朗文词典注释所用2000核心词汇集

朗文词典注释所用2000核心词汇集 The Longman Defining Vocabulary Words used in the definitions in this dictionary All the definitions in this dictionary have been written using the words in this list. If a definition includes a word that is not in the list, that word is shown in small capital letters. The Defining Vocabulary has been carefully chosen after a thorough study of all the well-known frequency lists of English words. Furthermore, only the most common and ‘entral’ meanings of the words in the list have actually been used in definitions. We have also used a special computer program that checks every entry to ensure that words from outside the Defining Vocabulary do not appear in definitions. Word class restrictions For some words in the list, a word class label such as n or adj is shown. This means that this particular word is used in definitions only in the word class shown. So anger, for example, is used only as a noun and not as a verb. But if no word class is shown for a word, it can be used in any of its usual word classes: answer, for example, is used in definitions both as a noun and as a verb. Compound words Definitions occasionally include compound words formed from words in the Defining Vocabulary, but this is only done if the meaning is completely clear. For example, the word businessman (formed from business and man) is used in some definitions. Prefixes and suffixes The main list is followed by a list of common prefixes and suffixes. These can be added to words in the main list to form derived words, provided the meaning is completely clear. For example, the word nervousness (formed by adding -ness to nervous) is used in some definitions. Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs formed by combining words in the Defining Vocabulary (for example, put up with) are not used in definitions in the dictionary, except in a very small number of cases where the phrasal verb is extremely common and there is no common equivalent. So, for example, give up (as in give up smoking) and take off (as in the plane took off) are occasionally used. Proper names The Defining Vocabulary does not include the names of actual places, nationalities, religions, and so on, which are occasionally mentioned in definitions. Pearson Education Limited 1999 A a affect abbreviation afford ability afraid able after adv, conj, prep about afternoon above adv, prep afterwards abroad again absence against absent adj age n accept ago acceptable agree accident agreement accidental ahead according to aim account n air n achieve aircraft achievement airport acid alcohol across alive act all adv, pron, determiner, pre-determiner action allow active almost activity alone actor, actress along actual alphabet actually already add also addition although additional always address among adjective amount n admiration amuse admire amusement admit amusing adult an advanced ancient adj advantage and adventure n anger n adverb angle n advertise angry advertisement animal advice announce advise annoy affair annoying another article answer artificial anxiety as anxious as opposed to any ashamed anyone ask anything asleep anywhere association apart at apartment atom appear attack appearance attempt apple attend approval attention approve attitude area attract argue attractive argument authority arm n autumn army available around average adj, n arrange avoid arrangement awake adj arrival away adv arrive awkward art beach n B beak baby beam n back adj, adv, n bean background bear backward(s) adv beat bad beautiful bag n beauty bake v because balance become ball n bed band n beer bank n before bar n begin base n, v beginning basic behave basket behaviour bath n behind adv, prep battle n belief be believe bell bottle n belong bottom n below bowl n belt n box n bend boy beneath brain n beside(s) branch n best brave adj better adj, adv bread between break v beyond adj, adv breakfast n bicycle n breast big adj breath bill breathe bird breed birth brick bit bridge n bite bright bitter adj bring black adj, n broad adj blade broadcast v blame brother blind adj brown adj, n block brush blood build v blow building blue bullet board n burn boat burst v body bury boil bus bomb bush bone n business book n busy boot n but conj border n butter n bored button n boring buy v born by prep borrow both C cake n calm adj calculate camera call v camp n, v can chocolate cap choice n capital n choose car church n card cigarette care cinema careful circle n careless circular adj carriage citizen carry city case n claim v castle class n cat clay catch v clean adj, v cattle clear adj, v cause clever ceiling cliff celebrate climb v cell clock n central