JGJ55-2000普通混凝土配合比设计规程

JGJ55-2000普通混凝土配合比设计规程 中华人民共和国国家行业 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 普通混凝土配合比设计规程 JGJ55-2000(J64-2000) 主编部门:中国建筑科学研究院 批准部门:中华人民共和国建设部 施行日期:2001年04月01日 中国建筑工业出版社 2001北京 关于发布行业标准《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》的通知 建标[2000]302号 根据建设部《关于印发“一九九九年 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 建城建、建工行业标准制订、修订 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 的通知》(建标[1999]309号的要求，由中国建筑科学研究院主编的《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》，经审查，批准为行业标准，编号JGJ55-2000，自2001年04月01日起施行。原行业标准《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ/T55-96)同时废止。 本标准由建设部建筑工程标准技术归口单位中国建筑科学研究院负责管理，中国建筑科学研究院负责具体解释，建设部标准定额研究所组织中国建筑工业出版社出版。 中华人民共和国建设部 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 2000年12月28日 前言 根据建设部建标[1999]309号文《关于印发“一九九九年工程建设城建、建工行业标准制订、修订计划”的通知》的要求，标准编制组在广泛调查研究，认真总结实践经验，参考有关国际标准和国外先进标准，并在广泛征求意见基础上，对原行业标准《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ/T55-96)进行了修订。 本规程的主要技术内容是:1、总则;2、术语、符号;3、混凝土配制强度的确定;4、混凝土配合比设计中的基本参数;5、混凝土配合比的计算;6、混凝土配合比的试配、调整与确定;7、有特殊要求的混凝土配合比设计。 修订的主要内容是:1、根据现行国家标准《建筑结构设计术语和符号标准》(GB/T50083)的要求，修改了有关符号和术语;2、与1996年以后颁布的相关标准进行了协调配套，并借鉴了国际先进经验;3、在全国六个大区进行了大量的水泥和混凝土强度试验的基础上，与实施的水泥新标准相适应，修改了混凝土强度公式中的回归系数αa(A)和αb(B);4、增加了混凝土配合比使用过程的调整和重新进行配合比设计条件的规定;5、增加了采用快测强度或早龄期强度推定28d强度等规定。 本规程由建设部建筑工程标准技术归口单位中国建筑科学研究归口管理。授权由主编单位负责具体解释。 本规程主编单位是:中国建筑科学研究院(地址:北京市北三环东路30号中国建筑科学研究，邮编100013)。 本规程参加单位是:北京建工集团有限责任公司、北京城建集团有限责任公司混凝土公司、沈阳北方建设集团、上海徐汇区建工质量监督站、上海建工材料工程有限公司、山西四建集团有限公司、中建三局建筑技术研究设计院、development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 北京住总构件厂、深圳安托山混凝土有限公司、中国建筑材料科学研究院、广东省建筑科学研究院、四川省建筑科学研究院和陕西省建筑科学研究设计院。 本规程主要起草人员是:韩素芳、许鹤力、艾永祥、路来军、张秀芳、徐欣、丁整伟、陈尧亮、佘振阳、魏荣华、韩秉刚、朱艾路、杨晓梅、陈社生、李玮、刘树财、白显明。 1总则 1.0.1为统一普通混凝土配合比设计方法，满足设计和施工要求，确保混凝土工程质量且达到合理，制定本规程。 1.0.2本规程适用于工业与民用建筑及一般构筑物所采用的普通混凝土的配合比设计。 1.0.3普通混凝土的配合比应根据原材料性能及对混凝土的技术要求进行计算，并经试验室试配、调整后确定。 1.0.4进行普通混凝土配合比设计时，除应遵守本规程的规定外，尚应符合家现行有关强制性标准的规定。 2术语、符合 2.1术语 2.1.1普通混凝土:干密度为2000,2800kg/m3的水泥混凝土 2.1.2干硬性混凝土:混凝土拌合物的坍落度小于10mm且须用维勃稠度(s)表示其稠度的混凝土。 2.1.3塑性混凝土:混凝土拌合物坍落度为10,90mm的混凝土 2.1.4流动性混凝土:混凝土拌合物坍落度为100,150mm的混凝土 2.1.5大流动性混凝土:混凝土拌合物坍落度等于或大于160mm的混凝土 2.1.6抗渗混凝土:抗渗等级等于或大于P6级的混凝土 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 2.1.7抗冻混凝土:抗冻等级等于或大于F50级的混凝土 2.1.8高强混凝土:强度等级为C60及其以上的混凝土 2.1.9泵送混凝土:混凝土拌合物的坍落度不低于100mm并用泵送施工的混 凝土。 2.1.10大体积混凝土:混凝土结构物实体最小尺寸等于或大于1m，或预计 会因水泥水化热引起混凝土内外温差过大而导致裂缝的混凝土。 