大英四Unit 1 Language points

Unit 1 Fighting with the forces of nature Text A Language points 1. (L 5) raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed *The event took place on a raw February morning. 这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。 (=This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.) *Raw materials are the natural substances from which industrial products are made. 2. (L 7) launch: vt. 1) start * Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets. 这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。 (=This computer company launches a new product this year.) 2) send (sth.) on its course *On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the world’s first artificial satellite, called Sputnik. Collocation: launch an attack 发动进攻 launch a massive campaign 发动一场大规模的运动 launch a company 开一家公司 launch threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁 launch into (积极有力地)开始 * He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs. 他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。 launch out (精力充沛或戏剧性地)开始 * She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films. 她不是仅仅想当一名歌手,而且正在积极涉足电影界。 3. (L 10) campaign: n.a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim (插入声音文件campaign) (=The government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.) 在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。 (=The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.) CF: campaign,battle &war 这三个词都是名词,均含有“战斗,战争”之意。 campaign通常指在一场大的战争中,某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动,也可作引申用。 battle强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗,也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗,或个人之间的争斗。 war是战争的总称,一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1 1. Many _____ criminals were proceeded against following World War II. (=war) 2. The American presidential _____lasts for eighteen months. (=campaign) 3. It was a decisive ____ —we won the ___ because of it. (=battle, war) 4. The Philippines had suffered grievously under the Japanese occupation. A highly effective guerilla ____ controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. (=campaign) 4. (L 15) efficient: adj.working well, quickly and without waste *To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars. 雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。 (=It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers. ) 5. (L 16) conquest: n.conquering,defeat *Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple. 1939年德国征服了波兰。 (=The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.) 6. (L 21) retreat: v.move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty *After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward. 我们采取如下策略:敌进我退,敌退我追。 (=We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy advances, we retreat: when they retreat, we pursue.) NB:retreat 的反义词是advance 例:to advance against (on, to, toward) 朝……前进 to retreat from 从…撤退 to retreat to 撤退到 CF: conquest, triumph &victory 这三个词都是名词,均含有“胜利”之意。 conquest指获取胜利或征服,把失败者置于控制之下。 triumph着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。 victory普通用词,主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利,强调艰辛与成功。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. Under the leadership of the Party, we are marching from ____ to ___. (=victory, victory) 2. The Yangtze Bridge is a great _____ of modern civil engineering. (=triumph) 3. It was a _____ of human intellect, and also international cooperation and communication (=triumph) 4. In process of time, Rome became a great empire by___. (=conquest) 7. (L 24) engage: vt. 1) begin fighting with sb. *The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. 他们与敌人交战。 (=They engaged the enemy.) 2) draw into; involve *We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain. 3) attract sb.’s interest *We failed to engage any active support for our project. 他善良的性情吸引每个人。 (=His good nature engages everyone.) 4) occupy *Studying engages most of a serious student’s time. 工作占去她很多时间。 (=Work engages much of her time.) Pattern: engage (sb.) in sth. : (cause to) take part in sth. * They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations. * The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation. Collocation: engage as 使聘为…… engage in 从事;使参加 engage with 与…啮合 8. (L 27) be faced with: have to deal with * The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books. (= We were faced with an exceptionally difficult situation.) 9. (L 27)crucial: adj. very important (followed by to) *Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the crucial final game. 增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。 (=Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery.) CF: crucial, critical & decisive 这三个词都是形容词,都有“紧要的, 紧迫的,重要的”之意。 crucial意为决定性的、极重要的,指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏或需求,或需求紧急情况或危急转折关头。例如: *We must pay attention to this crucial test. 我们必须重视这次决定性的试验。critical意为决定性的,与crucial相似,但表示对缺乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表现出更大的严重性。例如: * The patient’s condition is critical. 病人情况危急。 decisive意思是决定性的、果断的,只有重要、特殊或决定性效果。例如: * Our air forces were decisive in winning the war. 我们的空军对打赢这场战争有决定性的贡献。 10. (L 30) take a gamble: take a risk * The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. (= I think she’s taking a gamble investing all her money in stocks.) 11. (L 30) press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.)) *Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform. *Organizers of the strike are determined to press on. 12. (L 39) bide one’s time: wait patiently for a chance * His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies. *He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship. 13. (L 46)minus:prep. below zero; made less by; slightly lower than the mark stated * Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees centigrade. * 20 minus 10 is 10. 