 9, or even lower. The corrosion of steel bar will be inevitable. 4, carbonation depth correction, Determination of carbonation depth: 1% concentration of phenolphthalein solution and steel caliper to determine the carbonation depth value of dm. Correction: (1) when dm<0.4mm, according to no carbonization treatment; (2) when 0.4mm=6mm, according to 6mm treatment; Four, concrete strength presumption Average strength and standard deviation of sample concrete: N MF = C Cu, Sigma f I=1 C Cu, I ; N = Sfc Cu C (f Cu, I) 2? N (MF C) 2 sigma I =1 Cu N N 1? To determine the strength of concrete structure or component of the presumption of value: (2) when the number of sampling according to the test, to ensure the rate to reach 95%: (1) as a single component detection, single component f Cu concrete strength estimation value of M, e and f Cu each measuring the minimum area of the component, E1 = f? 1.645S f F. Take large value n C Cu, min C Cu C Cu F Cu, E2 = MF C Cu, min 1 C = sigma f Cu, min, i n i=1 Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality Inspection of concrete compressive strength by rebound method has reached more than forty years in our country, because of its simple, flexible, accurate, reliable, rapid and economic by construction units and engineering test units of all ages, China is currently the most widely used in engineering detection detection of mixed concrete compressive strength method. However, there are many problems such as nonstandard operation, large randomness and improper calculation method in the process of using rebound method, which results in larger test error. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 1, pay attention to the applicable conditions of rebound test, according to "rebound method to detect concrete compressive strength technical regulations" (JGJ/T23-2001) for testing. Must be noted that according to the rules of the use of rebound premise is only suitable for detecting the compressive strength of ordinary concrete, not including special molding process, and the measured concrete internal and external quality is basically the same, while there are obvious differences in concrete surface and internal quality, such as by chemical corrosion, fire, frostbite, or internal defects, detection the concrete strength can not be directly using the rebound method. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 2. The calibration test of rebound apparatus must be carried out before the calibration of the rebound instrument, and the quality and testing performance of the rebound instrument will directly affect the accuracy of the strength estimation of concrete, Only good performance rebound instrument can ensure the reliability of the test results. The standard state of the rebound instrument should be on the standard steel anvil of Rockwell hardness HRC of 60 + 2, vertical downward hit three times, the average rate should be 80 + 2, otherwise the rebound instrument must be adjusted or checked. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 2, the rate of rebound instrument fixed on a single component detection, usually just before the test was set to, but in the detection of large quantities, due to site dust and rebound instrument self stability and other factors, with the working time prolonging, resiliometer working state gradually lower than the standard state. In order to ensure the accuracy of the test results, the standard steel anvil should be carried out in order to make constant rate testing and replace at any time. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 3, to choose the correct spacing test area two adjacent test area should be controlled within 2m, measured from end components or construction joint edge distance of not less than 0.2m; test area as far as possible in the springback in the horizontal direction detection instrument, to uniform distribution, and should avoid the embedded parts. For concrete rebound test, the surface should be clean, smooth, no loose layer, float pulp, grease, honeycomb, surface voids. The layout of the survey area should avoid the above weak parts. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 4, the test process must be standardized to avoid free operation of rebound method itself is a scientific method of operation, engineering inspection personnel should be through professional training and recognized by the competent authority, and hold the corresponding qualification certificate, do not allow the operator free operation, because the accuracy of springback also depends on the operating personnel force is appropriate and uniform surface. Is perpendicular to the structure or component, whether the standard operating. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 5, to eliminate the influence of test factors on the detection of frequently encountered pits or mud components, the former must have worn wheel rebound, otherwise the result is low. In the test surface to achieve clean and smooth premise, but also need to pay attention to whether the concrete surface is dry, the moisture content of concrete will affect its surface hardness, concrete after blister will lead to its surface hardness decreased. Natural drying is recommended. Prohibit the use of heat, power forced drying, in order to prevent the surface layer of concrete burns, affecting the detection accuracy. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 6, pay attention to the measurement of carbonization depth, the measurement accuracy of carbonation depth directly affects the accuracy of concrete strength estimation. The depth of carbonation should be vertical, rather than the non vertical distance presented in the hole. It is better to use a special measuring instrument when measuring the depth of carbonization, but not to use the visual method. Note that is covered with plaster mortar component carbonation depth, due to the test surface by filling cement mortar permeability effect, the surface alkali content is high, easy to produce visual error, the carbonation depth value is very small. At this point, we should carefully observe the test hole, determine the actual carbonation depth of concrete. Five, how to improve the rebound method to detect the strength of concrete quality 7, establish local curve for measuring strength of "Regulations" is given strength curve and strength test of national general rebound method value conversion table, but only considering the use of raw materials all over the country, did not distinguish between ordinary concrete and gravel, crushed, broken, the actual spring back method for the detection of pebbles ordinary concrete strength is very different. Therefore, the establishment of the local curve for measuring strength of fully considering the region's climate conditions and concrete raw materials, molding and curing process, through testing, verification, correction of the curve, the detection precision can be effectively improved by rebound method. Second chapters Ultrasonic ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method for testing concrete strength The ultrasonic rebound method to detect the strength of concrete is a widely used nondestructive testing method for concrete strength in china. Compared with the single ultrasonic or rebound nondestructive testing method, it has the advantages of high accuracy and wide application range. Second chapters Ultrasonic ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method for testing concrete strength In 60s of last century, Romania took the lead in using ultrasonic rebound method to measure strength. In 1988, China formulated the technical specification of ultrasonic rebound method for testing concrete strength. In 2005, the regulations were revised by the China Academy of Building Research in conjunction with the relevant units, which was implemented in December 1, 2005. For short, "comprehensive law". One, the basic principle of 1, ultrasonic wave refers to the frequency of more than 20kHz sound waves, ultrasonic refers to the frequency of more than 20kHz sound waves, The occurrence of ultrasound: By using the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric crystal, the apparatus generates a high-frequency alternating voltage under the effect of piezoelectric crystal produced the phenomenon of expansion and contraction in the thickness, as well as mechanical oscillations, the sound source of ultrasonic wave, the vibration caused by adjacent medium form spacing wave, namely ultrasonic. One, basic principle 1, ultrasonic wave The ultrasonic receiver: When the echo signal is applied to a piezoelectric crystal, the equivalent of an external force (mechanical energy), piezoelectric crystal on both sides will produce a weak voltage signal carrying the echo information, after the voltage signal after amplification and processing, can produce shows for sonographic diagnosis on the screen. First, the basic principle of 2, the principle of ultrasonic strength measurement, concrete compressive strength and ultrasonic propagation speed in its internal has a certain correlation, this is the ultrasonic method to detect the basic principle of concrete strength. The higher the strength of concrete, the greater the wave velocity of ultrasonic wave in concrete, otherwise the wave velocity is small. First, the basic principle of 3, ultrasonic rebound method to test the strength of concrete principle of ultrasonic rebound method is the compressive strength by ultrasonic method and rebound method detection means independent two joint inspection of building structure and component of concrete, it is a single detection method has high detection precision, wide application range and high reliability test results. Therefore, widely used in concrete structure and quality control and inspection of concrete strength in. First, the mathematical relations of basic principles are as follows: C f Cu = a (V alpha) B (R alpha) C Formula: A, B, c-- as the test coefficient. Two, testing technology 1. Layout of measuring points (1) ultrasonic testing points are arranged in the same test area of rebound test, and then the rebound test is carried out, and then the