2.2符合 fcu,0---混凝土配制强度(MPa) fcu,k---混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值(MPa) fce---水泥28d抗压强度实测值(MPa) fce,g---水泥强度等级值(MPa) mwa—掺外加剂时每立米混凝土中的用水量(kg) mco---基准配合比混凝土每立方米的水泥用量(kg) mgo---基准配合比混凝土每立方米的粗骨料用量(kg) mso---基准配合比混凝土每立方米的细骨料用量(kg) mwo---基准配合比混凝土每立方米的用水量(kg) mc---每立方米混凝土的水泥用量(kg) mg---每立方米混凝土的粗骨料用量(kg) ms---每立方米混凝土的细骨料用量(kg) mw---每立方米混凝土的用水量(kg) mcp---每立方米混凝土拌合物的假定重量(kg) γc---水泥强度等级值的富余系数 β---外加剂的减水率(%) development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre βs---砂率(%) ρc---水泥密度(kg/m3) ρg---粗骨料的表观密度(kg/m3) ρs---细骨料的表观密度(kg/m3) ρw---水的密度(kg/m3) α---混凝土的含气量百分数 ρc,t---混凝土表观密度实测值(kg/m3) ρc,c---混凝土表观观密度计算值(kg/m3) δ---混凝土配合比校正系数 3混凝土配制强度的确定 3.0.1混凝土配制强度应按下式计算: fcu,o?fcu,k+1.645σ 式中fcu,o---混凝土配制强度(MPa) fcu,k---混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值(MPa) σ---混凝土强度标准差(MPa) 3.0.2遇有下列情况时应提高混凝土配制强度: 1、现场条件与试验室条件有显著差异时; 2、C30级及其以上强度等级的混凝土，采用非统计方法评定时。 3.0.3混凝土强度标准差宜根据同类混凝土统计资料计算确定，并应符合下 列规定: 1、计算时，强度试件组数不应少于25组; 2、当混凝土强度等级为C20和C25级，其强度标准差计算值小于2.5 MPa 时，计算配制强度用的标准差应取不小于2.5 MPa;当混凝土强度等级等于或大 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 于C30级，其强度标准差计算值小于3.0 Mpa时，计算配制强度用的标准差应取不小于3.0 Mpa; 3、当无统计资料计算混凝土强度标准差时，其值应按现行国家标准《混凝土结构工程施工及验收 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 》(GB50204)的规定取用。 4混凝土配合比设计中的基本参数 4.0.1每立方米混凝土用水量的确定，应符合下列规定: 1、干硬性和塑性混凝土用水量的确定; 2)、水灰比在0.40,0.80范围时，根据粗料的品种、粒径及施工要求的混凝土拌合物稠度，其用水量可按表4.0.1-1、4.0.1-2选取。 表4.0.1-1 干硬性混凝土的用水量(kg/m3) 拌合物稠度 卵石最大粒径(mm) 碎石最大粒径(mm) 项目 指标 10 20 40 16 20 40 维勃稠16,20 175 160 145 180 170 155 度(s) 11,15 180 165 150 185 175 160 5,10 185 170 155 190 180 165 表4.0.1-2 塑性混凝土的用水量(kg/m3) 拌合物稠度 卵石最大粒径(mm) 碎石最大粒径(mm) 项目 指标 10 20 31.5 40 16 20 31.5 40 坍落10,30 190 170 160 150 200 185 175 165 度35,50 200 180 170 160 210 195 185 175 (mm55,70 210 190 180 170 220 205 195 185 ) 75,90 215 195 185 175 230 215 205 195 注:1、本表用水量系采用中砂时的平均取值。采用细砂时，每立方米混凝development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 土用水量可增加5,10 kg;采用粗砂时则可减少5,10 kg。 2、掺用各种外加剂或掺合料时，用水量应相应调整。 2)、水灰比小于0.40的混凝土以及采用特殊成型工艺的混凝土用水量应通过试验确定。 2、流动性和大流动性混凝土的用水量宜按下列步骤计算: 1)、以本规程表4.0.1-2中坍落度90mm的用水量为基础，按坍落度每增大20mm用水量增加5 kg，计算出未掺外加剂时的混凝土的用水量; 2)、掺外加剂时的混凝土用水量可按下式计算: mwa=mwo(1-β) 式中mwa---掺外加剂混凝土每立方米混凝土的用水量(kg); mwo---未掺外加剂混凝土每立方米混凝土的用水量(kg) β---外加剂的减水率(%) 3)、外加剂的减水率应经试验确定。 4.0.2当无历史资料可参考时，混凝土砂率的确定应符合下列规定: 1、坍落度为10,60mm的混凝土砂率，可根据粗骨料品种、粗径及水灰比按表4.0.2选取。 表4.0.2 混凝土的砂率(%) 水灰比卵石最大粒径(mm) 碎石最大粒径(mm) (W/C) 10 20 40 16 20 40 0.40 26,32 25,31 24,30 30,35 29,34 2732 0.50 30,35 29,34 28,33 33,38 32,37 30,35 0.60 33,38 32,37 31,36 36,41 35,40 33,38 0.70 36,41 35,40 34,39 39,44 38,43 36,41 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 注:?