我在期末考试中得了B减。 (= I got B minus in the final examination.) NB: 1) minus 的反义词是plus(加上)。例如:3 plus 6 is 9. 2) minus 还可以作形容词,意为“负的;减去的””。例如:a minus quantity负数; minus electricity负电。此外,minus还可作名词,意为“负号,减号;负数”。 14. (L 50) drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously *These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year. 这个会还要拖多久? (=How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?) 15. (L 55) at the cost of: with the loss of *The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. 比尔为救约翰付出了自己的生命。 (= Bill saved John at the cost of his own life.) Collocation: at any cost 不惜任何代价 at all costs 不惜一切代价 at no cost 不需花代价 16. (L 56) limp: 1. vi. walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurt *That dog must be hurt –it’s limping. *I injured my ankle and had to limp. 他一瘸一拐地走出足球场。 (=He limped off the football field.) 2. adj. lacking or having lost rigidity, as of structure or substance; lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless a limp handshake (无力的握手) limp opposition(微弱的反抗) 17. (L 71) catch sb. off guard:take sb. by surprise *The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard. (=The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard.) 18. (L 71) instruct: vt. 1) give orders or directions to (sb.) *The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation. *The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project. 我奉命在这里等老师来。 (= I’ve been inst ructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.) Pattern: instruct sb. to do sth.; instruct sb. that; instruct sb. with quote 2) teach (sb.) *He instructed family members in nursing techniques. 他们教给了我做这项工作的最好 办法 鲁班奖评选办法下载鲁班奖评选办法下载鲁班奖评选办法下载企业年金办法下载企业年金办法下载 。 (= They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.) Pattern:instruct sb. in/on sth CF:instruct, direct & order 这几个词都是动词,都有“吩咐,命令”之意。 instruct指向人下命令或指示,指导等,还可指交待。例如: * He was instructed to represent the Government. 他奉命代表政府。 * He hasn’t instructed us where to go.他还没指示我们去哪里。 direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等,须采取的行动有准确说明。例如: * The owners directed that the factory be closed. 厂主下令关厂。 * The officer directed them to advance. 军官命令他们前进。 order 是普通用语,往往带有强制性,语气较强。例如: * He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms. 他命令敌人放下武器。 * The policeman ordered the motorist to stop. 警察命令摩托车手停车。 19. (L 73) render: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition (same as make) *The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours. *He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck. 地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。 (=Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.) Collocation: render into 译成(某种语言) render up 做(祷告); 放弃, 交出 render blow for blow 以牙还牙 render good for evil 以德报怨 20. (L 75) casualty: n. a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident *First reports of the traffic accident tell of more than 50 casualties. (=The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not known.) 21. (L 91) bring to a halt:stop completely *Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers’ strike. 我们的旅行因风暴而终止。 (=Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.) 22. (L 91) offensive: 1. n. aggressive action, attack *The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. 红军发动全面的军事攻击。 (=The Red Army led a massive military offensive.) Collocation: launch/mount an offensive 发动进攻 carry out/undertake an offensive 进攻 on the offensive 处于攻势 assume/go on/go over/take the offensive 进攻,采取攻势 * If all else fails, I’ll go over to the offensive. 如果其他方法都失败,那我将采取攻势。 2. adj.of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant 这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。 (=The offensive troops gained ground quickly.) * My neighbor is really an offensive person. He always plays the piano deep into the night. 23. (L 103) thanks to:because of *Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school. *Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success. 24. (L 114)reckon: v. count; consider; think The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of Independence. 许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。 (=Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player.) NB:常用的搭配:be reckoned with: be taken into consideration All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. CF: reckon, regard, consider & count 这几个词都是动词,都有“认为”之意。 reckon 用来指对事件全面权衡,在有些非正式的行文中,也用来表示建议或想法。后面接 宾语从句或复合宾语(和as连用,但在被动语态中也常不带as)。例如: * I reckon it’s time to go. 我认为该走了。 * They reckon the book as one of his best works. 他们认为这本书是他最 优秀的作品之一。 regard源自法语,意为看、观察,因此,该词更多地通过对事物外表的评价或视觉感观反映出这一本义。注意其后一定要用as。例如: * He is generally regarded as an authority on ancient bronzes. 一般把他看作是古铜器研究的权威。 consider表示经过深思熟虑或亲身经历之后而相信或确认。其宾语后面的补足语可以是名词或形容词。例如: * I consider him a good musician. 我认为他是一个优秀的音乐家。 * They always considered themselves very important. 他们总以为自己很了不起。count表示看法多侧重于一种判断。注意其宾语后面不用as。例如: * After such a bad accident you should count yourself lucky you’re alive. 遭此严重的意外你还能活下来,该感到很幸运了。 25. (L 116) toll: 1. n. 1) the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances * The death toll rose from 270 in 1952 to 5,000 in1954. 2) money paid for the use of a bridge, road, etc. * Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge. Collocation: charge/exact/impose a toll 征收(道路、桥梁等的)通行费 levy toll on sb. 向某人收费(或征税) war toll 战争伤亡人数 take a heavy toll 造成重大伤亡(或损失) * The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages. 