close adj, adv, v centre n cloth century clothes ceremony clothing certain adj, determiner cloud n chain n club n chair n coal chance n coast n change coat n character coffee charge coin n chase v cold adj, n cheap collar n cheat v collect v check college cheek n colour cheerful comb cheese combination chemical combine v chemistry come cheque comfort chest comfortable chicken command chief committee child common adj children communicate chin communication company cotton compare v cough comparison could compete council n competition count v competitor country n complain countryside complaint courage complete course n completely court n complicated cover compound n cow n computer crack n, v concern v crash n, v concerning crazy concert cream n condition n creature confidence crime confident criminal confuse criticism confusing criticize connect crop n connection cross n, v conscious crowd consider cruel consist crush v contain cry container cup n continue cupboard continuous cure contract n curl control current n conversation curtain n cook n, v curve copy custom n corn customer corner n cut correct adj, v cycle v cost D daily adj, adv dark damage date n dance daughter danger day dangerous dead adj deal n difficult deal with difficulty death dig v debt dinner decay direct deceive direction decide dirt decision dirty adj decorate disappoint decoration disappointing decrease discover deep adj discovery defeat discuss defence discussion defend disease n definite dish n definitely dismiss degree distance delay distant deliberate adj divide deliberately do v delicate doctor n deliver document n demand dog n department dollar depend door dependent double adj, v, pre-determiner depth doubt describe down adv, prep description draw v desert n drawer deserve dream design dress n, v desirable drink desire drive n, v desk drop destroy drug n destruction drum n detail n drunk pastpart, adj determination dry determined duck n develop dull adj dictionary during die v dust n difference duty different E each enjoyable eager enjoyment ear enough early enter earn entertain earth n entertainment east entrance n eastern envelope easy adj environment eat equal adj, n economic equipment edge n escape educate especially educated establish education even adj, adv effect n evening effective event effort ever egg every eight everyone either everything elbow everywhere elect v evil election exact adj electric exactly electricity examination electronic examine else example embarrass excellent embarrassing except conj, prep emotion exchange emphasize excite employ v exciting employer excuse employment exercise empty adj, v exist enclose existence encourage expect end expensive enemy experience energy explain engine explanation engineer n explode enjoy explosion explosive extremely express v eye expression extreme adj F face fill v fact film factory final adj fail v finally failure financial fair adj find v fairly find out faith fine adj faithful adj finger n fall finish v false fire familiar firm adj family first adj, determiner famous fish far fit adj, v farm five farmer fix v fashion n flag n fashionable flame n fast adj, adv flash n, v fasten flat adj fat flesh father n flight fault n float v favourable flood favourite adj floor n fear n flour n feather n flow feature n flower n feed v fly n, v feel v fold feeling(s) follow female fond fence n food fever foot n few football field n for prep fifth force fight foreign figure n foreigner forest n friend forget friendly forgive frighten fork n frightening form from formal front adj, n former fruit n fortunate full adj forward(s) adv fun four(th) funeral frame n funny free fur n freedom furniture freeze v further adj, adv frequent adj future fresh G gain v graceful game n gradual garage n grain garden gram gas n grammar gate grand adj gather v grandfather general adj grandmother generally grandparent generous grass n gentle grateful gentleman grave n get great adj gift green girl greet give v greeting glad grey adj, n glass adj, n ground n glue group n go v grow goat growth god guard v gold guess v good guest n goodbye guide goods guilty govern gun n government H habit high adj, adv hair hill half him hall himself hammer n his hand n historical handle history hang v hit happen v hold v happy hole hard holiday n hardly hollow adj harm holy harmful home adv, n hat honest hate v honour n hatred hook n have hope he hopeful head n horn health horse n healthy hospital hear hot adj heart hotel heat hour heaven house n heavy adj how adv heel n human height humorous hello humour help hundred(th) helpful hungry her(s) hunt v here hurry herself hurt v hide v husband n I ice n illness idea image if