本表数值系中砂的选用砂率，对细砂或粗砂，可相应地减少或增大砂率;?只用一个单粒级粗骨料配制混凝土时，砂率应适当增大;?对薄壁构件，砂率取偏大值;?本表中的砂率系指与骨料总量的重量比。 2坍落度大于60mm的混凝土砂率，可经试验确定，也可在表4.0.2的基础上，按坍落度每增大20mm，砂率增大1%的幅度予以调整。 3坍落度小于10mm的混凝土，其砂率应经试验确定。 4.0.3外加剂掺合料的掺量应通过试验确定，并应符合国家现行标准《混凝土外加剂应用技术规范》(GB50119)、《粉煤灰在混凝土和砂浆中应用技术规程》(JGJ28)《粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规程》(GBJ146)、《用于水泥与混凝土中粒化高炉矿渣粉》(GB/T18046)等的规定。 4.0.4长期进行混凝土配合比设计时，混凝土的最大水灰比和最小水泥用量应符合表4.0.4中的规定。 4.0.5长期处于潮湿和严寒环境中的混凝土，应掺用引气剂或引气减水剂。引气剂的掺入量应根据混凝土的含气量并经试验确定，混凝土的最小含气量应符合表4.0.5的规定;混凝土的含气量亦不宜超过7%。混凝土中的粗骨料和细骨料应作坚固性试验。 表4.0.5 长期处于潮湿和严寒环境中混凝土的最小含气量 粗骨料最大粒径(mm) 最小含气量(%) 40 4.5 25 5.0 20 5.5 注;含气量的百分比为体积比。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 表4.0.4 混凝土的最大水灰比和最小水泥用量 环境条件 结构物类别 最大水灰比 最小水泥用量(kg) 素混钢筋混预应力素混钢筋混预应力 凝土 凝土 混凝土 凝土 凝土 混凝土 干燥环境 正常的居住或办公用房屋内部件 不作0.65 0.60 200 260 300 规定 潮湿无冻害 高湿度的室内部件 0.70 0.60 0.60 225 280 300 环境 室外部件 在非侵蚀性土和(或)水中的部件 有冻害 经受冻害的室外部件 0.55 0.55 0.55 250 280 300 在非侵蚀性土和(或)水中且经受 冻害的部件 高湿度且经受冻害的室内部件 有冻害和除冰经受冻害和除冻剂作用的室内和室0.50 0.50 0.50 300 300 300 剂的潮湿环境 外部件 注:1、当用活性掺合料取代部分水泥时，表中的最大水灰比及最小水泥用量即为替代前的水灰比和水泥用量。 2、配制C15级及其以下等级的混凝土，可不受本圾限制。 5混凝土配合比的计算 5.0.1进行混凝土配合比计算时，其计算公式和有关参数表格中的数值均系以干燥状态骨料为基准。当以饱和面干骨料为基准进行计算时，则应做相应的修正。 注:干燥状态骨料系指含水率小于0.5%的细骨料或含水率小于0.2%的粗骨料。 5.0.2混凝土配合比应按下列步骤进行计算: 1、计算配制强度fcu,o并求出相应的水灰比; 2、选取每立方米混凝土的用水量，并计算出每立方米混凝土的水泥用量; 3、选取砂率，计算粗骨料和细骨料的用量，并提出供试配用的计算配合比。 5.0.3混凝土强度等级小于C60级时，混凝土水灰比宜按下式计算: W/C=αa*fce/(fcu,o+αa*αb*fce) 5.0.3-1 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 式中 αa*αb----回归系数 fce-----水泥28d抗压强度实测值(Mpa) 1、当无水泥28d抗压强度实测值时，公式(5.0.3-1)中的fce值可按下列确定: fce=γc*fce,g γc ---水泥强度等级值的富余系数，可按实际统计资料确定; fce,g---水泥强度等级值(Mpa) 2、fce值也可根据3d强度或快测强度推定28d强度关系式推定得出。 5.0.4回归系数αa和αb宜按下列规定确定; 1、回归系数αa和αb应根据工程所使用的水泥、骨料，通过试验由建立的水灰比与混凝土强度关系式确定; 2、当不具上述试验统计资料时，其回归系数可按表5.0.4采用。 表5.0.4 回归系数αa、αb选用表 系数 石子品种 碎石 卵石 αa 0.46 0.48 αb 0.07 0.33 5.0.5每立方米混凝土的用水量(mwo)可按本规程第4.0.1条的规定确定。 5.0.6每立方米混凝土的水泥用量(mco)可按下式计算: mco=mwo/(w/c) 5.0.7混凝土的砂率可按本规程第4.0.2条的规定选取。 5.0.8粗骨料和细骨料用量的确定，应符合下列是规定: 1、当采用重量法时，应按下列公式计算: mco+mgo+mso+mwo=mcp β=mso/(mgo+mso)*100% development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 式中: mco---每立方米混凝土的水泥用量(kg) mgo---每立方米混凝土的粗骨料用量(kg) mso---每立方米混凝土的细骨料用量(kg) mwo---每立方米混凝土的用水量(kg) β---砂率(%) mcp---每立方米混凝土拌合物的假定重量(kg)，其值可取2350,2450 kg。 2、当采用体积法时，应按下列公式计算: mco/ρc+ mgo/ρg+ mso/ρs+mwo/ρw+0.01α=1 β=mso/(mgo+mso)*100% ρc---水泥密度(kg/m3),可取2900,3100 kg/m3 ρg--粗骨料的表观密度(kg /m3) ρs---细骨料的表观密度(kg /m3) ρw---水的密度(kg/m3) α---混凝土的含气量百分数，在不使用引气型外加剂时，α可取为1。 