ultrasonic testing is carried out. (2) in each test area, three ultrasonic measuring points are arranged on the relative test surface, and the axis of the transmitting and receiving transducer is on the same axis. 2. Calculation of sound velocity in survey area V = L TM ; T m = (T1 + T 2 + T 3) / 3 V alpha - measured sound velocity (km/s); L ultrasonic ranging (mm); T m - average acoustic time value (epsilon) T1, T2 and T3 are the acoustic values of three measured points in the survey area, respectively. Correction of test surface: For the top and bottom surfaces: V alpha = beta V Beta = 1.034 beta =1 For side time: 3. Calculation of propagation time The axis of the steel bar is perpendicular to the test direction: the axis of the steel bar is parallel to the testing direction: L? Ld Ld Ti = + V alpha i vs T = L vs + 2A? 2 V S2? V alpha V s? V alpha When V s? V L a = alpha 2 V S + V alpha? The reinforcement has no effect on the test results. That is, when the ultrasonic measuring line is out of the steel bar axis (1/6-1/8) L, the influence of the steel bar can not be considered. Three. The concrete strength is presumed to be 1, and the special or regional strength curve shall be adopted to estimate the concrete strength 2: Coarse aggregate is gravel: coarse aggregate is crushed stone: C f Cu, I = 0.0038 (V alpha i) 1.23 (Rmi) 1.95 C f Cu, I = 0.008 (V alpha i) 1.72 (R mi) 1. Fifty-seven The determination method of concrete strength presumptive value is basically the same as that of rebound method. Four. The main influence factors of ultrasonic strength measurement 1, raw materials and mix proportion 1) the influence of cement varieties. Early age concrete, different cement strength development rule is not consistent, some cement early strength is high, some later strength is high. 2) the influence of mineral fine admixture. High strength and high performance concrete added with fine mineral material, fine mineral material (e.g., silica fume) improves the ultrasonic velocity values, the main reason is the only cement particle diameter silica fume is 100 1/, with a high degree of dispersion, can be fully filled between the cement particles in the water, improve the compactness of hardened paste. Four. The main influence factors of ultrasonic strength measurement 1, raw materials and mix proportion 3) the variety and content of coarse aggregate influence. The effect of stone varieties is not significant, but because of the rough surface of gravel, it is beneficial to cement stone and aggregate bonding, the strength is higher than the pebbles. 4) the effect of sand ratio. Reasonable sand ratio, the concrete density increased, cohesiveness is good, on the other hand, the change of sand ratio lead to the change of coarse aggregate content, although the change of sand ratio on the strength of the effect is not large, but on the effect of sound can't be ignored. Four. The main influence factors of ultrasonic intensity measurement 1, raw materials and mix proportion 5) the influence of mixture ratio. Mix different, there are significant differences between ultrasonic velocity, various materials of the same concrete mix ratio, due to the different amount of various raw materials are not the same in the same volume of concrete, such as coarse aggregate is more concrete, concrete propagation of ultrasonic propagation velocity than the coarse aggregate content less quickly, the water cement ratio W/C concrete, due to evaporation of water more porous, the velocity is low; on the contrary, W/C small concrete, internal density, water evaporation after leaving little pore and ultrasonic propagation speed. Four. The main influencing factors of ultrasonic intensity measurement 2, the influence of external conditions 1) the influence of age. In early age concrete, the increase of sound velocity value is greater than that of concrete strength, and with the increase of age, the increase of sound speed is less than the increase of strength. 2) the influence of curing methods. Water conservation than water in the air fully, hydration products fill the pores increases, the capillary porosity decreased, the velocity increased. 3) the influence of temperature and moisture content. When the temperature is above 50, the sound velocity decreases with the increase of temperature, and the temperature has little effect at 20 ~ 40. The sound velocity increases with the pore water filling. Four. The main influencing factors of ultrasonic intensity measurement 3, the influence of other conditions 1) the influence and correction of reinforcement in structure. The propagation speed of ultrasonic wave in steel bar is 1.2 to 1.9 times higher than that in concrete. Therefore, when the concrete containing steel bar is detected, the sound velocity value is often too large and should be corrected according to the situation. 