imaginary ignore imagination ill adj imagine illegal immediately importance instruction important instrument impressive insult v improve insulting improvement insurance in adv, prep insure include intelligence including intelligent income intend increase intention independent interest indoor(s) interesting industrial international adj industry interrupt infect into infection introduce infectious introduction influence v invent inform invitation information invite v injure involve injury inwards ink n iron adj, n inner island insect it pron inside its instead itself institution J jaw journey n jewel judge jewellery judgement job juice join jump joint just adv joke justice K keen kilometre keep v kind key n king kick kiss kill v kitchen kilo knee n kilogram kneel knife n know v knock v knowledge L knot lack life lady lift lake light lamb like prep, v lamp likely land limit language line n large lion last adv, determiner lip late liquid lately list n laugh listen v laughter literature law litre lawyer little lay v live v layer n load lazy local adj lead v lock leaf n lonely lean v long adj, adv learn look n, v least look after leather look for leave v look sth up left loose adj leg n lord n legal lose lend loss length adv, pron, determiner lot less loud lesson love let v low adj let go of lower letter loyal level adv, adj, n loyalty library luck n lid lucky lie lung lie down M machine n metal n machinery method magazine metre magic middle mail might v main adj mile make v miliary adj make into milk n make up v million(th) male mind man n mine n, pron manage mineral manager minister n manner minute n many mirror n map n miss v march v mist n mark mistake n market n mix v marriage mixture married model n marry modern adj mass n moment match money material n monkey n mathematics month matter moon n may v moral adj me more meal morning mean v most meaning n mother n means motor adj, n measure mountain measurement mouse meat mouth n medical adj move v medicine movement meet v much meeting mud melt multiply member murder memory muscle n mental music mention v musician message must v my mystery mysterious N nail next adj, adv name nice narrow adj night nasty nine nation ninth national adj no adv, determiner natural adj noise n nature none pron navy nonsense near adj, adv, prep no one nearly nor neat normal necessary north neck northern need nose n needle n not negative adj note n neither nothing nerve n notice nervous noticeable net n noun network n now never nowhere new number n news nurse newspaper nut O obey official object n often obtain oil n occasion n old ocean old-fashioned o’clock on adv, prep of once adv off adv, prep one offence onion offend only offensive adj only just offer onto office open adj, v officer operate operation origin opinion original opponent other opportunity ought oppose our(s) as opposed to out adj, adv opposite outdoor(s) opposition outer or outside orange over adv, prep order owe ordinary own organ owner organize oxygen organization P pack v pay package payment page n peace pain n peaceful painful pen n paint pence painting pencil n pair n people n pale adj pepper n pan n per cent paper n perfect adj parallel adj, n perform parent performance park perhaps parliament period n part n permanent participle permission particular adj person partly personal partner n persuade party n pet n pass v petrol passage photograph passenger phrase n past physical adj path piano n patient adj pick v pattern n pick up pause picture n piece n possible adj pig n possibly pile n possibility pilot n post pin pot n pink adj, n potato pipe n pound n pity pour place powder n plain adj, n power n plan powerful plane n practical plant practice plastic practise plate n praise play pray pleasant prayer please prefer pleased preparation pleasure n prepare plenty pron present adj, n plural preserve v pocket n president poem press v poet pressure n poetry pretend point pretty adj pointed prevent poison previous poisonous price n pole n priest police n prince polish v principle polite print political prison politician prisoner politics private adj pool n prize n poor probably adj popular problem population process n port n produce v position n product positive production possess profession possession profit n programme prove progress n provide promise public pronounce pull pronunciation pump proof n punish proper punishment property pupil proposal pure protect purple protection purpose n protective push protest put proud Q quality question quantity quick adj quarrel quiet adj, n quarter n quite queen n R rabbit n ready adj race real radio n realize railway really rain reason raise v reasonable range n receive rank n recent