3、粗骨料和细骨料的表观密度(ρg、ρs)应按现行行业标准《普通混凝土用碎石或卵石质量标准及检验方法》(JGJ53)和《普通混凝土用砂质量标准及检验方法》(JGJ52)规定的方法测定。 6、混凝土配合比的试配、调整与确定 6.1试配 6.1.1进行混凝土配合比试配时应采用工程中实际使用的原材料。混凝土的搅拌方法，宜与生产时使用的方法相同。 6.1.2混凝土配合比试配时，每盘混凝土的最小搅拌量应符合表6.1.2的规定;development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 当采用机械搅拌时，其搅拌量不应小于搅拌机额定搅拌量的1/4。 表6.1.2 混凝土试配的最小搅拌量 骨料最大料径(mm) 拌合物数量(L) 31.5及以下 15 40 25 6.1.3、按计算的配合比进行试配时，首先应进行试拌，以检查拌合物的性能。当试拌得出的拌合物坍落度或维勃稠度不能满足要求，或粘聚性和保水性不好时，应在保证水灰比不变的条件下相应调整用水量或砂率，直到符合要求为止。然后提出供混凝土强度试验用的基准配合比。 6.1.4混凝土强度试验时至少应采用三个不同的配合比。当采用三个不同的配合比时，其中一个应为本规程第6.1.3条确定的基准配合比，另外两个配合比的水灰比，宜较基准配合比分别增加和减少0.05;用水量应与基准配合比相同，砂率可分别增加和减少1%。 当不同水灰比的混凝土拌合物坍落度与要求值的差超过允许偏差时，可通过增、减用水量进行调整。 6.1.5制作混凝土强度试验试件时，应检验混凝土拌合物的坍落度或维勃稠度、粘聚性，保水性及拌合物的表观密度，并以此结果作为代表相应配合比的混凝土的性能。 6.1.6进行混凝土强度试验时，每种配合比至少应制作一组(三块)试件，标准养护到28d时试压。 需要时可同时制作几组试件，供快速检验或较早龄期试压，以便提前定出混凝土配合比供施工使用。但应以标准养护28d强度或按现行国家标准《粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规程》(GBJ146)、现行行业标准《粉煤灰在混凝土和砂浆中development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 应用技术规程》(JGJ28)等规定的龄期强度的检验结果为依据调整配合比。 6.2配合比的调整与确定 6.2.1根据试验得出的混凝土强度与其相对应的灰水比(C/W)关系,用作图法或计算法求出与混凝土配制强度(fcu,o)相对应的灰水比并应按下列原则确定每立方米混凝土的材料用量: 1、用水量(mw)应在基准配合比用水量的基础上，根据制作强度试件时测得的坍落度或维勃稠度进行调整确定; 2、水泥用量(mc)应以用水量乘以选定出来的灰水比计算确定; 3、粗骨料和细骨料用量(mg和ms)应在基准配合比的粗骨料和细骨料用量的基础上，按选定的灰水比进行调整后确定。 6.2.2经试配确定配合比后，尚应按下列步骤进行校正: 1、应根据本规程第6.2.1条确定的材料用量按下式计算混凝土的表观密度计算值ρc,c: ρc,c=mc+mg+ms+mw 2、应按下式计算混凝土配合比校正系数δ: δ=ρc,t/ρc,c 式中ρc,t----混凝土表观密度实测值(kg/m3) ρc,c----混凝土表观密度计算值(kg/m3) 3、当混凝土表观密度实测值与计算值之差的绝对值不超过计算值的2%时，按本规程第6.2.1条确定的配合比即为确定的设计配合比;当二者之差超过2%时，应将配合比中每项材料用理均乘以校正系数δ，即为确定的设计配合比。 6.2.3根据本单位常用的材料，可设计出常用的混凝土配合比备用;在使用过程中，应根据原材料情况及混凝土质量检验的结果予以调整，但遇有下列情development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 况之一时，应重新进行配合比设计: 1、对混凝土性能指标有特殊要求时; 2、水泥、外加剂或矿物掺合料品种、质量有显著变化时; 3、该配合比的混凝土生产间断半年以上时。 7有特殊要求的混凝土配合比设计 7.1抗渗混凝土 7.1.1抗渗混凝土所用原材料应符合下列规定: 1、粗骨料宜采用连续级配，其最大粒径不宜大于40mm，含泥量不得大于1.0%,泥块含量不得大于0.5%; 2、细骨料的含泥量不得大于3.0%，泥块含量不得大于1.0% 3、外加剂宜采用防水剂、膨胀剂、引气剂、减水剂或引气减水剂; 4、抗渗混凝土宜掺用矿物掺合料。 7.1.2抗渗混凝土配合比的计算方法和试配步骤除应遵守本规程第5章和第6章的规定外，尚应符合下列规定: 1、每立方米混凝土中的水泥和矿物料总量不宜小于320kg; 2、砂率宜为35%,45% 3、供试配用的最大水灰比应符合表7.1.2的规定。 表7.1.2 抗渗混凝土最大水灰比 抗渗等级 最大水灰比 C20,C30混凝土 C30以上混凝土 P6 0.60 0.55 P8,P12 0.55 0.50 P12以上 0.50 0.45 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 7.1.3掺用引气剂的抗渗混凝土，其含气量宜控制在3%,5%。 7.1.4进行抗渗混凝土配合比设计时，尚应增加抗渗性能试验;并应符合下列规定: 1、试配要求的抗渗水压值应比设计值提高0.2MPa 2、试配时，宜采用水灰比最大的配合比作抗渗试验，其试验结果应符合下式要求: Pt?P/10+0.2 (7.1.4) 式中: Pt---6个试件中4个未出现渗水时的最大压值(MPa) P----设计要求的抗渗等级值 3、掺引气剂的混凝土还应进行含气量试验，试验结果应符合本规程第7.1.3条的规定。 