这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。 take a/its toll 造成损失(或危害、伤亡等) * The flood took a toll of 3,000,000 lives. 洪水造成三百万人死亡。 2. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals Bells were tolled all over the country at the President’s death. Text B Language points ambitious: adj. full of ambition * A slave has but one master; an ambitious man has as many masters as there are people who may be useful in bettering his position. 这看起来像一个非常雄心勃勃的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 !我祝你们两个好运! (=That looks like a very ambitious plan! I wish both of you good luck!) obstacle:n. a thing that blocks one's way * The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road. 这一决定排除了人质获释的最后障碍。 (=This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages' release.) in case: so as to be safe if (sth.) happens * I brought my key just in case you forgot yours. 我带了一些三明治以防我们饿了。 (= I’ve brought some sandwiches in case we get hungry.) The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin in case the attack needed to be postponed. Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=6月5日被选定为进攻开始日,其用意是留下一个安全系数,以防万一进攻需要推迟。) hold out: offer * Few people held out any hope of finding the lost jewelry. 我们的食品供应将只能再撑两个星期。 (=Our food supplies will only hold out for another two weeks.) But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward summer that year held out little hope that there would be a suitable break in the weather. Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=然而,当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多,希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙,可能性微乎其微。) due to: because of * Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late. 她的众多不幸是由无聊造成的。 (= A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom. ) cancel: vt. decide not to go ahead with (sth. previously arranged) * Janet had to cancel tomorrow's trip because of her bad cold. 去伦敦的火车已被取消。 (=The train to London has been cancelled.) call off: decide that a planned event will not take place; cancel * The police have called off the search for the missing child until dawn tomorrow. 由于寒冷的天气,明天的比赛已被取消。 (=Tomorrow's match has been called off because of the icy weather.) on the eve of: immediately before * On the eve of the national entrance examinations, he was so stressed that he couldn't concentrate on his reading. 在中国新年前夕,美国总统向华人社区发去贺信。 (=The US President issued a letter of congratulations to the Chinese community on the eve of the Chinese New Year.) stiff: adj.(of a wind, etc.) blowing strongly; not easily bent * The handle on this door is rather stiff. 当该名男子在雪地里被发现时,他的尸体已经僵硬得像块木板。 (=The man's body was as stiff as a board when it was found in the snow.) secure: 1. vt. make (sth.) safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost * Our missiles and bombers secure us from attack. 他们尽力保卫大桥,使之免遭再次袭击。 (=They tried to secure the bridge from the threat of further attack.) 2. adj. *Is your online banking information secure from hackers? * 尽管失业率上升,79%的美国人觉得他们的工作是安全的。 (=79% of Americans feel secure in their jobs despite rises in joblessness.) withstand: vt. endure without giving in; resist * The specially designed shelters are built to withstand ground and air attacks. 这座桥被 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 成能抵御地震。 (=The bridge was designed to withstand earthquakes.) concern: vt.worry *It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact with the company yet. 我父亲的健康问题使我们非常担心。 (=The state of my father's health concerns us greatly.) prior to: before * There is only one week prior to her going abroad. 在面试前,他做了大量的准备工作。 (=He had made a lot of preparation prior to the interview. ) aboard: prep.on board of; on; in. * How many people were aboard the hijacked plane? 在船碰撞中,船上所有的乘客都落入河中。 (=During the collision all passengers aboard the ship fell into the river.) pin down: prevent from moving * It took four nurses to pin down the little boy for an injection. 该部队在首都以北30英里处被抵抗力量牵制住了。 (=The troops were pinned down by resistance forces 30 miles north of the capital.) objective: n.a thing aimed at or wished for * Her main objective now is simply to stay in power. 销售人员可以实现财务目标吗? (=Can the sales force achieve its financial objectives?) responsible: adj. being the cause of; legally or morally obliged *Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office. 她的部门负责监督理事会。 (=Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.) contest: vt.fight for; struggle to win or keep * The medal is being keenly contested by eight gymnasts. 她很可能会赢得,因为只有两个人角逐席位。 (=She is likely to win since only two people are contesting the seat.) The German shore batteries that would have contested a landing in the original area would undoubtedly have taken a heavy toll. The landing at the new sector was virtually unopposed. Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=要是在原定地区登陆的话,德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。) pay off: bring good results; succeed *I was pleased to hear about your job offer —all that hard work has obviously paid off. 她所有的努力得到了回报,最终,她终于通过了考试。 (All her hard work paid off in the end, and she finally passed the exam. Despite difficulties, Eisenhower's gamble with the elements was to pay off. Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=尽管困难重重,艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。) boast: vt.talk about in a manner showing too much pride and satisfaction (usu. used in the pattern: boast about sth. / that) *He didn't talk about his success in case people thought he was boasting. 家长喜欢吹嘘他们的孩子所取得的成就。 (=Parents enjoy boasting about their children's achievements. ) *They boasted that they had never lost a single game. 11