rapid adj recently rare recognize rat n record n, v rate n red rather reduce raw reduction reach v refusal react refuse v reaction regard v read v regular adj related rich relative rid relation ride relationship right adj, adv, n relax ring n relaxing rise religion risk religious river remain road remark n rob remember rock n remind roll v remove v romantic adj rent roof n repair room n repeat v root n replace rope n reply rose report rough adj represent round adj, adv, prep representative n row request n royal adj respect rub v responsible rubber rest rude restaurant ruin v restrict rule result ruler return n, v run reward rush v rice S sad save v safe adj say v safety scale n sail scatter v sale scene salt n school n same science sand n scientific satisfaction scientist satisfactory scissors satisfy screen n screw ship n sea shirt search shock n, v season n shocking seat shoe n second adv, n, determiner shoot v secret shop secretary shore n see v short adj seed n shot n seem should sell v shoulder n send shout sense n show n, v sensible shut sensitive shy sentence n sick adj separate adv, v side n series sideways serious sight n servant sign serve signal service n silence n set n, v silent settle v silk seven(th) silly several silver severe similar sex n simple sexual since shade sincere n shadow n sing shake single adj shall singular shame n sink v shape sister share sit sharp adj situation she six(th) sheep size n sheet skilful shelf skill shell n skin n shelter skirt n shine v sky n shiny sleep slide v speed n slight adj spell v slippery spend slope spin v slow spirit n small in spite of smell split v smile spoil v smoke spoon n smooth adj sport n snake n spot n snow spread v so spring soap n square adj, n social adj stage n society stair sock n stamp soft stand v soil n standard soldier n star n solid start solution state solve statement some pron, determiner station n somehow stay someone steady adj something steal v sometimes steam n somewhere steel n son steep adj song stem n soon step sore adj stick sorry sticky sort n stiff adj soul still adj, adv sound n, v sting soup stitch sour adj stomach n south stone n southern stop space n store speak storm n special adj story specific straight adj, adv speech strange stream n suit street suitable strength sum n stretch v summer strict sun n strike v supply n, v string n support n, v strong suppose structure n sure adj struggle surface n student surprise study surprising stupid surround v style n swallow v subject n swear substance sweep v succeed sweet success swell v successful swim such swing suck v sword sudden sympathetic suffer sympathy sugar n system suggest T table n temperature tail n temporary take v ten talk tend tall tendency taste tennis tax tense n taxi n tent tea terrible teach test team n than tear thank technical that conj, pron, determiner telephone the television theatre tell their(s) temper n them then adv too there tool n therefore tooth these top adj, n they total adj, n thick adj touch thief tourist thin adj towards thing tower n think v town third toy n this pron, determiner track n thorough trade n those traditional though traffic n thought train thousand(th) training thread n translate threat transparent threaten trap threatening travel three treat v throat treatment through adv, prep tree throw tribe thumb n trick n, v ticket n trip n tidy adj, v tropical tie trouble tight adj trousers time n true adj tired trust tiring truth title try v to tube tobacco tune n today turn toe n twice together twist toilet two tomorrow type n tongue typical tonight tyre U ugly unusual under prep up adj, adv, prep understand upper underwear upright adj, adv undo upset v, adj unexpected upside down uniform n upstairs adj, adv union urgent unit us unite use universe useful university useless unless usual until V valley victory valuable adj view n value n village variety violence various violent vegetable visit vehicle voice n verb vote very adv vowel W wages water waist wave wait v way wake v we walk weak wall n wealth war n weapon warm adj, v wear v warmth weather n warn weave v warning wedding wash week waste weekly adj, adv watch weigh weight n win v welcome wind well adj, adv, n window west wine n western adj wing n wet adj winter what pre-determiner, determiner, pron wire n whatever wise adj wheat wish wheel n with when adv, conj within whenever without where woman whether wood which wooden while conj wool whip word n whistle work white world who worry whole worse whose worst why adv, conj worth wide adj, adv would width wound wife wrap v wild adj, adv wrist will write willing wrong adj, adv, n Y year you yellow young adj yes your(s) yet Z zero