7.2抗冻混凝土 7.2.1抗冻混凝土所用材料应符合下列规定: 1、应选用硅酸盐水泥或普通硅酸水泥，不宜使用火山质硅酸盐水泥; 2、宜选用连续级配的粗骨料，其含泥量不得大于1.0%，泥块含量不得大于0.5%; 3、细骨料含泥量不得大于3.0%,泥块含量不得大于1.0%; 4、抗冻等级F100及以上的混凝土所用的粗骨料和细骨料均应进行坚固性试验，并应符合现行行业标准《普通混凝土用碎石或卵石质量标准及检验方法》(JGJ53)及《普通混凝土用砂质量标准及检验方法》(JGJ52)的规定; 5、抗冻混凝土宜采用减水剂，对抗冻等级F100及以上的混凝土应掺引气剂，掺用后混凝土的含气量应符合本规程第4.0.5条的规定。 7.2.2抗冻混凝土配合比的计算方法和试配步骤除应遵守本规程第5章和第6章的规定外，供试配用的最大水灰比尚应符合表7.2.2的规定。、 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 7.2.3进行抗冻混凝土配合比设计时，尚应增加抗冻融性能试验。 表7.2.2 抗冻混凝土的最大水灰比 抗冻等级 无引气剂时 掺引气剂时 F50 0.55 0.60 F100 ---- 0.55 F150及以上 ------ 0.50 7.3高强混凝土 7.3.1配制高强混凝土所用原材料应符合下列规定: 1、应选用质量稳定、强度等级不低于42.5级的硅酸盐水泥或普通硅酸盐水泥; 2、对强度等级为C60级的混凝土，其粗骨料的最大粒径不应大于31.5mm，对强度等级高于C60的混凝土，其粗骨料的最大粗径不应大于25mm;针片状颗粒含量不宜大于5.0%，含泥量不应大于0.5%，泥块含量不宜大于0.2%;其他质量指标应符合现行行业标准《普通混凝土用碎石或卵石质量标准及检验方法》(JGJ53)的规定; 3、细骨料的细度模楼宜大于2.6，含泥量不应大于2.0%，泥块含量不应大于0.5%。其他质量指标应符合现行行业标准《普通混凝土用砂质量标准及检验方法》(JGJ52)的规定; 4、配制高强混凝土时应掺用高效减水剂或缓凝高效减水剂; 5、配制高强混凝土时应掺用活性较好的矿物掺合料，且宜复合使用矿物掺合料。 7.3.2高强混凝土配合比的计算方法和步骤除应按本规程第5章规定进行外，尚应符合下列规定: development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 1、基准配合比中的水灰比可根据现有试验资料选取; 2、配制高强混凝土所用砂率及所采用的外加剂和矿物掺合料的品种、掺量，应通过试验确定; 3、计算高强混凝土配合比时，其用水量可按本规程第4章的规定确定; 4、高强混凝土的水泥用量不应大于550kg/m3;水泥和矿物掺合料的总量不应大于600550kg/m3。 7.3.3高强混凝土配合比的试配与确定的步骤应按本规程第6章的规定进行。当采用三个不同的配合比进行混凝土强度试验时其中一个应为基准配合比另处两个配合比的水灰比，宜较基准配合比分别增加和减少0.02,0.03; 7.3.4高强混凝土设计配合比确定后，尚应用该配合比进行不少于6次的重复试验进行验证，其平均值不应低于配制强度。 7.4泵送混凝土 7.4.1泵送混凝土所采用的原材料应符合下列规定: 1、泵送混凝土应选用硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥和粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥，不宜采用火山灰质硅酸盐水泥; 2、粗骨料宜采用连续级配，其针片状颗粒含量不宜大于10%;粗骨料的最大粒径与输送管径之比宜符合表7.4.1的规定: development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 表7.4.1 粗骨料的最大粒径与输送管径之比 石子品种 泵送高度(m) 粗骨料最大粒径与输送管径比 碎石 ,50 ?1:3.0 50,100 ?1:4.0 ,100 ?1:5.0 卵石 ,50 ?1:2.5 50,100 ?1:3.0 ,100 ?1:4.0 3、泵送混凝土宜采用中砂，其通过0.315mm筛孔的颗粒含量不应少于15%; 4、泵送混凝土应掺用泵送剂或减水剂并宜掺用粉煤灰或其他活性矿物掺合料，其质量应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。 7.4.2泵送混凝土试配时要求的坍落度值应按下式计算: Tt=Tp+?T 式中Tt----试配时要求的坍落度值 Tp----入泵时要求的坍落度值 ? T----试验测得在预计时间内的坍落度经时损失值。 7.4.3泵送混凝土配合比的计算和试配步骤除应按本规程第5章和第6章规定进行外，尚应符合下列规定: 1、泵送混凝土的用水量与水泥和矿物掺合料的总量之比不宜大于0.60; 2、泵送混凝土的水泥和矿物掺合料的总量不宜小于300kg/m3; 3、泵送混凝土的砂率宜为35%,45%; 4、掺用引气型外加剂时，其混凝土含气量不宜大于4%。 7.5大体积混凝土 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 7.5.1大体积混凝土所用的原材料应符合下列规定: 1、水泥应选用水化热低和凝结时间长的水泥，如低热矿渣硅酸盐水泥、中热硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥，粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥等;当采用硅酸盐水泥或普通硅酸盐水泥时，应采取相应措施延缓水化热的释放; 2、粗骨料宜采用连续级配，细骨料宜采用中砂; 3、大体积混凝土应掺用缓凝剂、减水剂和减少水泥水化热的掺合料。 