2) defects and damage of concrete. If the cracks in concrete containing, can not be used in ultrasonic detection of concrete strength, when testing should be combined with the first wave shape to improve accuracy, if the first wave shape change, indicating the existence of defects inside the concrete, then you should not continue to use the ultrasonic velocity of concrete strength conversion. Third chapters Ultrasonic inspection of structural concrete defects First, concrete crack depth detection 1, overview of concrete structure due to various reasons widespread cracks. In order to determine the harmfulness of cracks and formulate corresponding remedial measures. The key point is to determine the depth of the crack. Ultrasonic testing of concrete crack depth is one of the most important methods. Third articles Ultrasonic inspection of structural concrete defects A concrete crack depth detection method 2, ultrasonic detection of crack depth of single plane method; double oblique method; drill to test; otherwise, the impact echo method, negative spread first wave phase inversion method and wave method. In practical engineering, the single plane method is more commonly used. Third articles Ultrasonic inspection of structural concrete defects First, concrete crack depth detection 3, ultrasonic single plane testing principle The measuring transducer is placed near the crack cross stitch sound the same side. The T and R transducers are placed near the crack. In two different distance L transducer edge were read on t0f t0f sound transducer, the inner edge of different distance are read L 'sound on t0f, with TOF as the vertical axis, painted? "When a draw as the horizontal distance coordinates (Figure 1) for the vertical axis, horizontal axis drawing drawing" the linear regression equation between the TOF method for horizontal drawing drawing from a "or by using regression analysis for sound and ranging; line equation; Third articles Ultrasonic inspection of structural concrete defects First, the detection of voids D = D + 2 h = D + 2 a 2? (L / 2) 2 TD 2 L 2]? [[22] L TD 2 L 2 = D+2 [[?]] [TC 22 = D + 2 [v C T = D + L [D]2? 1 TC D TD TC L The diameter of the transducer; the maximum propagation time at the defect; the average time of ultrasonic propagation in the non damaged concrete; the distance between the probe and the receiving probe. Two, crack detection 1, through the crack detection; 2, not through the crack detection 3, vertical crack depth of 4, oblique crack detection and detection; L T1 2 h= [[?] 12 T0 T0: propagation time in non cracked concrete. A + B = T1 V C A + D = T 2 VC B 2 = a 2 + X12? 2ax1 cos alpha 2 D 2 = a 2 + x 2? 2aX 2 cos alpha T1: propagation time in cracked concrete. Three. Detection of surface defects Layout of measuring points by flat method 2 a 2 + x 2 L0? 2 x t= + V1 V2 = x; AV1 2 V 2? V12 L0 a= 2 V 2? V1 V 2 + v1 V1 V2 Layer (m/s) m/s) The relation curve of the distance between the head, the receiver, the transmitter and the transmitter pass L1? 2 V1 = TG = T1? 2 L3? 4 V 2 = TG beta =? T 3? 4 Drilling core method for testing concrete strength test four drilling core method and pull-out method to detect concrete strength Technical requirements: (1) core diameter: > 3 times of the largest aggregate diameter; (2) drilling core height: 0.95~2.05 times of diameter; (3) curing conditions: natural and humid; (4) test methods: standard. Concrete strength conversion value: F C Cu 4F = alpha 2 pi D Strength conversion factor of concrete with different ratio of height to diameter. The maximum pressure (N) measured by F - core compression test. Two, pull out method The pull-out method is to use a bolt or similar device, partially embedded in concrete, and then pull out, determine the magnitude of its pullout force to evaluate the strength of concrete. There are two kinds of loading method and loading method after drilling. After drilling method: Method 1: drilling diameter is 6mm, depth 30~35mm, wedge expansion tube inserted into the drill, pulled out by the drawing instrument. Method two: the annular groove with diameter of 18mm, depth of 45mm, diameter of 25 mm at the depth of 25mm, wedge expansion bolt inserted, drawn out by drawing instrument. Rear loading test device diagram Fracture surface of expansion anchor bolt Test five masonry strength testing method I * * * Testing compressive strength of masonry main contents: in situ axial compression method, flat top method; masonry work stress, elastic modulus, flat top; the shear strength of masonry: single shear method, in situ single brick double shear; masonry mortar strength detection: launch method, cylinder pressure method, mortar sheet shear method, rebound method, point load, nail method. In situ axial compression method 1, layout of measuring points 2, press installation 3, test method 4, data collation F Mij Reaction plate Sand cushion Pull rod seven skin brick flat jack = F Uij . 1 ij 1 x ij = 1.36 + 0.54. 1 = f or my 0 IJ ? Neither J = 1 F mij 原位压力机测试工作状态 电位差法 - 检测钢筋的锈蚀程度 毫伏 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 铜棒电极 硫酸铜溶液 多孔接头 钢筋 钢筋锈蚀电位差测定法 电磁法 - 检测钢筋的位置、大小及内部缺陷 钢筋 探头 钢筋位置测定仪工作原理 声发射法 是材料受力或其他作用后, 当某个局 部点上的应变超过弹性极限, 发生错位、 滑移、相变、压碎或微裂缝等, 被释放出 来的动能而形成弹性应力波.它能在材料 中传播, 并可由传感器接收到. 设备: 声发射探测器、声发射仪. 作用: 主要用来检测混凝土结构内部裂缝 的产生与发展. 射线法 利用射线对各种物质的穿透力来检测物体 and 内部构造或缺陷.主要有x射线, 射线. 1