7.5.2大体积混凝土在保证混凝土强度及坍落度要求的前提下，应提高掺合料及骨料的含量，以降低每立方米混凝土的水泥用量。 7.5.3大体积混凝土配合比的计算和试配步骤应按本规程第5章和第6章的规定进行，并宜在配合比确定后进行水化热的验算或测定。 本规程用词说明 1、为便于在执行本规程条文时区别对待，对要求严格程度不同的用词说明台下: 1.1表示很严格，非这样做不可的: 正面词采用“必须”反面词采用“严禁” 1.2表示严格在正常情况下均应这样做的 正面词采用“应”反面词采用“不应”或“不得”。 1.3对表示允许稍有选择，在条件许可时首先应这样做的 正面词采用“宜”反面词采用“不宜” 表示有选择，在一定条件下可以这样做的，采用“可”。 2条文中指明应按其他有关标准执行时，写法为“应符合。。。的规定”或“应按。。。执行。” development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 中华人民共和国行业标准 普通混凝土配合比设计规程 JGJ55-2000 条文说明 前言 《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ55-2000)，经建设部2000年12月28日以建标[2000]302号文批准，业己发布。 为便于广大设计、施工、科研、学校等单位的有关人员在使用本规程时能正确理解和执行条文规定，本规程修订组按章、节、条的顺序编制了条文说明，供国内使用者参考。 在使用中如发现条文说明有欠妥之处，请将意见函寄中国建筑科学研究院《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》修订组。 1总则 1.0.3本条提出了配合比设计的步骤和要求，配合比设计必须要经过计算、试配和调整三个阶段，以根据所使用的原材料实际品质，科学地确定合理的配合比。 2术语、符号 2.1术语 本节给出了各种混凝土的定义，它们是: 2.1.1普通混凝土的干密度范围是与国际上的CEB-FIP模式规范(混凝土结构)相一致的。凡用普通砂、石制作的混凝土其干密度均不会超出2000,2800kg/m3这一范围。 根据我国砂、石情况统计分析，规定的2000,2800kg/m3的范围在我国是development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 合适的。 2.1.6抗渗混凝土的定义给出了需作抗渗试验的最小抗渗等级，P6以下的抗渗要求对普通混凝土来说比较容易满足，作为特殊要求的混凝土，进行配合比设计时应当从P6开始。 2.1.7抗冻混凝土的定义给出了需作抗冻试验的最小抗冻等级，F50以下的抗冻要求，一般混凝土很容易满足，在配合比设计方面不用增加特殊的要求或步骤。 2.1.8高强混凝土的等级规定是参照CEB-FIP模式规范的规定和目前我国混凝土技术发展水平订定的，在CEB-FIP模式规范中明确定义高强混凝土为“具有特征强度高于50MPa的混凝土“。这个定义用的标准试件为φ150×300mm圆柱体，如果换算成以边长150mm的立方体试件为基准，它相当于特征强度高于60Mpa的混凝土，本规程将C60及以上强度等级的混凝土定为高强混凝土。 2.1.9泵送混凝土的定义规定了泵送时的最小坍落度不低于10mm，是参考修订的《混凝土外加剂应用技术规范》而修改的。 2.1.10大体积混凝土的定义增加了“实体最小尺寸”的“部位”概念，使某些开孔的或变截面结构能比较确切地予以判别，并增加了在最小尺寸达不到1m，但预计会因水泥水化热引起混凝土内外温差较大而导致裂缝的结构也应按大体积混凝土考虑。 3混凝土配制强度的确定 3.0.1为了使所配制的混凝土在工程中使用时，其强度标准值具有不小于95%的强度保证率，配合比设计时的混凝土配制强度应比设计要求的强度标准值为高，本条根据混凝土强度等级的定义以及其他规范、标准的规定提出了配制强度的取值及计算方法。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 3.0.2本条是指配制强度计算公式中的“大于”符号的使用条件。 3.0.3本条是与3.0.1条相辅的，它提出了计算混凝土配制强度所必需的强度标准差的确定原则。 4混凝土配合比设计中的基本参数 4.0.1JGJ55-81中就给出了混凝土用水量选用表，经近二十年的应用，证明基本上符合实际。本次修订增加了粗骨料最大粒径为31.5mm的塑性混凝土的用水量。 4.0.3随着混凝土技术的发展，外加剂和掺合料的应用日益普遍。因此其掺量也是混凝土配合比设计时需要选定的一个重要参数，但因外加剂的型号、品种甚多，性能各异，掺合料的品种逐渐增加，有的正在制定标准，无法在本规程中统一规定。本条仅作原则规定，具体掺量按有关产品标准或专门的应用规程中的规定确定。 4.0.4JGJ55-81规定没有反映混凝土配合比设计中的耐久性问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。近年来人们对这一问题的认识日益提高，国处各标准中也均把耐久性总是列为混凝土的一个重要性指标。己经认为不是对特殊要求的混凝土才要考虑耐久性，而应对所有混凝土均应予以考虑。因此，本条规定所有混凝土在配合比设计时都应当按该混凝土使用时所处的环境条件，考虑其满足耐久性要求所必要的水灰比及水泥用量值。 表4.0.4是采用了欧洲混凝土协会(CEB)和国际预应力混凝土协会(FIP)1990年模式规范中，对混凝土所处的环境分为5类9级，并就每级环境对混凝土提出了相应的要求(最大水灰比和最小水泥用量限值。)本规程仅规定了其中的3类4级即?干燥环境，?潮湿环境(分2级)和?有冻害和除冰剂的潮湿环境。另外的2类5级，即?海水环境(2级)，?侵蚀性化学环境(3级)，因development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 己超出普通混凝土的范畴，应在各有关专业标准中予以规定。 4.0.5引气剂能提高混凝土的耐久性(抗冻性和抗渗性)，但其掺量必须适量，掺用量过小，混凝土中形成的封闭微孔过少，起不到改善耐久性的作用;掺用量过大，则会降低混凝土的强度，对耐久性也会产生相反的影响。本条规定的最大及最小含气量与《混凝土外加剂应用技术规范》(GBJ50119)的规定一致的。 5混凝土配合比的计算 5.0.1混凝土配合比可以以干燥状态骨料为基准给出，也可以以饱和面干骨料为基准给出。目前我国绝大多数地区均采用干燥状态骨料为基准的配合比，根据这一情况，本规程也以干燥状态的骨料为基准进行配合比计算，并规定骨料干燥的具体指标。 5.0.3当混凝土强度等级大于等于C60级时，灰水比与混凝土强度的线性关系较差，分散性较大，因此，鲍罗米公式仅适合C60级以下的混凝土。Fce为水泥的28d实际强度。编制JGJ55-81时，考虑到有时难以取得水泥的实际强度，给 出了水泥的强度等级值富余系数γc，并在当时具体情况下建议在无统计资料时，γc右取等于1.13。现普通反映，目前的水泥质量水平差异甚大，而且不是一个1.13所能概括。因此，本规程保留水泥强度等级值的富余系数γc，fce=γc*fce,g，但不给出具体推荐数值，要求各地可按水泥的品种、产地、牌号统计得出。考虑到目前使用3d强度或快测强度公式推定28d强度的情况较多，因此，本规程增加了根据己有的3d强度或快测强度推定28d强度关系式推定fce值，但要注意留足强度富余。 5.0.4由于我国水泥胶砂强度检验方法全面采用国际标准，与原方法测定同一个样本水泥得出的强度不同，这就影响到求混凝土水灰比的鲍罗米公式中的回归系数αa(A)和αb(B)，为此，在全国六个大区:华东、华北、东北、西development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 北、西南组织了三十一个试验单位进行大量试验，共用84个品牌水泥进行了1184次水泥强度和3768次混凝土强度试验，对其28d强度试验结果进行统计分析，求出在使用水泥新标准条件下鲍罗米公式中的回归系数αa和αb，可供全国参考使用。 参加混凝土及水泥试验工作的除参编单位外，还有北京一建商品混凝土公司、北京六建中心试验室、北京六建商品混凝土公司、中建一局三公司试验室、北京住总水泥公司试验室、北京住总三公司试验室、河北省第四建筑公司、石家庄建设集团公司、山东省建科院、深圳华泰企业公司、杭州华威混凝土有限公司、浙江省建筑构配件公司、沈阳市三建、辽宁省二建和济南四建集团公司试验室等单位;此外，吴兴祖、王庚林、姚德正、于大忠和赵德光等五位同志在标准编制过程中均给予许多支持和指导，在此一并表示感谢。 6混凝土配合比的试配、调整与确定 6.1试配 6.1.4本条规定了试配时采用三个配合比的确定原则。考虑到在该三个配合比中的水灰比变化范围内，其坍落度可能会有变化，此时 仅用变动砂率可能调不过来，所以允许适当增、减用水量予以调整。 6.1.6本条规定了以标养28d强度作为调整确定设计配合比的依据。但又考虑到施工生产中，水泥进厂(场)后等待混凝土28d强度试验结果时间较长，目前多数单位以快速试验或较早龄期(3d或7d)试压强度，和对混凝土进行动态控制的规律，调整确定混凝土配合比。所以本条增加“需要时可同时制作一组或几组试件，供快速检验或较早龄期试压，以便提前定出混凝土配合比供施工使用”。但此时应考虑快测推定带来的误差，留足强度富余。 6.2配合比的调整与确定 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 6.2.1本条中计算法是指用三个(或多个)灰水比与其对应的强度，按线性比例关系求出与按本规程3.0.1条确定的配制强度fcu,o对应的灰水比，或选定三个(或多个)强度中的一个所对应的灰水比，该强度值应等于或稍大于混凝土配制强度fcu.o 。 7有特殊要求的混凝土配合比设计 7.1抗渗混凝土 7.1.1本条对配制抗渗混凝土所用的原材料作了纛特殊的规定，它们是: 取消了水泥强度等级的限制，因为彩水泥新标准后，水泥最低强度等级为32.5级，约相当于原425号水泥，再规定就没有意义了; 骨料含泥及泥块对混凝土抗渗都特别不利其含量应予以以限制; 正确使用防水剂、膨胀剂和引气剂都对提高混凝土的抗渗性能有好处，减水剂在保持要求的凝凝土性能前提下，可以减少混凝土的单位用水量，对其抗渗性也有好处，所以推荐使用这些外加剂; 矿物掺合料能改善混凝土的孔结构，提高混凝土耐久性能，故抗渗混凝土都宜掺用矿物掺合料。 7.1.2本条对抗渗混凝土配合比的计算和试配作了一些特殊的规定，它们是: 水泥用量及砂率不宜过小，以避免缺浆而影响混凝土的密实性，本次修订将砂率提高到45%; 抗渗混凝土的灰砂比以前一直规定为1:2.0,1:2.5，但近年来由于混凝土强度等级不断提高，合理灰砂比的范围有所变化尤其对水泥用量较大的高强混凝土，灰砂比有时会达到1:1.0，而且这类混凝土抗渗性能很好，因此，本次修订取消对灰砂比的限制。 抗渗混凝土配合比设计时，先按常规计算满足强度要求所必需的水灰比，development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 再用表7.1.2检验是否满足抗渗要求，其原则是试配用的三个水灰比都要小于表中规定的限制，以便于以后配合比的确定。 7.1.4抗渗混凝土试配时应进行抗渗试验，但试配时采用了三个(或多个)水灰比的配合比，如果都作抗渗试验则显然工作量太大，因此本条规定用水灰比最大的配合比作抗渗试验，如果该配合比能获通过，则其他的配合比就可以认为都 能达到要求。如有经验，亦可采用基准配合比的混凝土作抗渗试验。 抗渗混凝土试配时所取的抗渗等级应比设计要求提高(0.2Mpa)，即具有必要的富余以保证所确定的配合比在验收时有足够的保证率。 7.2抗冻混凝土 7.2.1本条对配制抗冻混凝土所用的原材料作了一些特殊的规定，它们是: 水泥推荐使用混合材掺量少的硅酸盐水泥或普通硅酸盐水泥，而火山灰质硅酸盐水泥的需水量大，对抗冻性不利，不宜使用; 骨料中含有的泥及泥块均对混凝土抗冻性不利，对其含量应予以限制; 经常有因骨料坚固性不好而影响混凝土抗冻性的情况(尤其是使用一些风化比较严重的骨料)，因些对抗冻性要求较高的混凝土，其骨料应作坚固性检验。 7.2.2抗冻混凝土配合比设计时先按常规计算出满足强度要求所必需的水灰比，再用表7.2.2检验是否满足抗冻要求，其原则是试配用的三个水灰比都要小于表中规定的限制，以便于以后配合比的确定。 7.2.3抗冻混凝土试配时应进行抗冻试验，原JGJ/T55-96规定试验所用试件是采用水灰比最大的混凝土制作，本次修订取消了对此的限制，主要考虑混凝土的抗冻融性较容易满足要求，若有经验，可用基准配合比混凝土的试件作抗冻试验。 7.3高强混凝土 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 7.3.1本条对配制高强混凝土所用的原材料作了一些特殊的规定，它们是: 取消了原JGJ/T55-96对水泥活性的限制。通过优选优质外加剂和掺合料，应用42.5级的硅酸盐水泥或普通硅酸盐水泥，可以配制出高强混凝土; 粗骨料和其他非均质原材料一样，颗粒形状相同的情况下，颗粒强度与粒径成反比，即加工的粒径越小，内部缺陷越少，在混凝土中受力越均匀，颗粒强度越高。粒形越接近圆形，受力状态亦越好。高强混凝土的强度逐渐趋近或超过粗骨料强度，粗骨料粒径应随混凝土的强度提高而减少，针片状含量也应减少。 细骨料的细度模数低于2.6时，配制混凝土的需水量会增加，粗细骨料中的含泥量、泥块含量同样会加大用水量和外剂用量，加大混凝土干缩，降低混凝土耐久性和强度。所以随着混凝土强度的提高，含泥量和泥块含量限值降低; 高效减水剂是高强混凝土的特征组分，活性矿物掺合料的使用，可调整水泥颗粒级配，起到增密、增塑、减水效果和火山灰效应，改善骨料界面效应，提高混凝土性能。随着混凝土强度的提高，在保持胶结材料不超过限值时必须提高减水剂的减水率。 7.3.2鲍罗米公式(即5.3.3-1式)在C60及以上等级的混凝土强度，其线性关系较差，离散性也较大，因为这种高强混凝土一般都要采取一些增密措施，其强度变化规律已经与鲍罗米公式相差较远，它们的水灰比只能按现有试验资料确定，然后通过试配予以调整。 高强混凝土因水泥用量较多，其砂率可由试验确定。 7.3.3高强混凝土试配时所用三个配合比的水灰比差值不能保持一般的0.05，否则其低水灰比值将会到达到不可操作区，而高水灰比值则进入了非高强区，均失去了对高强混凝土的代表性。因此，规定这一差值可缩小，但缩小差development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 值后有时三个强度的线性关系不易得到反映，此时就只能按试验结果凭经验确定设计配合比。 7.3.4一些对普通强度等级混凝土不大的因素，对高强混凝土强度的影响往往比较显著，因此最后还应经过一定数量的重复试验验证。以确保它的稳定性。 7.4泵送混凝土 7.4.1本条对配制泵送混凝土所用的材料作了一些特殊的规定，它们是: 水泥不宜采用火山灰质硅酸盐水泥，因为它需水量大，易泌水; 粗骨料最大粒径与输送管径之比与《混凝土泵送施工技术规程》一致; 粉煤灰的掺入能减少混凝土对管壁的摩阻力，改善其可泵性，这在不少工程中已经证实，但掺用的粉煤灰应符合?、?级的要求，质量差的粉煤灰掺入后会使混凝土用水量增加，对强度和耐久性都不利。 7.4.2在确定试配用坍落度时一定还要考虑坍落度的经时损失，本条规定了具体的修正方法。 7.4.3本条为泵送混凝土配合比计算时的一些要求，它们是: 水灰比不能太大，否则浆体的粘度太小，制成的混凝土容易离析; 水泥用量(含矿物掺合料)不宜过小，否则含浆量不足，即使 在同样坍落度情况下，混凝土显得干涩，不利于泵送; 混凝土含气量过大，在泵送时这些空气在混凝土中形成无数细小的可压缩体，吸收泵压达到高峰阶段的能量，降低泵送效率，严重时会引起堵泵。 本条规定对泵送混凝土含气量的限值是4%，但规定的程度为“不宜”，因为在此限值时对泵送效果虽有影响，但一般情况下还不会引起堵泵，并且目前不少因耐久性要求需要掺用引气剂的混凝土也需要采用泵送施工，故用“不宜”比较合适。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 7.5大体积混凝土 7.5.1从配合比设计的角度来说，对大体积混凝土主要采取四条措施; 1、采用水化热低的水泥; 2、采用能降低早期水化热的混凝土外加剂; 3、采用掺合料; 4、采用一切措施增加骨料和掺合料用量降低水泥用量。 前三项在本条中予以规定，后一项反映在7.5.2条中。 7.5.3大体积混凝土除7.5.1及7.5.2的规定外配合比设计的其他方法、步骤均无特殊要求。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre