USA Tennessee Boating Course

USA Tennessee Boating Course Chapter 1: The Boat 1.1 Boat Terminology There are specific boating terms used to describe the various parts of a boat. Each end and side of the boat, the length and width, and boat accessories have specific terms. Every boater should be familiar with the following terms before operating a boat: Bow: front part of vessel Port: Starboard: left side of vessel right side of vessel Stern: back of vessel 1.2 Boat Lengths Boats are identified in classes by length. Federal and state laws require certain equipment aboard boats depending on the class or length of the boat. , Class A: less than 16 ft , Class 1: 16 ft to less than 26 ft , Class 2: 26 ft to less than 40 ft , Class 3: 40 ft to less than 65 ft A boat's length is measured along its centerline from the outside of the bow to the outside of the stern. This measurement does not include any attachments such as swim platforms, wakeboard towers 1.3 Boat Hull Designs and Uses Boat bottoms or 'hulls' come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Each unique hull type is designed to either displace or plane through the water. Sailboats and large cruise ships use displacement hulls because they allow larger boats to move through the water smoothly. On the other hand, smaller powerboats are typically built with planing hulls that are designed to rise up and ride on top of the water at higher speeds than displacement hull boats. 1.3.1 Hull Types Flat bottom - These boats are generally designed for slow speeds and calm water. Flat bottom boats tend to be less stable than other hull types in rough water. Round bottom - Round bottom boats, like canoes, move smoothly through the water with little effort. Boaters must be cautious when loading, entering and exiting a round bottom boat - due to the hull design, these boats roll very easily. Deep-V hull - The deep V-hull is the most common hull type for powerboats. These boats move through rough water, at higher speeds and a smoother ride than flat bottom or round bottom boats. These boats require larger engines than flat bottom or round bottom boats. Multi-hull - Multi-hull boats are the most stable of the hull types. These boats require plenty of room to steer and turn. Catamarans and pontoon boats use the multi-hull design. 1.3.2 Engine Types Outboard - Outboard engines are typically two-stroke engines. Two- stroke engines require oil to be mixed with the fuel to lubricate the engine. An outboard is mounted on the transom of the boat. Steering of outboards is controlled by a hand tiller or a steering wheel which moves the entire engine when steering is adjusted. Inboard - Inboard engines are typically four-stroke automotive engines that are modified for use on the water. An inboard engine is mounted inside the hull of the boat and powers the drive shaft which is connected to a propeller. Steering is controlled by a rudder, positioned directly behind the propeller. Stern Drives - Stern drives are often called inboard/outboards (I/O) because they have features found on both inboard and outboard engines. Similar to inboards, stern drives use four-stroke automotive engines that are modified for use on the water. Stern drive engines are mounted inside the boat and attached through the transom and powers the drive shaft which is connected to a propeller. Similar to outboards, the entire engine moves when the steering wheel in a stern drive is adjusted. 1.4 Boat Capacities Be aware of the Small Vessel Regulations pertaining to engine power and load capacity. Federal Law mandates that boats of less than 20 feet in length must have a Capacity Plate in the steering or helm area. As a boat owner or operator you should know that the "recommended gross load capacity" that can be safely carried in the hull: 1. Includes the total weight of persons, equipment, stores, fuel, motor assembly and steering controls; 2. Is indicated with the "equivalent number of adult persons"; and 3. Is indicated on a Capacity Plate which, if fitted, is permanently attached to the pleasure craft. The capacity plate also indicates the "recommended safe limits of engine power" for the hull concerned. This calculation is based on the recommended gross load capacity. 1.4.1 Overloading or Over-Powering Beware of Bad Weather Take much lighter loads in poor weather conditions to ensure boat stability. An overloaded boat or over-powered boat can be extremely dangerous. An over-powered boat may cause the stern to sit lower in the water, making the vessel susceptible to being swamped by its own wake or that of a passing boat. Similarly, too much weight in the stern or the bow will make the vessel prone to swamping. Additionally, it is important to spread the load evenly throughout the vessel. Too much weight on either side will make the vessel less stable and more apt to capsize. Take extreme caution in loading your vessel properly. 1.4.2 Safe Loading Guidelines (for small boats) To determine the Horsepower Capacity for small, flat-bottomed boats, multiply the boat length (ft) by the transom width (ft) and compare the resulting value to the following chart: Example Boat Length = 12 ft Boat Width = 4 feet 12ft x 4ft = 48 Max HP of 15 Length x Width Max. HP 35 or less 3 36-39 5 40-42 7.5 43-45 10 46-52 15 1.4.3 Person Capacity: Manufacturers take a number of variables into account when determining the maximum person capacity for a boat (which is displayed on the capacity plate). The maximum person capacity is a guideline. Keep in mind that most manufacturers assume an average weight per person of 150 lbs. If you have passengers over or under 150 lbs - you should adjust the maximum person capacity accordingly. 1.5 Hull Identification Number (HIN) All new pleasure crafts manufactured since 1972 are permanently marked with a Hull Identification Number (HIN), which is the 12 character serial number of your vessel. To identify and register your vessel properly, HINs are marked at the stern on the starboard (right) side, or as close to that area as possible. You must NOT deface or alter the HIN. The HIN indicates: , the boat manufacturer , its serial number , the month and year of production 1.6 Boat Registration Requirements 1.6.1 Boat Registration and Numbering All motorized boats, regardless of state, must be registered. Some other boats must be registered as well. Federally Documented Vessels: Large recreational boats can be federally registered with the U.S. Coast Guard. Federally Documented Vessels must also be registered in Tennessee but are not required to display the numbers. 1.6.2 Tennessee Registration Requirements Tennessee Wildlife and Resource Agency (TWRA): The TWRA is responsible for regulating the state boating laws in Tennessee. 1.6.2.1 Registration/Titling All boats propelled by machinery, including gasoline, diesel and electric motors, and principally operated on Tennessee waters must be registered with the Tennessee Wildlife and Resource Agency (TWRA). Exceptions for boat registration include: , Non-motorized vessels such as canoes or kayaks , Vessels that are properly registered in another state and that are operating on Tennessee waters for less than 60 consecutive days An application for boat registration is available from the boat dealer or through a county clerk's office, and must be sent to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. Note On the reverse of the Certificate of Ownership there is an application for the transfer of ownership. 1.6.2.2 Certificate of Ownership Boat owners must keep their Certificate of Ownership in a safe place. 1.6.2.3 Certificate of Number Boat owners must have at least a temporary Certificate of Number before they can operate in state waters. Upon receipt, the permanent Certificate of Number must be signed and carried onboard when the operating. The Certificate of Number is set to expire (and must be renewed) after one, two, or three years at the owner's preference. The vessel owner is required to inform the TWRA within 15 days of the following events: , He or she changes address. , The vessel is sold, abandoned, destroyed, lost or stolen and/or recovered Vessels do not require registration in Tennessee as long as they are properly registered in another state and are operating in Tennessee for no more than 60 consecutive days. If the Certificate of number or decals are lost or destroyed, the boat owner must apply for a duplicate, at a processing fee. 1.6.2.4 Registration fees Size Years 1 2 3 16 feet and under $10 $19 $28 Over 16 feet to less than 26 feet $20 $38 $56 26 feet to less than 40 feet $30 $57 $84 40 feet or more $40 $76 $112 Dealer/Manufacturer $25 $50 $75 Duplicate certificate $5 Successful registration results in a certificate of number, physical boat numbers and a decal. Your registration MUST be kept on board the vessel at all times. (It is advisable to keep the registration in a dry-bag on board.) Boat numbers must: , be affixed on both sides of the bow , be block letters, three inches high and contrasting with the color of your boat , Letters must be separated from the numbers by a space: For example: TN-123-BX or TN 123 BX. This is a federal and state requirement. Lack of the correct documentation can result in delays and fines. Make sure all boats are properly marked and documented. It's important to keep your papers with the boat - be particularly aware when transferring ownership of your vessel. Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 1 material, you should have knowledge of: , Specific terms that are used to name/describe the parts of a boat , Various boat classes that are identifiable by length , Types of boat hulls and their characteristics , Engines , Boat capacities , What a Hull Identification Number is and what it should indicate , State boat registration regulations, requirements and allowances CHAPTER 2: Boating Equipment 2.1 PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICE TYPES AND CARRIAGE Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) can save lives, especially when worn. Therefore, the U.S. Coast Guard requires PFDs on board all vessels. When choosing a PFD, please ensure that it can support your size and weight and is approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. PFD TYPE BEST FOR DISADVANTAGES NOTES All waters, Adult size: 22lb. of especially open, buoyancy Child size: rough or remote Large and awkward; difficult 11lb. of buoyancy Will waters where to swim in turn unconscious rescue can be wearers to face-up delayed position. TYPE I: OFFSHORE LIFE JACKET Adult size: 22lb. of Calm, inland buoyancy Child size: waters where May not turn some 11lb. of buoyancy Will there is a good unconscious wearers face-up turn unconscious chance of rescue wearers to face-up position. TYPE II: NEAR-SHORE BUOYANT VEST Calm, inland Same buoyancy as waters where Wearers must put themselves Type II examples: Float there is a good in face-up position coat, fishing vest, water chance of rescue sport vest TYPE III: FLOTATION AID Designed to be thrown Not designed to be worn; and grasped until Calm, inland intended for use in calm, rescued; never worn waters where inland water with heavy boat examples: Cushions, help is present traffic ring buoys, horseshoe buoys TYPE IV: THROWABLE DEVICE Some Type V devices Specific Some Type Vs are designed provide hypothermia activities; check for cooler climates and protection examples: approval others are approved only Deck suits, work vests, condition on label when worn boardsailing vests TYPE V: SPECIAL USE DEVICE 2.1.1 FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS , The U.S. Coast Guard requires one wearable PFD for each person aboard, of appropriate size for the person intended. , At least one Type IV PFD (throwable device) must be kept on board any vessel of 16 feet or longer. , Flotation devices that are ripped or otherwise in poor condition are not considered approved. 2.1.2 Tennessee PFD Requirements Children All boaters or passengers 12 years of age and younger must be wearing their PFD while the vessel is underway. , The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency requires one wearable Type I, II, III, or V PFD for each person aboard a vessel. Ensure PFDs are readily accessible. , One Type IV U.S. Coast Guard-approved PFD must be on board vessels 16 feet or longer (except canoes and kayaks) and readily accessible, in addition to the above requirement. , A Type V is required to be worn to be considered a regulation PFD and must be used only for approved activities. , Flotation devices that are ripped or in poor condition are not considered approved. , Everyone on a personal watercraft and anyone being towed behind a vessel must wear a U.S. Coast Guard-approved Type I, II, III or V PFD. Tennessee law requires the owner and/or operator of a vessel is responsible to carry, store, maintain, and use the safety equipment required by the federal safety equipment requirements adopted by the U.S. Coast Guard. 2.2 PFD SIZING AND AVAILABILITY To ensure that the PDF fits properly, have the wearer put it on and adjust straps as necessary to make it fit snugly (Step 1). A properly fitted PFD will not ride higher than the wearer's ears or mouth. You should also test PFDs in the water to ensure they can hold your weight and that you can swim comfortably (Steps 2-4). STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 PFDS SHOULD BE WORN WHENEVER THE VESSEL IS IN OPERATION. HOWEVER, IF NOT WORN THEY MUST BE READILY ACCESSIBLE. IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT TO HAVE TYPE IV, —THROWABLE DEVICES— IN IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AREAS, FREE OF WRAPPING AND PACKAGING, FOR USE IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. READILY ACCESSIBLE MEANS EASILY LOCATED AND RETRIEVED WITHOUT SEARCHING, DELAY OR HINDRANCE. 2.3 WEARING PFDS PFDs should be worn by ALL boaters when in and around water, not just when operating or riding in a vessel. However, a PFD should be worn especially when encountering dangerous conditions including high boat traffic, severe weather, dangerous water conditions, dangerous local hazards, considerable distance from shore, operations at night, boating alone, traveling at high speed and during water sports activities. Conditions on and around the water can change very quickly. And even when they are accessible, PFDs take some time to fit securely and properly. In particular, once in the water, a PFD is much more difficult to put on properly. In the event of an emergency, boaters may not have the time to put on a PFD. Therefore, it is highly recommended that boaters always wear a PFD properly when on and around the water. 2.4 PROPER CARE OF YOUR PFD , Never use your PDF as a cushion for kneeling or sitting on, or acting as a fender. , Regularly check PFDs for buoyancy: with your PFD on, wade into the water to waist height, bend your knees, roll onto your back, and see how well you float. , Air-dry PFDs in a well ventilated space out of sunlight. , Clean with a mild soap and running water. , Never dry your PFD close to a direct heat source, clean it with strong detergents, or dry clean it. Bad not approved Good serviceable Make sure your PFDs are in good shape before you go boating. Regularly check for rips and tears. In particular, check straps and hardware before you leave the dock. PFDs with rips, tears, or other damage will NOT get Coast Guard approval, and you may be fined. 2.4.1 INFLATABLE PFDS Inflatable PFDs are available in Types I, II, III and V. Only Type IV PFDs — throwable devices—do not come in inflatable form. It is important to note that inflatable PFDs are not inherently buoyant and will not float without inflation. This means that inflatable PFDs must be worn in order to meet legal requirements. Though inflatable PFDs are comfortable, they are not authorized for children under the age of 16 or advised for individuals who cannot swim. Regularly check and replace spent cartridges. Inflatable PFDs are not meant for waterskiing, riding personal watercraft or white water paddling. An inflatable PFD requires regular maintenance. Inflatable Belt Pack Adjust to fit. The vest will inflate. Pull on the cord Inflatable Vest The vest will inflate Pull on the inflation cord Make sure the vest is properly fastened SERVICING YOUR INFLATABLES Replace CO2 cartridges with new ones immediately after cartridge is spent. An inflatable PFD loses buoyancy with even a small tear or leak. Therefore, boaters must check inflatables frequently for leaks. Simply blow the inflatable up manually and leave it overnight before a boating trip to check for small leaks and tears. 2.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ARE REQUIRED ABOARD A VESSEL WITH AN ENGINE IF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE PRESENT: , Closed compartments where portable fuel tanks may be stored , Double bottoms not sealed to the hull that are not completely filled with flotation materials , Closed living spaces , Permanently installed fuel tanks Marine Extinguisher requirements Though not all motorboats are required to carry a fire extinguisher, it is highly recommended that all motorboats have some form of fire extinguisher aboard. Numerous types and sizes of fire extinguishers meet Coast Guard requirements. With any type of marine fire extinguisher, accessibility is of the utmost importance; ensure the fire extinguisher is mounted where it can be easily and quickly retrieved within arms reach of the operator or passengers in the event of a fire emergency. BOAT LENGTH EXTINGUISHER REQUIREMENT Less than 26 ft. 26 ft. to less than 40 ft. 40 ft. to less than 65 ft. Greater than 65 ft. Must meet federal requirements 2.5.1 CLASSIFICATIONS TIP The letter "B" in a B I extinguisher indicates the type of fire the extinguisher is designed to handle. Fire extinguishers are classified according to the type and size of fire they can handle. FIRE TYPES ARE: CLASS A: Combustible solids such as wood CLASS B: Flammable liquids such as gasoline CLASS C: Electrical fires Wood or paper fires (Class A) can be handled with water. However, water should never be applied to electrical (Class C) or flammable liquid (Class B) fires, as the water will only spread flammable liquid fires and will conduct electricity. Most fire extinguishers can put out Class B and C fires. 2.5.2 MAINTENANCE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS REQUIRE REGULAR INSPECTIONS TO ENSURE THEY ARE IN PROPER WORKING ORDER. A PROPER INSPECTION INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING: , Check the gauge to make sure the extinguisher is fully charged. , Inspect seals to ensure they have not been broken. , Look at hoses; replace any cracked or broken hoses or simply replace the extinguisher. , Weigh extinguishers to make sure they meet the minimum weight levels stated on the label. MARINE FIRE EXTINGUISHER CLASSIFICATION Classification Foam (gal.) CO2 (lb.) Dry Chem (lb.) Halon (lb.) BI 1.25 4 5 2.5 BII 2.5 15 10 10 2.6 BACK-FIRE FLAME CONTROL DEVICE Gasoline engines installed in a vessel after April 25, 1940, except outboard motors, must be equipped with an acceptable means of backfire flame control. The device must be suitably attached to the air intake with a flame tight connection and is required to be Coast Guard approved or comply with SAE-J-1928 or UL 1111 standards and marked accordingly. Arrestors are designed to prevent a back-fire, which can result when fuel spills or leaks in the engine area and is ignited. Make a point to include arrestors in your monthly fire extinguisher inspection. Arrestors need to be cleaned periodically. During cleaning, ensure arrestors are securely fastened, and check for damage." 2.7 VENTILATION SYSTEMS In motorized vessels, flammable gases can gather. These have the potential to create a powerful and extremely dangerous explosion. As such, a proper ventilation system is required for all vessels built after 1940 and powered by gasoline. Ventilation systems can be natural or powered: NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Minimum of 2 ventilator ducts (1 intake duct, 1 exhaust duct) fitted with cowls (hooded opening) to remove stagnant fumes. POWERED VENTILATION SYSTEMS Required on vessels built after July 31, 1982 with installed fuel tanks or an enclosed engine. Consists of 1 or more exhaust blowers. NOTE: ensure intake ducts are located above the normal accumulation of bilge water. Turn on the powered ventilation system for FOUR minutes before you start the engine, to ensure all gasoline vapors have been removed before ignition. 2.8 NAVIGATION LIGHT EQUIPMENT Boat operators are required to ensure their vessel is equipped with the proper navigation lights when away from the dock between sunset and sunrise, and during periods of reduced visibility due to fog or rain. Navigation light requirements differ according to the type and size of boat. These are navigation light configurations and requirements for recreational boats. 2.8.1 POWER-DRIVEN VESSELS Power-driven vessels must exhibit the following navigation light configurations: BOATS LESS THAN 39 FEET, 4 INCHES Motorboats or sailboats using power: The lights shown in figure 1, 2 or 3 may be used. BOATS BETWEEN 39 FEET, 4 INCHES TO 65 FEET, 7 INCHES Motorboats or sailboats using power: The lights shown in figure 1, 2 or 3 may be used. NAVIGATION LIGHT REQUIREMENTS FOR POWER-DRIVEN VESSELS FIG. 1 Masthead Light (forward) - 225 degrees visible from 2 miles. Sternlight (aft) - 135 degrees visible from 2 miles. Sidelights - 112.5 degrees visible from 1 mile. FIG. 2 All-round light - 360 degrees visible from 2 miles. Sidelights - 112.5 degrees visible from 1 mile. FIG. 3 All-around light (may be off center) - 360 degrees visible from 2 miles. Sidelights - 112.5 degrees visible from 1 mile. LOCATION OF LIGHTS Lights should be located as shown in illustrations. The masthead light (forward white light in FIG.1) must be at least 39 inches higher than the colored lights on a boat less than 40 feet long, and at least 8 feet above the gunwale on a boat between 40 and 65 feet long. 2.8.2 SAILING VESSELS 23 FEET OR MORE IN LENGTH Vessels under sail must exhibit the following navigation light configurations: BOATS LESS THAN 39 FEET, 4 INCHES Sailboats using sails alone: The lights shown in figure 4, 5 or 6 may be used. BOATS BETWEEN 39 FEET, 4 INCHES TO 65 FEET, 7 INCHES Sailboats using sails alone: The lights shown in figure 4, 5 or 6 may be used. NAVIGATION LIGHT REQUIREMENTS FOR SAILING VESSELS FIG. 4 Sternlight (aft) - 135 degrees visible from 2 miles. Sidelights - 112.5 degrees visible from 1 mile. FIG. 5 Masthead Light visible from 2 miles: - white 135 degrees (stern) - red 112.5 degrees (port) - green 112.5 degrees (starboard) FIG. 6 Tri-color light visible from 2 miles: - White 135 degrees (stern) - Red 112.5 degrees (port) - Green 112.5 degrees (starboard) 2.8.3 VESSELS UNDER OARS OR PADDLES Vessels under oars or paddles should exhibit the same navigation lights as sailing vessels if practical. However, un-powered vessels less than 23 feet are only required to have on-hand, one lantern or flashlight shining a white light that must be used between sunset and sunrise in all weather and during restricted visibility. NAVIGATION LIGHT REQUIREMENTS FOR VESSELS UNDER OARS OR PADDLES AND SAILBOATS UNDER 23 FEET ROW BOATS/RAFTS SAIL BOAT CANOES/KAYAKS 2.8.3.1 FLASHLIGHTS A flashlight should always be aboard any vessel at all times. One cannot predict when navigation lights will burn out or when day-trips will last through nightfall — a flashlight helps in preparation for unforeseen situations. 2.8.4 VESSELS AT ANCHOR Vessels less than 7 meters (about 23 feet) are required to display an all-around white anchor light when anchored in or near a channel, in an area not designated as an anchorage area, or where other vessels normally navigate. This includes all boatable Commonwealth waters. NAVIGATION LIGHT REQUIREMENTS FOR ANCHORED VESSELS CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY AFTER READING CHAPTER 2, YOU SHOULD HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF: , The various types of Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) and their characteristics, as well as the state regulations regarding PFDs on a boat , Proper sizing of a PFD for a passenger , When a PFD should be worn , How to care for PFDs , The various types of fire extinguishers for boats, and how to maintain them , What a back-fire flame control device is, and what it is for , Natural and powered ventilation systems , Navigation light requirements for different types and sizes of boats Chapter 3: Trip Planning and Preparation 3.1 Checking Local Weather and Water Conditions 3.1.1 Check Forecast and Monitor on the Water It is important to check short-term and long-term local weather forecasts on radio, TV or the Internet before any boating trip. The weather forecast should always be taken into consideration when preparing your trip plan. Avoid boating in heavy fog. Be particularly mindful of hurricane warnings - never venture out on the water in a hurricane warning. NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts on the following frequencies: Channel 1 - 162.000 MHz, Channel 2 - 162.475 MHz, Channel 3 - 162.500 MHz. NOAA radio updates weather information such as: temperature, humidity, wave conditions, barometric pressure, and wind speed and direction. NOAA uses the following language to describe severe weather conditions: Warning Flag Language Meaning Small Craft observed or forecast winds of 18-33 knots Advisory observed or forecast winds of 34-47 knots Gale Warning observed or forecast winds of 48 knots or greater Storm Warning Tropical Storm observed or forecast winds of 34-64 knots Warning observed or forecast winds of 64 knots or greater Hurricane Warning observed or forecast winds of 34 knots or higher, coupled with a storm Special Marine to last more than two hours Warning But weather forecasts, particularly on the water, can change quickly. Therefore, it is imperative to be able to anticipate and monitor changing weather. , Keep an eye to the sky: fog, dark clouds and lightning are obvious indications that bad weather is approaching. , Barometric readings: a rising barometer indicates fair weather while a falling barometer indicates foul weather. , Pay particular attention to shifts in wind direction and temperature - which both indicate that weather is changing. , Be mindful of the West - foul weather usually approaches out of the West; however storms from the East tend to be more powerful. , Be vigilant of other boaters' movements and monitor radio and weather channels frequently. Ask for recommendations via radio if in unfamiliar waters. 3.1.2 Coping With Foul Weather Preparation for a storm , Ensure all passengers wear PFDs that are secured properly. , Reduce speed and proceed with caution, keeping an eye on approaching boats and floating debris. , Close all hatches and ports to avoid swamping. , All passengers should be low in the boat and near the centerline. , Secure all loose items in the boat to avoid losing them overboard. , Pump out bilges to keep boat high in the water. , Head for the nearest safe shoreline. , Check marine charts for the nearest shelter and note hazards. When the Storm Hits Tip When boating in stormy weather, the first precaution that should be taken by the boat operator is to ensure that all aboard are wearing USCG-approved PFDs. , If lightning is present: unplug all electrical equipment, keep low in the boat and away from metal objects. , Head the bow of the boat into waves at a 45 degree angle to keep the boat in the most stable position. , If engine stops, drop anchor from the bow to combat drifting and swamping. 3.2 Checking Local Hazards Before boating in any new or unfamiliar waterways, boaters should secure local marine charts. If local charts are unavailable, consulting with local boaters and marinas is wise as these sources usually have a wealth of knowledge about local hazards to avoid. Always consult with local authorities to obtain any local rules or restrictions such as: motorized operation restrictions or hours of operation and access to locking operations. Local Hazards to be wary of: , Whitewater areas can very easily drag a boat or person downstream, where rocks and debris as well as a very strong, rushing current are cause for concern. , Hazardous inlets can produce abnormal currents or changes in water levels. , Abnormal tides or currents may affect your ability to properly navigate or steer your vessel. , Power-lines are especially hazardous for sailing vessels, or vessels with a mast. Always make sure your vessel has enough clearance to safely go underneath the lines. If you are unsure, don't chance it. , Low seasonal waters - remember that local charts show an average in water level. Generally waters are higher in the spring, and lower through the summer. , Obstructions such as bridges, channel openings, commercial fishing nets etc. , Shoaling areas (marked and unmarked) - these areas become shallow gradually and are often difficult to spot without local charts. Note If trying to assist a victim, ALWAYS wear a lifejacket, and avoid going into the water. Throw a line to the victim and call or signal for assistance , Lowhead Dams pose a hazard both below and above the dam. Their drop creates a hydraulic 'hole' at the base of the dam that can trap objects, or people. Boaters should always be on the lookout for warning signs or buoys indicating lowhead dams. Always portage around a dam. If you do get trapped in a hydraulic, tuck your chin down and hold your knees tight to your chest with your arms. , Locks should always be approached at idle speed. One long blast followed by one short blast indicates intention to enter the lock. Military and commercial vessels have priority, so recreational boaters must wait for their turn. Stay clear of vessels entering/leaving the lock, and be mindful of barges and large craft that can create dangerous current, drawing smaller vessels into their path. Once the lockmaster directs you into the lock, proceed with caution. Always wear your PFD and remain seated. Wait for the lockmaster's signal before leaving the lock at idle speed. 3.3 Filing a Float Plan A Float Plan left with a responsible person is a wise decision for any boating trip - but for longer trips in particular. It is advised that you fill out a Float Plan similar to the sample below and leave it with a responsible family member, friend or local marina before leaving the dock. A Float Plan left with a responsible person could save your life should foul weather or an emergency situation arise. At the very least - you should always let a responsible person know the approximate location you plan to boat and when you expect to arrive home, so that they know an appropriate date and time to contact authorities if an emergency situation arises. Float Plan , Step 1 - fill out applicable information for EACH VOYAGE , Step 2 - mariners are expected, and encouraged to, file Float Plans with a responsible person , Step 3 - close Float plan upon termination of voyage Owner's Name & Address ________________ Telephone Number ______________ _________________________________________________________________________ Vessel's Name & License Number ___________ Sail ______ Power ________ Size and Type ___________________________________________________________ Color _____________ Hull __________ Deck _________ Cabin ___________ Type of Engine ____________ Other Distinguishing Features ______________ Radio Channels Monitored: HF _______ VHF _______ MF ________ Satellite or Cellular Telephone Number _______________________ Safety Equipment on Board Life Rafts ___________ Dinghy / Small Boat (inc color) ________________ Flares (Qty and type) _________ Lifejackets/PFDs (Qty) ________ Other ___________________________________________________________________ Search and Rescue Telephone Number ___________________________ Trip Details (include these details every trip) Date of Departure ________________ Time of Departure ___________________ Leaving From _____________________ Heading To __________________________ Proposed Route ___________________ Est. Date/Time of Arrival ___________ Stop Over Point __________________ Number of Persons on Board __________ Passenger Allergies/Illnesses (if any) __________________________________ 3.4 Boat Preventive Maintenance Proper maintenance of your boat can extend its useful life and also ensure you and your passengers have an enjoyable and safe boating experience. Engine , Change oil at least once a season. Check manufacturer's recommendations for oil changing. , Inspect belts and hoses before every voyage and replace those that are worn or torn. , Check fluid levels, oil levels and the condition of the battery before every voyage. , Check for corrosion and oxidation and take preventive measures before they become serious problems. , Check and service transmissions and change fluids according to recommended schedule. General Maintenance , Always use marine parts - never automotive parts! , Store vessels in dry place out of the sun. , Check any through-hull fittings - like engine-cooling intakes. A leak or opening could sink your boat if not attended properly. , Keep the decks and hull cleaned and waxed for better fuel efficiency and longer life. , Electrical connections need to be cleaned and greased to prevent corrosion. 3.5 Transporting and Trailering 3.5.1 Safe Towing Preparation Tip Each time you stop, ensure the hitch/ball and safety chains are secure. It is imperative that you ensure the towing vehicle can handle the towing load and has an appropriate trailer, hitch and safety chains. Trailers, like boats, have capacity plates attached. Make sure your trailer has the capacity to carry your boat AND motor, fuel and any additional gear on-board before you begin a road trip. Pay particular attention to the Tongue Weight. A tongue that is too heavy will create steering difficulties while a light tongue can result in fishtailing. Match the trailer Class with the proper hitch. The coupler should never be smaller than the size of the ball hitch. Always ensure that the hitch and ball are correct and secure. Trailer Class Towing Weight not to exceed 2000 lbs Class 1 2001 lbs to 3500 lbs Class 2 3501 lbs to 5000 lbs Class 3 over 5000 lbs Class 4 3.5.2 Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) Both your towing vehicle and trailer will have GAWR and GVWR guidelines for towing and weight capacities in the owner's manuals. Never exceed 90% of the recommended GAWR or GVWR. Consult with your dealer when buying any trailer or towing vehicle to accurately meet your towing requirements. 3.5.3 Final Preparation , Make sure boat is centered on trailer and fuel and gear is distributed evenly throughout the boat; an uneven load can cause instability and makes steering and maneuvering much more difficult. , Tie down all loose items and equipment in the boat being towed. , Criss-cross chains under the frame when attaching the trailer to the towing vehicle. Make sure chains can support the weight of the entire load - should the hitch break. , Make sure trailer brake lights and directional lights are working so other drivers will be notified of any stops, braking or turning. , Check tire pressure and ensure lug nuts are tight and secure. , Adjust side view mirrors as necessary to get a clear view of the trailer and any traffic behind. , Practice turning and backing up with the trailer attached. It takes some time to get used to these maneuvers. Practicing will build confidence and competency. , Tie down boat with additional straps to trailer frame. 3.5.4 Road Handling Driving with a cumbersome load will require some special considerations on the road. First, the load will make the towing vehicle less responsive. As a result, it is advisable to reduce your speed and give vehicles in front more room, and thus time to maneuver and react. Remember, you have another vehicle attached behind - take corners more slowly and widely to get the trailer around safely. 3.5.5 Launching a Boat Tip If you anticipate engine problems, start the engine and let it warm up while still attached to the winch line. It is much easier to retrieve the boat when still on the trailer. , Prepare for launch: Prepare the boat away from the launch so as not to block any boaters that are waiting to launch or retrieving their boat. (Preparation may involve: removing all tie-downs except the winch line, loading additional supplies and equipment into boat, inserting the drain plug if not already done, disconnecting trailer brake lights - to prevent burnt bulbs, remove the motor travel supports if applicable, and put the trim up - to prevent hitting the prop when launching, insert the key in the ignition to start the engine if applicable. , Attach a bow line to steady the boat upon release, may not be required if two persons are launching the boat, and one is in the boat. , Back into the water far enough so that the lower unit cooling water intake holes are submerged. (NOTE: use parking brake on towing vehicle at this point and do not allow the tow vehicle's wheels in the water unless necessary) , Release the winch line and slowly reverse the boat off the trailer. , Secure the boat to the dock and promptly move the tow vehicle and trailer away from the launch so as to not block any boaters waiting to launch or retrieve their boat. 3.5.6 Retrieving a Boat Tip To stop the spread of aquatic species, it is best to clean your boat before you leave the ramp area. Make sure to remove all plant materials from your boat. If the ramp is steep, ensure someone 'spots' for you before you drive up the ramp. Be aware of pedestrians and other boats. , Proper Etiquette: Unload fuel and equipment away from the ramp if possible and feasible. Prepare truck and trailer for retrieval and wait for your turn. , Back the trailer into the water until two-thirds of the bunks or rollers are submerged. (Make sure the towing vehicles' wheels stay short of the water unless necessary) , Attach a bow line to steady the retrieval. , Maneuver the boat close enough or drive it onto the trailer to attach the winch line. , Shut off the engine and trim or raise the outboard or stern drive. , Pull the boat up the trailer by cranking the winch line. Stay out of the direct path of the winch line, in case it should break. , After retrieving the boat, pull the trailer out of the water and well away from the boat ramp; out of the way of others. , Begin your preparation for the road once more, remembering to remove the drain plug and pump or drain any water out of the bilge first, and drain the live-wells or bait-wells if applicable. 3.6 Fueling Procedures Tip Keep the bilge clean and free of trash to reduce the risk of fire Gasoline and its vapors are a major cause of marine fires. Therefore, boaters must take care when fueling to avoid spills and the spread of gasoline vapors. Gasoline fumes are most likely to accumulate in the bilge. , Secure the boat to the fueling dock and turn off the engine. , Unload all passengers prior to fuelling. , Unload portable tanks prior to fuelling them. , No smoking or flames should be present. , Turn off all electrical equipment that can throw a spark prior to fuelling. , Close all doors, windows and hatches before commencing fueling. , Open all doors, windows and hatches immediately after fueling to allow air to circulate through the vessel. , Hold nozzle firmly against fill pipe opening to ground any static buildup. , Never fully fill a tank , always leave room for gas to expand and avoid overflow. (Ensure air vents/valves to gas tank are open.) , Put the gas cap on tightly after fueling to avoid vapor escape. Always wipe away any spills or leakage immediately with a rag. , Before starting the engine again, it is advisable to sniff for fumes that may have escaped. Turn on the blower for FOUR minutes on inboard gasoline engines to remove any fumes before starting the engine again. , Place portable tanks filled with fuel in well ventilated areas away from the engine and electrical equipment on-board. 3.6.1 Fuel Conservation Tip Adjust the tilt on your motor when starting and reaching a plane. The following are tips to conserve fuel for better mileage and to reduce the environmental impact that gasoline can have on marine life. , Make sure the engine is adequate for the size and weight of the boat and keep the engine in good shape with regular maintenance and replace sparkplugs regularly. , Use the correct propeller and regularly check for damage , Drain all water from the bilge before leaving the dock and keep the hull clean to reduce friction. Use a bailing can or a portable bilge pump on smaller boats. , Distribute equipment, fuel and passengers evenly throughout the boat and do not overload , Shut the engine off when stopped or docked , Plane smoothly and evenly at take-off, then throttle back to cruising speed 3.7 Pre-Departure Checklist & Passenger Communication No two boating trips will mirror one another; every experience is different. It is important not to take any boating trip lightly. In addition, not every boater has the same comfort level or experience on the water. Accidents occur when proper precautions are overlooked. A pre-departure checklist should be used before each trip - regardless of length. The checklist is easy to review and will also ensure new passengers are informed and comfortable. Pre-Departure Checklist Personal Floatation Devices Fire Extinguishers At least one Coast Guard approved Accessible, Coast Guard approved PFD per passenger and a minimum of fire extinguisher two PFDs total Ensure mounts are secure A throwable device if the boat is Inform all passengers of fire greater than 16 feet extinguisher location(s) Inform all passengers of PFD locations Tools and Spares Basic tool box Sound producing devices Horn, whistle or bell present Box of spares aboard. e.g.: Fuel filter, (preferably more than one) light bulbs, etc... If a portable air horn, have a spare can of air Emergency Boat Operation Storm Weather and Falls Overboard Lights procedures All required navigation lights Radio Operations First Aid Kit (on board and Check instrumental lights accessible) Flashlight Fuel and Oil Distress Signals Make sure tanks are full Flares: stored in an accessible, dry Check the engine oil and coolant location levels Inform all passengers of signal location and use Ventilation On powered vessels, ensure interior Docking and Anchoring spaces are well ventilated At least one anchor set up to anchor Run blower before starting if fumes line are present Two or three extra docklines If fumes are present after blowing, Inspect dock and anchor lines for look for a leak or spill. wear and tear, replace if frayed Keep two fenders for docking Battery Care Make sure all powered equipment is Documentation working Keep registration, radio license, Spare batteries for accessories such as fishing permit, boater's operator card a handheld radio, flashlight on board Make sure rechargeable batteries are Keep local charts on-hand for quick charged reference Weather Forecast Bilges Did you check the weather forecast? Make sure bilge is dry and pump is Hand-held radio to monitor weather functional Clean bilge of any spills or waste Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 3, you should have knowledge of: , Why checking the forecast during trip preparation and monitoring the weather while out on the water is important as well as the different terminology used by the NOAA , How to prepare for foul weather and what to do when a storm hits , Local hazards to be informed of and how to check for them , A Float Plan , Proper engine and general boat maintenance , Trailer classes and proper towing and trailoring methods and regulations as well as how to launch and retrieve a boat , Fueling procedures , A Pre-Departure Checklist. Chapter 4: Marine Environment 4.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations 4.1.1 Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) Tip To stop the spread of aquatic species, it is best to clean your boat before you leave the body of water. Submersed aquatic vegetation (or SAV) consists of underwater plants often found in shallow (usually less than 6 ft) areas. They are important habitat for fish and shellfish, and are a food source for several waterfowl species. Scientific studies have shown that SAV beds can be scarred by boat propellers or by larger craft if they run aground. When operating your boat in shallow areas be careful to avoid damaging SAV. Do not operate a PWC in such areas. 4.1.2 Aquatic Nuisance Non-native aquatic species, plants, fish and animals are invading coastal and inland waters. These pests can increase dramatically under the right conditions, displacing native species, clogging waterways, and impacting navigation and recreation. Once introduced, they are nearly impossible to eliminate. Hydrilla, Egeria Densa, Water Hyacinth and Zebra Mussels are nuisance species that can be accidentally transported by recreational boaters when caught in propellers, intakes or attached to hulls. Controlling Water Hyacinth and Egeria Densa is a multi-million dollar problem. You can help prevent the introduction and spread of non-native species from one body of water to another. , Remove aquatic plant and animal materials from your boat before leaving any body of water. , Flush raw-water cooling systems and clean sea strainers before moving your boat from one body of water to another. , Empty bait buckets and remove any plant fragments from bait wells, fishing gear, trailers, dive gear or props. Dispose on land into a garbage receptacle. , Drain all water from your bilge, motor and live wells. , Wash your boat before putting it into a new body of water. , Report new infestation of non-native aquatic species to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 4.1.3 Additional Environmental Considerations Be cautious when refueling your vessel in or near the water. Gas or oil spills can have significant negative affects on the environment. Respect the wildlife and never use your vessel in a manner to harass the local wildlife. Reduce speed to "No Wake" speed when approaching shorelines or in narrow channels, thus reducing possible erosion from a larger wake. 4.1.4 Garbage Disposal The U.S. Coast Guard prohibits dumping of plastic or garbage mixed with plastic in any waters. Distance from shore It is illegal to dump: Plastic, dunnage, lining, and packing materials that float Inside 3 miles and in U.S. Lakes, Rivers, Bays and any garbage except dishwater/graywater/fresh fish and Sounds and anywhere on the Great Lakes parts. no matter how far from shore: Plastic, dunnage, lining, and packing materials that float and any garbage not ground to less than one square 3 to 12 miles inch. Plastic, dunnage, lining, and packing materials that 12 to 25 miles float. Plastic Outside 25 miles NOTE: Dunnage refers to packing materials like foam or pellets Additionally, Vessels of greater than 26 feet and operating in Federal waters must display a 4x8 inch SOS (Save our Seas) placard in a conspicuous place that outlines waste disposal regulations. Waste disposal placards can be purchased at most dealer locations and marinas. 4.1.5 Waste Liquids Raw sewage can ONLY be dumped when greater than 3 nautical miles from shore. Some States and Canada also have regulations for dumping gray-water (dish water, shower water, laundry water) and treated waste. Consult your local authorities to ascertain the local laws. 4.1.6 Waste Management Plans Any vessel longer than 40 feet, with a berth and a galley, and certified to operate beyond 3 nautical miles from shore: MUST have a written Waste Management Plan. The Waste Management Plan must be written and implemented by the boat captain. A Waste Management Plan should provide directions to passengers and crew as to the procedure for dealing with the discharge of the following: , Sewage and hazardous waste , Garbage and food waste , Plastics, glass and aluminum , Oily discharges and gasoline spills Note Untreated human waste may NEVER be dumped in inland waters. 4.2 Human Waste Disposal 4.2.1 Marine Sanitation Device (MSD) Boats operating in-land with an installed toilet must also have a sanitation system to prevent pollution and discharge of raw sewage. A typical sanitation system consists of: an installed toilet, a waste treatment system (MSD), and/or a holding tank. Be sure to check your MSD for U.S. Coast Guard Certification. MSD Type Legal for... Functionality boats under 65 ft treat waste and discharge overboard Type I any vessel more powerful treatment of waste discharge Type II collect waste in holding tank for removal at Pump-out stations (most any vessel Type III common) all vessels on all Portable collect waste in holding tank - do not treat waste waters Toilet Pump-Out Signs are displayed at marinas with Pump-Out facilities throughout the United States (Figure 1 is a sample of a Pump-Out Sign). Check with local marinas to locate convenient Pump-Out Stations prior to your voyage. Figure 1: Pump-Out Station Sign Figure 2: Pump-Out Station Functionality 4.2.2 Tennessee MSD Regulations Tennessee Mandates the use of Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs), penalties for misuse of MSDs are enforced. Y-valve discharge in Tennessee waters is prohibited and Tennessee law requires that the Y-valves are to be locked. 4.2.3 No Discharge Zones Type I and Type II MSDs (those that discharge treated waste) cannot be used in designated No Discharge Zones. No Discharge Zones are generally designated when a body of water has no navigable connections to other bodies of water. In these Zones: Type I and Type II MSDs must not be used and in fact, must be secured to prevent discharge. The following States are known to have No Discharge Zones with more States following suit each year: California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Please consult your local boating authority before discharging waste to obtain the local regulations. 4.3 Disposal of Toxic Substances The Refuse Act of 1899: prohibits throwing, discharging or depositing any refuse matter of any kind into United States waters. Refuse includes: garbage, trash, oil and other liquid pollutants. Vessels of greater than 26 feet and operating in Federal waters must display a 5x8 placard in a conspicuous place that states the following: Therefore, boat operators are not allowed to dump oil into the bilge of the boat without means for proper disposal. Oil must be kept on board in a receptacle until it can be properly disposed. If oil is discharged accidentally contact the Coast Guard at: 800-424-8802 to report the accident. Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 4, you should have knowledge of: , Various environmental laws and regulations , Marine Sanitation Devices , How to properly dispose of toxic substances Chapter 5: Safe Boat Operation 5.1 Operator Responsibilities Ultimately, the boat operator is responsible for the safety and activity of all passengers. Additionally, the boat operator must respect other boaters and property. Before casting off the operator should: , Complete a Pre-departure checklist to avoid emergencies later , Ensure the vessel is cared for, is in good working order, and is seaworthy , Ensure all passengers are comfortable with the safety equipment and procedures in case of emergency , File a float plan for lengthy or unfamiliar trips , Check local hazards , Check local weather forecast and conditions 5.1.1 Age Restrictions Vessel operators under the age of 12 by law may not operate any motorized vessel with a motor over 8.5 horsepower (personal watercraft included) except if: , They are accompanied and under the direct control of an adult on board the vessel or... , They are is at least 10 years of age and have a Boating Safety Education Certificate issued by TWRA and the vessel they are operating is more than 14 feet in length with an outboard motor less than 15 horsepower. 5.1.2 Courtesy Other boaters and property owners wish to enjoy the water as well. As a courtesy to other boaters, swimmers and property owners, be sure to monitor your wake, noise level and boat speed around other boats and shoreline properties. You are responsible for any damage caused by your wake. Be sure to take the time to review proper safety and operation procedures if you let someone else operate your boat. Be particularly mindful of your boat noise in the early morning and late evening. Leave the water as you found it: clean up any waste you encounter and be sure to collect any of your own waste in a garbage bag and dispose properly once you get to shore. 5.1.3 No Wake "No wake" is defined as "The slowest possible speed required in order to maintain steerage and headway." 5.1.4 Slacken Speed Operators in Tennessee must reduce speed to avoid endangering persons or a person's property from the effect of their vessels wake. Reduce speed when approaching or passing the following; , Vessels underway, lying to, at anchor, or made fast to the shore , Piers, Docks or Boathouses , Someone in the water , Someone involved in towed water sports , Someone on a surfboard An example of violating this law would be if your boat runs over, or into, an object because you are traveling too fast to stop in time. Certain bodies of water in Tennessee may have local restrictions as to type and size of vessel or motor horsepower, restricted use areas, boat speed, and times for use. Check with the local authorities for these additional restrictions. 5.1.5 Mufflers and Noise Levels In Tennessee motorized vessels are required to have a mechanical means of reducing (muffling) the engine exhaust noise level. The noise level must not be greater than 86 decibels from a distance of 50 feet or more. Excessive noise may prevent the operator from hearing noises and voices of those on board. Modifying a muffler is illegal is it results in an increase in noise which is in excess of the legally permitted level. 5.1.6 Negligence Watch your Wake! When operating a boat near other boats ot when entering a congested area, watch your wake as it may cause personal injury or damage. Any type of boating vessel demands an operator's respect and attention. Careless or reckless behavior aboard any vessel can result in dangerous consequences. A boat is not a toy. Enjoy your boating experience, but be mindful of the power of many vessels and the inherent dangers that water presents. 5.1.7 Unsafe Practices The following acts and maneuvers are considered dangerous & illegal while boating in Tennessee. , Careless Operation. It is illegal to operate a vessel in a manner that endangers the ability to conserve the safety, rights or property of others. The following are a few examples: o Endangering others or their property, by allowing the wake of your vessel to potentially harm another or their property. o Jumping the wake of a vessel unnecessarily close to another vessel. o Failing to conform to boating signage such as posted speeds, indicated restricted entry zones, diver or skier down flags, etc. , Operating at an unsafe speed.Boaters must always operate their vessel at a safe speed as discussed earlier in this chapter as well as adhering to any indicated speed limitations , Failing to maintain adequate distance. Boaters must maintain the designated no wake speed in the circumstances discussed above as well as keeping their distance from water skiers or vessels towing someone on another device , Exceeding maximum capacity. The recommended capacity indicated on the boats' capacity plate should not be exceeded. , Not maintaining a lookout.All operators are required to keep a constant lookout for other vessels and/or people in the water. , Dangerous operation. Boaters must make sure that the vessel is being operated in such a manner that it's occupants or others sharing the water are not in any danger. If an officer observes that someone's safety may be endangered, the operator may be forced to head to the closest moorage. Examples of such operation could be: operating without all the required equipment, operating the vessel with more power than recommended, or operating the vessel with a fuel leak. , Not maintaining proper seating regulation aboard your vessel. In Tennessee, it is unlawful to allow any person to ride or sit on the bow, gunwales, transom, or on the decking over the bow of the vessel while underway unless such motorboat is provided with adequate guards or railing to prevent passengers from falling overboard. Passengers or other persons aboard a vessel may occupy these areas of the vessel to moor or anchor the vessel, to cast off, or for any other necessary purpose. For obvious safety reasons it is recommended that boaters do not stop or anchor beneath bridges or in a channel. 5.1.8 Homeland Security Measures Federal, state and local governments have enacted specific measures since the events of September 11, 2001 to help deter unlawful or dangerous operations on our nation's waterways. Homeland Security Measures violations can result in severe consequences. Please be aware of the following Homeland Security Measures and act accordingly to keep our waterways safe and secure: , Do not approach closer than 100 yards from all military, cruise-line, or commercial shipping vessels. , Slow to 'no wake' speed within 500 yards of any large U.S. Naval vessel. , Observe and avoid all security zones. o Avoid areas with military, cruise-line, or petroleum facilities. For information in port areas, call 1-800-682-1796 or got to www.uscg.mil/safeports/, or check with local authorities. o Observe other restricted areas near dams, power plants, etc. , Do not stop or anchor beneath bridges or in the channel. , Report suspicious activities. o Report any suspicious activity immediately to local authorities, the U.S. Coast Guard, or marine security personnel. o Or call the National Response Center's Terrorist Hotline at 1- 800-424-8802. Do not approach or challenge those acting in a suspicious manner. o Never confront the suspicious party. , Ensure your boat is always locked and secured when unattended and always take the boat keys with you. 5.2 Influence of Drugs and Alcohol on Boat Operation 5.2.1 Drive Sober Because of the fatiguing effects of the sun, wind, and the motion of the boat, one drink on board is like three on shore! It means: if you are drinking at all, then you should not be behind the wheel! Do not jeopardize your safety or the safety of the passengers in your care and other boaters. Your balance, vision, coordination and judgment are all affected adversely with the consumption of even one alcoholic drink. Coupled with environmental elements (sun, glare, wind, motion) - alcohol can have very serious consequences on the water. Please, be responsible when operating your boat. If you are operating a vessel - you should avoid alcohol consumption. Myths Reality Even in small amounts, alcohol affects coordination and judgment. A bottle of "A few beers won't hurt" beer, a glass of wine, or a drink of liquor - all produce the same effect. More than 60% of drowning accidents occur after the victim accidentally falls off a dock, shoreline or vessel into the water. Autopsies show that more than "Most drowning accidents one-third (33%) of the victims of such falls (mostly men) were impaired by result from swimming" alcohol at the time of the accident. Operating a boat while intoxicated is just as dangerous as operating a car. The "Drinking alcohol while marine police are equipped with breathalyzers. If the results are positive, the operating a boat is not a police may lay charges. serious offence" Alcohol affects judgment. The person drinking can easily overestimate their "There's no harm in abilities or misjudge a risk they would not take under normal circumstances. drinking alcohol on the Furthermore, it is illegal to drink in some public places, such as a beach or a beach before swimming" dock. More than one-half of boating accidents occur when occupants are standing. Given that alcohol affects balance, anyone who stands up in a boat after "People who stand up in a drinking alcohol is more likely to fall overboard. Drinking alcohol also boat rarely fall" increases urination. "Water and Alcohol - Myths and Realities" - Red Cross Society 5.2.2 Serious Penalties A boater with a blood alcohol content of 0.08% or more shall be presumed to be under the influence of alcohol. There are some serious penalties if the boat operator is convicted for boating while intoxicated, they may be: , fined up to $2,500 for the first offense, , fined up to $2,500 for the second offense, , fined up to $5,000 for the third offense. One may also be subject to a jail sentence of up to one year if convicted. A probation period is mandatory for any offense, and the boat operators operating privileges may be suspended from one to ten years. Other federal penalties may also be charged to the impaired operator. By operating a vessel on Tennessee waters, you have consented to an alcohol test if asked by a law enforcement officer. Refusal to undergo testing is an offense in itself and may lead to a loss of operating privileges for up to six months. 5.3 Carbon Monoxide: Protect yourself from this silent killer Carbon monoxide can collect within, along side or behind a boat in minutes and in a variety of ways. 5.3.1 Avoid these Death Zones! Swimming near or under the back deck or swim platform. Carbon monoxide from exhaust pipes of inboard engines, outboard engines and generators build up inside and outside the boat in areas near exhaust vents. STAY AWAY from these exhaust vent areas and DO NOT swim in these areas when the motor or generator is operating. On calm days, wait at least 15 minutes after the motor or generator has been shut off before entering these areas. NEVER enter an enclosed area under a swim platform where exhaust is vented, not even for a second. It only takes one or two breaths of the air in this "death chamber" for it to be fatal. Blockage of exhaust outlets can cause carbon monoxide to accumulate in the cabin and cockpit area -even when hatches, windows, portholes, and doors are closed. Exhaust from another vessel that is docked, beached, or anchored alongside your boat can emit poisonous carbon monoxide gas into the cabin and cockpit of your boat. Even with properly vented exhaust, your boat should be a minimum of 20 feet from the nearest boat that is running a generator or engine. Slow speeds or idling in the water can cause carbon monoxide gas to accumulate in the cabin, cockpit, bridge, and aft deck, even in an open area. A tailwind (force of wind entering from aft section of the motorboat) can also increase accumulation. The "station wagon effect," or backdrafting can cause carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the cabin, cockpit and bridge when operating the boat at a high bow angle, with improper or heavy loading or if there is an opening which draws in exhaust. This effect can also cause carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the cabin, cockpit, aft deck, and bridge when protective coverings are used and the boat is underway. Teak surfing, dragging and water skiing within 20 feet of a moving watercraft can be fatal. Sitting on the rear swim step while the engine is running, should not be permitted. 5.3.2 What to do , The best precaution against carbon monoxide poisoning is to keep air flowing through the vessel , Educate family and friends about carbon monoxide so they are aware of what the early poisoning signs are , If your boat has rear-vented generator exhaust, check with the boat manufacturer for possible recall or reroute the exhaust to a safe area. , Assign an adult to watch when anyone is swimming or playing in the water. , Schedule regular engine and exhaust system maintenance inspections by experienced and trained technicians. , Keep forward-facing hatches open, even in inclement weather, to allow fresh air circulation in living spaces. When possible, run the boat so that prevailing winds will help dissipate the exhaust. , Do not confuse carbon monoxide poisoning with seasickness, intoxication or heat stress. If someone on board complains of irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness or dizziness, immediately move the person to fresh air, investigate the cause and take corrective action. Seek medical attention, if necessary. , Install a carbon monoxide detector in each accommodation space on your boat. Check detectors before each trip to be sure they are functioning properly. If the detector goes off, believe it! 5.3.3 Facts Carbon monoxide is a potentially deadly gas produced any time a carbon-based fuel, such as gasoline, propane, charcoal or oil, burns. Sources on your boat include gasoline engines, generators, cooking ranges, and space and water heaters. Cold or poorly tuned engines produce more carbon monoxide than warm, properly tuned engines. Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless and mixes evenly with the air. It enters your bloodstream through the lungs and displaces the oxygen your body needs. Early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning - irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness, and dizziness - are often confused with seasickness or intoxication. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations or very short exposure to high concentrations can lead to death. Each year, boaters are injured or killed by carbon monoxide. Most incidents occur on older boats and within the cabin or other enclosed areas. Exhaust leaks, the leading cause of death by carbon monoxide, can allow carbon monoxide to migrate throughout the boat and into enclosed areas. New areas of concern are the rear deck near the swim platform with the generator or engines running and teak surfing or dragging behind a slow moving boat. Regular maintenance and proper boat operation can reduce the risk of injury from carbon monoxide. 5.3.5 Prevention Checklist All carbon monoxide poisonings are preventable! Checklist - Each Trip , Educate all passengers about carbon monoxide poisoning. , Make sure all exhaust clamps are in place and secure. , Look for exhaust leaking from exhaust system components, indicated by rust and/or black streaking, water leaks, or corroded or cracked fittings. , Inspect rubber exhaust hoses for burned or cracked sections. All rubber hoses should be pliable and free of kinks. , Confirm that water flows from the exhaust outlet when the engines and generator are started. , Listen for any change in exhaust sound that could indicate an exhaust component failure. , Test the operation of each carbon monoxide detector by pressing the test button. Make sure the battery is installed properly and is in good condition. Never remove the battery unless replacing it with a new battery Checklist - At Least Annually , Replace exhaust hoses if any evidence of cracking, charring or deterioration is found. , Inspect each water pump impeller and the water pump housing, and replace if worn. Make sure cooling systems are in proper working condition to prevent overheating and burn through the exhaust system. (Refer to the engine and generator manuals for further information.) , Inspect each of the metallic exhaust components for cracking, rusting, leaking or loosening. Pay particular attention to the cylinder head, exhaust manifold, water injection elbow, and the threaded adapter nipple between the manifold and the elbow. , Clean, inspect, and confirm proper operation of the generator cooling water anti-siphon valve (if equipped). Annual Checklist must be performed by a qualified marine technician. Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 5, you should have knowledge of: , Operator responsibilities, safe and unsafe practices on the water , The influences of drugs/alcohol on boat operation , The enforcement of the federal and state laws Chapter 6: Navigation Rules of the Road Disclaimer The navigation rules of the road contained in this course summarize basic navigation rules for which a boat operator is responsible. Additional and more in-depth rules apply regarding various types of waterways and operation in relation to commercial vessels and other watercraft. It is the responsibility of a boat operator to know and follow all the navigation rules. A navigation rule can be overlooked if necessary to avoid immediate danger. For a complete listing of the navigation rules, refer to the document "Navigation Rules of the Road" published by the U.S. Coast Guard (COMDTINST 16672.2 Series) and available through the U.S. Government printing office or on the web at For state specific navigation requirements, refer to the state laws where you intend to boat. 6.1 Definitions Relevant to Navigation Rules Term Definition Vessel includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft and Vessel seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. Propelled by machinery Power-Driven Under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used. Sailing Vessel Engaged in Fishing means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing Vessel apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling Engaged in lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict maneuverability. Fishing Seaplane includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water. Seaplane Length and Length and Breadth of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth. Breadth Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed In sight of one visually from the other. another When encountering another vessel, the stand-on must: 1. At first, maintain course and speed Stand-on- 2. Keep a proper lookout and return communication with the give-way vessel Vessel 3. Do all it can to avoid collision The vessel that must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep WELL clear of the Give-way- stand-on-vessel. Vessel When a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground. Underway Any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, Restricted sandstorms or any other similar causes. Visibility The navigable waters of the United States shoreward of the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers and other inland waters of the United States and Inland Waters the waters of the Great Lakes on the United States side of the International Boundary. 6.2 Sound Signaling Equipment 6.2.1 Legal Requirements Boats less than 40ft Boats 40ft to less than 65ft An efficient sound producing device, such as an air A bell is required horn or whistle is required 6.2.2 When and How to Sound Off When two power-driven vessels encounter each other within ? mile sound signals must be used. The initiating vessel indicates a maneuver and the responding vessel agrees or disagrees. Signal Maneuver I want to pass you on my port side 1 short blast (1 second) (Hint: PORT = 1 syllable = 1 short blast) I want to pass you on my starboard side. 2 short blasts (Hint: STARBOARD = 2 syllables = 2 short blasts) Engine is in reverse 3 short blasts Danger or do not understand approaching boat's intentions 5 short blasts 1 prolonged blast (4-6 seconds) Warning (entering or exiting a blind turn) Power-driven vessel operating in Low or Restricted Visibility 1 prolonged blast every 2 minutes 1 prolonged blast Sailing vessel operating in Low or Restricted Visibility + 2 short blasts every 2 minutes 6.3 Rule of Responsibility Earlier, we indicated the responsibility of the vessel operator to act in a prudent and reasonable manner consistent with the ordinary practices of boating. , Stay active , Stay alert , Respect the weather, the water, your passengers, fellow boaters, divers, swimmers and property owners In summary: vessel operators need to pay attention and operate their vessels defensively. 6.3.1 Proper Lookout There are many distractions on the water. As the boat operator, it is your responsibility to constantly monitor your surroundings, on all boats at all hours. Make sure no passengers or equipment can impede your line of sight. Scan the bow, starboard and port sides for boaters, swimmers, dive flags and floating debris. You are required to use every available means, including radar and radio (if equipped), to determine whether there is any risk of collision with another vessel. That is not only common sense - that is the law! 6.3.2 Safe Speed All vessels should be operated at a speed that allows time and distance to take necessary action to avoid a collision. Obviously, different conditions and levels of expertise will warrant different speeds. To determine a safe speed for your boat, take into account the following factors: , The visibility conditions (fog, mist, rain, darkness) , The wind, water conditions and currents , Traffic density: type of vessels in the area and their proximity , Vessel responsiveness (larger, more powerful boats require a larger turning radius and have a higher top-end speed thus requiring more time and distance to stop) , The proximity of any navigational hazards Check with your local boating authority before heading out on the water to determine speed limits (if any) in your area. Lastly, your wake can cause damage to property and other vessels. Always take into account the effects your wake might create when adjusting your speed. 6.4 Collision Avoidance Rules Avoiding collisions involves precautionary measures (proper lookout, use of radar, if present), but more importantly, collision avoidance is made possible when boat operators know how to deal with situations appropriately. Boats in constant motion will meet quickly - take early and substantial action to avoid collisions. The following considerations should be taken into account when determining the risk of a collision: 1. A risk of collision may exist if the direction of an approaching vessel does not change significantly; 2. A risk of collision may also exist even when an approaching vessel makes a significant change of direction, particularly when the approaching vessel is a very large vessel or a tow or at close range. Port Starboard Stern (rear side) If a power-driven vessel If any vessel approaches within this sector, If any vessel approaches this approaches within this keep out of its way by either going right or sector, you are the stand-on sector, maintain with slowing down as you are the give-way vessel. vessel - keep a steady lookout and caution, your course and A vessel approaching from your starboard is maintain with caution, your speed. the stand-on vessel. course and speed. 6.4.1 Two Power-Driven Vessels Approaching Each Other: Overtaking The overtak ing vessel (A) is a give-way vessel. The other vessel (B) is a stand-on vessel. As the give-way vessel, A must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep clear of the stand-on vessel (B). Note Sailing vessels stand-on when being overtaken and give-way when overtaking. If both vessels are power-driven - sound signals are required. A must blow one short blast and alter course to starboard - or blow two short blasts and alter course to port and B must return the same sound signal(s) to indicate understanding 6.4.2 Two Power-Driven Vessels Approaching Each Other: Meeting Head-On Neither Power-driven A nor Power-driven B gives way or stands on in a head-on encounter. Therefore, some communication is needed between A and B. The most common response, in a head-on meeting between Power-driven vessels is to signal an intention to pass port-to-port with one short blast. A short blast should be returned from the approaching vessel indicating a move to the starboard side. A must blow one short blast and alter course to starboard B must blow one short blast - to indicate understanding - and alter course to starboard If it is not possible to pass port-to-port, due to an obstruction or shoreline, a starboard-to-starboard pass should be signaled with two short blasts. Two short blasts should be returned from the approaching vessel indicating a move to the port side. A must blow two short blasts and alter course to port B must return two short blasts - to indicate understanding - and alter course to port 6.4.3 Two Power-Driven Vessels Approaching Each Other: Crossing Power-driven A approaches the port side of Power-driven B. A is considered the give-way vessel. As the give-way vessel, A must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep clear and avoid crossing the stand-on vessel (B). A must blow one short blast and alter course to starboard B must blow one short blast - to indicate understanding - and maintain course. 6.4.4 Sailing Vessel and Power-driven Vessel Approaching When a Power-driven vessel (B) encounters a Sailing vessel (A), the Sailing vessel is ALWAYS the stand-on vessel (unless a Sailing vessel is overtaking). In the case above - Power-driven vessel (B) must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep clear sailing vessel (A). 6.4.5 Two Sailing Vessels Approaching Each Other When each sailing vessel has the wind on a different side, the vessel that has the wind on its port (left) side is considered the give-way vessel. In our illustration, Sailing vessel A must take EARLY and SUBSTANIAL action to keep clear of Sailing vessel B. Note The windward side is defined as the side opposite to that of which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest for-and-aft sail is carried. When both sailing vessels have the wind on the same side, the vessel closer to the wind (upwind) is the give-way vessel and the vessel further from the wind (downwind) is the stand-on vessel. In the illustration above - B must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep clear of A. If a sailing vessel has the wind on its port side and the sailor cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on its port or starboard side, the first vessel is considered the give-way vessel and must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep clear of the second sailing vessel. 6.4.6 Heavy Traffic When boat traffic is heavy - with many boats moving in different directions and speeds - the boat operator MUST slow down or stop to navigate safely. 6.4.7 Operation Within Narrow Channels When approaching a narrow channel, stay to the starboard side and announce your approach to vessels that may be around the bend, with a prolonged blast. When operating within a narrow channel: Vessels must keep as near as is safe and practical to the outer limit of a narrow channel on their starboard side. Sailing vessels and vessels less than 20 meters in length cannot block the passage of a vessel that can only navigate within a narrow channel (ie: Recreational boaters traveling in a main channel should give way to larger vessels such as tugboats). For Homeland Security, avoid anchoring in narrow channels and beneath bridges. 6.4.8 Operation in Darkness During darkness navigation lights MUST be displayed. Navigation lights help you determine whether an approaching vessel is operating under power or sail, and its direction. Remember these quick rules for reference when encountering other vessels in darkness: 6.5 Operation in Darkness Actions PowerBoat A: When only a white light is visible... you may be overtaking another vessel. Give-way to either side. PowerBoat B: You are being overtaken. Stand-on. PowerBoat A: When only white and red lights are visible...you are approaching the port-side of a powerboat. Give-way to your starboard side. PowerBoat B: When only white and green lights are visible...you are approaching the starboard side of a powerboat. Stand-on. PowerBoat A: When white, red, and green lights are visible...you are approaching a powerboat head-on. Give-way to your starboard side. PowerBoat B: When white, red, and green lights are visible...you are approaching a powerboat head-on. Give-way to your starboard side. PowerBoat A: When only red, and green lights are visible...you are approaching a sailboat head-on. Give-way to your starboard side. SailBoat B: When white, red, and green lights are visible...you are approaching a powerboat head-on. Stand-on. PowerBoat A: When only a red light is visible...you are approaching the port side of a sailboat. Give-way to your starboard side. SailBoat B: When white and green lights are visible...you are approaching the starboard side of a powerboat. Stand-on. PowerBoat A: When only a green light is visible...you are approaching the starboard side of a sailboat. Give-way to your port side. SailBoat B: When white and red lights are visible...you are approaching the port side of a powerboat. Stand-on. 6.5.1 Operation in Restricted Visibility During periods of restricted visibility (such as: rain, mist, and heavy fog) you should slow your speed to give your vessel an opportunity to maneuver should the risk of a collision arise. When visibility is restricted by fog or smoke, additional sound signals are required: Vessel Type Situation Sound Requirement underway prolonged blast every 2 minutes Power Vessel underway prolonged blast + two short blasts every 2 minutes Sailing Vessel underway - but making no-way two prolonged blasts every two minutes Power Vessel anchored 5 seconds of rapid bell ringing every minute Any Vessel 3 bell strokes + 5 seconds of rapid bell ringing aground Any Vessel + 3 bell strokes every minute Unless the risk of a collision is present - you should reduce your speed to the minimum to be kept on course when you hear any of the sound signals above. 6.5.2 Visual Distress Signals Knowing the following distress signals will help you call for help in an emergency and recognize those in trouble. Visual distress signals are taken very seriously. False alarms commit search and rescue personnel and make them potentially unavailable for real emergencies. Distress signals are required on Coastal Water, Great Lakes and Territorial Seas and those waters connected or diverted to them, up to the point where the body is 2 miles wide. Consult with your State boating authorities to determine the Visual Distress Signals that are mandatory in your State. When a vessel is in distress, it can use or exhibit the following signals. Be sure to use appropriate signals for daylight and darkness (code flags, distress cloths, dye marker, and arm signals are less effective in darkness). Standard Marine Distress Signals Marine Radio , 2182 Khz (MF) , Channel 16, 156.8 Mhz (VHF) , DSC alert, channel 70 (only for DSC type radios and where the service is offered) Sound Signals , Continuous sound with any foghorn, bell or whistle , Gun or other explosive signal fired at 1 minute intervals Flares , Type A: Parachute flare , Type B: Multi-star flare , Type C: Handheld flare Orange smoke flares , Type D: Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacon (EPIRB) , Use alarm signal Code Flags , N over C , Ball over or under Square Distress Cloth , To attract attention spead on cabin, deck top, or fly from mast. Dye Marker , To attract attention release orange dye into water Flashlight , Flash S.O.S. signal (short-short-short- long-long-long- short-short-short) Arm Signal , Raise and lower outstretched arms repeatedly 6.6 Aids to Navigation 6.6.1 U.S. Aids to Navigation System (ATON) Green Lateral Red Lateral Red & Green Marker Marker Lateral Marker Keep this marker Keep this marker You may pass this on your left (port) on your right marker on either side when (starboard) side side when proceeding in the when proceeding in proceeding in the upstream (returning from sea) the upstream (returning from sea) upstream direction, but the main or direction. Odd numbers will be direction. Even numbers will be preferred channel is indicated by displayed and will increase as you displayed and will increase as you the color of the topmost band. For head upstream. head upstream. example: The marker above indicates the preferred channel is to the right. Nun Buoys Can Buoys Day-Marks Cone-shaped Cylindrical-shaped Red triangles with markers that are markers that are even numbers are always red in color always green in the equivalent of with even numbers. color with odd Nun Buoys - keep Keep this marker on your right numbers. Keep this marker on your this marker on your right side. (starboard) side when proceeding left (port) side when proceeding in Green squares with odd numbers in the upstream (returning from the upstream (returning from sea) are the equivalent of Can Buoys - sea) direction. direction. keep this marker on your left side. Both red triangles and green squares can be lighted as well. General Rule of Thumb: Red-Right-Returning - keep the red markers on your right side when returning upstream from sea. 6.6.2 The Uniform State Waterways Marking System The most common non-lateral markers are white and have orange markings and black lettering: Information (Square) Hazard (Diamond) Displays information such as Marks random hazards such as locality, marina, campsite, food shoals and rocks. Information etc. Be guided by the concerning the hazard is information inside the orange illustrated within the orange square. diamond. Control (Circle) Keep-Out (Diamond with crossing lines) Indicates speed limits, wash restrictions etc. Obey the Indicates areas where boats are restrictions illustrated within prohibited. the orange circle. Obstruction Marker Mooring Marker Indicate an obstruction to navigation. A mooring marker is used for Do not pass between this marker and mooring or securing vessels; be the shoreline. aware that a vessel may be secured to such a marker. Safe Water Marker Indicates safe water. This marker is used to indicate landfalls, channel entrances or channel centers. It may be passed on either side but should be kept to the left (port) side when proceeding in either direction. Diving Marker Indicates diving activity in the area. Particular care must be taken when boating in waters where there are divers. A vessel engaged in diving must display a diver down flag (see left). A diver down flag carried on a buoy is used to mark areas where diving is in progress, although divers may stray from the boundaries of the marked areas. As a general rule - stay at least 100 feet from any diving activity. Consult your State boating authorities for State specific diving requirements. 6.6.3 Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) The Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) is a series of tributaries running parallel along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. The ICW runs from New Jersey to Texas. Navigation aids along the ICW are the same as any other U.S. Waterway with the exception of yellow markings. The yellow markings override the shape or color of the lateral markers they are affixed on, if you want to continue on the ICW. Yellow Squares - indicate you Yellow Triangles - indicate you should should keep this marker on your left keep this marker on your right (starboard) (port) side. side. 6.6.4 Western Rivers System The Mississippi River and its tributaries above Louisiana use the Western Rivers System of navigation aids. Unlike the Lateral Markers in the U.S. Aids to Navigation System (ATON), the Western Rivers System does not use numbers. Instead, numbers are fixed below Day-Marks which indicate the distance to the river mouth. 6.7 Docking and Mooring Docking or mooring your vessel can be the most challenging of boating operations. Maneuvering your vessel into a dock or a mooring marker in calm conditions is hard enough - add in high traffic, choppy water and windy conditions to the mix and you quickly realize that proper docking and mooring is a real skill. Keep the following factors in mind for effective docking and mooring: , Preparation - when you approach the dock: slow your speed, secure fenders on the docking side, and ready the docking lines. , Traffic - if you are headed to a marina with limited docking stations you may have to wait until stations open up. Be patient and courteous - only approach when you see an open station and have communicated your intention to other vessels that are departing and waiting. , Current - Make sure you take water current into account when docking as it can have much of the same affects as wind (see below). , Wind - the direction of the wind has a huge impact on docking. In your face If the wind is in your face you will need to approach the dock at a steep angle (30-45?) and swing the boat quickly. Secure the bow first and reverse until the stern swings in. At your back If the wind is at your back you should approach the dock with a shallow angle, (10-20?) stop the boat and allow the wind to drift the boat into the dock. Note If possible approach the dock with the wind into your face - you have much more control when docking into the wind. 6.8 Anchoring Though anchors are not required by Federal Law - many States have anchor requirements - it is advisable to carry an anchor for both recreational and emergency use. There are a number of anchor types - the most common recreational anchors are listed below. Choose the anchor type that meets your anchor requirements: Plow Description: lands sideways - buries when pulled Best for... rocky bottoms, weeds, grass Danforth Description: pivoting flukes bury the anchor Best for... soft mud, grass Mushroom Description: for canoes and inflatables Best for... flat bottoms Anchors should have: line, chain (called 'rode') and anchor (all items together are called 'ground tackle'). The chain helps to set and retrieve the anchor. The amount of rode (line + chain) to have out depends on the water depth you plan to set anchor. As a general rule of thumb, your rode should be 7-10 times the depth of the water in which you will anchor. You will need more rode in bad weather or rough water. Anchors can be of assistance in emergency situations - especially engine failure in rough waters or currents. As such, make sure the anchor is accessible and the rode is free of entanglements. 6.8.1 Tips for Anchoring , Remember: the wind or tide will move your boat around the anchor - you should allow a 360 degree area for movement. , Pick a spot upwind from where you wish to end up (once you set anchor you will drift downwind). , Calculate the amount of rode needed to set anchor (rode = water depth x 7- 10). , Ready rode in a fashion that will allow the anchor to release smoothly to the bottom; ensure no feet or equipment is entangled in the rode. , Slowly lower the anchor from the bow, rather than the stern, to avoid capsizing or swamping. , When the anchor has hit bottom - and sufficient rode is given out - give a solid pull to set the anchor. , Secure the line to a bow cleat. Never tie the line to the stern - the additional weight could bring-on water. Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 6, you should have knowledge of: , The definitions of Navigation Rules , Sound signaling equipment, legal requirements as well as what different sound signals mean , Boater responsibilities while driving a boat , Collision avoidance rules , Operation in darkness actions and restricted visibility sound requirements , Aids to navigation and what different markers mean , The guidelines for docking/mooring , The common types of recreational anchors, their purpose and how to anchor a boat properly. Chapter 7: Emergency Preparedness 7.1 Rendering Assistance If you are involved in an accident, you should exchange information and assist those in the accident without endangering your own life or the safety of your vessel. If you see a distress signal, you should assist those in distress if you can do so without putting your vessel or crew at risk. If you cannot assist, make sure you notify the nearest boaters or authorities who can assist. 7.2 Capsizing Emergencies Capsizing - the overturning of a vessel on its side or turned over - is most common in small sailboats and canoes, but can still occur with ANY type boat. Capsizing can occur from operator error or from heavy winds and rough waters. Capsizing illustrates the importance of always wearing a PFD. Luckily; smaller boats will usually stay afloat after capsizing and provide support to the victims. Surviving a capsizing: , Stay calm and conserve energy. If possible, take a headcount and signal for rescue. , Stay with the boat unless the boat is headed for a hazard. , If possible, try to right the boat. At the very least, you should try to get as much of your body out of the water and onto the capsized boat as possible to conserve energy and delay the onset of hypothermia (cold water). , Improvise flotation: If the boat is not nearby - use floating items around you to help you stay out of the water and afloat (empty cooler, fuel tank, fender). , When separated from your boat in a swift river current, you should float on your back with your feet downstream. Prevention of capsizing: , Do not overload the vessel and ensure the load is distributed evenly. , Take corners at a safe speed and angle. , Watch for other boats' waves and take them head-on off the bow. , Reduce your speed or avoid boating in bad weather that creates rough water. , Remember to never tie an anchor rode line to the stern of the boat. This will place even more weight at the back of the boat and increase the chances of swamping. 7.3 Falls Overboard Emergencies The major cause of fatalities involving recreational boats is drownings from falls overboard. In certain weather conditions and on some vessels, boaters are wise to wear a safety harness with a safety line secured to the vessel. To reduce the risk of falling overboard, all boaters should remain seated at all times, especially when the vessel is underway. If you must move around, remember to always keep three points of contact with the boat as this will help you and the boat remain stable. If someone does fall overboard: , Slow down, stop if possible, and throw something buoyant to assist the person overboard (this will also help to briefly mark the spot if the person overboard submerges) , Assign one person to keep sight of the overboard person and have him/her continuously point to the victim's location , Carefully maneuver to recover the overboard person - keep them on the operator side of the boat for powerboats Establish contact with the victim using a buoyant heaving line or lifebuoy secured to the boat with a line, and recover the person. Be sure to turn off the prop - if retrieving from the stern. A heavy rope, chain or cable secured at both ends and draped over the side, almost touching the water, can provide a makeshift step if no boarding ladder is available. Learn a recovery technique that works - and PRACTICE! 7.3.1 Coldwater Immersion Initial Reaction: If you fall in cold water - your body's initial reaction is a 'gasp reflex'. This initial reaction can result in swallowed water. If operating in cold water, ensure your PFD has enough buoyancy to keep you high in the water and reduce the possibility of face immersions. Short-Term Immersion: If you do end up in the water, particularly in cold water, it is most important to find a way to get your body out of the water as soon as possible. In cold water, you may only retain the motor skills to swim for between 10 and 30 minutes. In cold water immersion cases, boaters drown as a result of swimming failure rather than hypothermia. 7.4 Hypothermia Prevention Even in the warmest waters - boaters should be aware of the risk of hypothermia from prolonged exposure to the elements in wet clothing or from direct immersion. Hypothermia - is a drop in body temperature below the normal level. Hypothermic victims should receive immediate medical treatment. At this lower temperature a person's muscle and mental functions are affected. A person exposed to cold water, and becoming hypothermic, can exhibit certain progressive signs and symptoms: , Early stage - shivering and slurred speech, conscious but withdrawn , Intermediate stage - slow and weak pulse, slow respiration, lacks coordination, irrational, confused and sleepy , Final stage - weak, irregular or absent pulse or respiration, loss of consciousness If rescue is not imminent - you must conserve energy and body heat. You may extend your survival time by adhering to the following tips: Wear your PFD or lifejacket. You can expend valuable energy treading water without it. This is especially important if you are involved in activities such as hunting or fishing, in cold waters. Try to get as much of your body out of the water as possible. Climb onto your boat or any nearby floating objects or debris if possible. H.E.L.P. - 'heat escape lessening posture.' You want to keep as much body heat as possible from escaping. If you are alone, cross your arms tightly against the chest and bring your knees up close to the chest. If other passengers are in the water as well, use the 'Huddle' technique to maintain body heat. Get the sides of everyone's chest close together with arms around the back and legs intertwined. Additional Hypothermia Protection: , Floater suit - a full nose-to-toes PFD , An anti-exposure worksuit - a PFD with a thermal protection rating , A dry suit - to be used in conjunction with a flotation device and a thermal liner , A wet suit - traps and heats water against your body , An immersion suit - to be used in extreme conditions upon abandoning vessel (usually for off-shore use) 7.5 Fire Emergency Preparedness Gasoline fumes are heavier than air. Fuel and fumes on-board need only a spark to explode or start a blaze. Fires need three things: heat (like a match or spark from the ignition), fuel (gasoline, propane etc.), and oxygen (air). Removing any of the aforementioned fire elements can extinguish the fire. If your boat is underway and fire starts: , Stop the engine immediately - this should always be your FIRST action! , Position the boat - so the wind will blow the fire away from the boat. , Try to separate the fuel source from the fire. , Grab the extinguisher. Using a Fire Extinguisher: , Aim the extinguisher at the base of the fire. , Pull the pin and squeeze the two levers together. , Use a sweeping motion with the extinguisher while maintaining focus on the base of the fire. , Continue to extinguish until the fire is COMPLETELY out. 7.6 Running Aground Prevention and Response Running aground is a common occurrence among boaters, though it does not have to be. The best way to prevent running aground is to follow general safe boating guidelines: , Secure a nautical chart of new or unfamiliar waterways or seek the advice and knowledge from local marinas and boaters before heading out. , Keep a proper lookout - this includes keeping your eye out for shallows and sandbars. , Maintain a safe speed - a speed at which you can take necessary action to avoid grounding. , If you have a depth finder: set your finder to shallow alarm alert. Continue to monitor the bottom visually and with the depth finder. , Look for any marker buoys indicating shallowness. Tip If you have no major structural damage you may be able to pry yourself loose. Try shifting some weight to the opposite end of the boat, stop the engine, lift the outdrive, and try pushing off with paddles or oars. Should you ground your boat, follow these tips: , Survey and assess the situation: Is anyone hurt? (your passengers are your first priority) Is there damage to the hull? Look for leakage. , If you have serious damage or injuries use distress signals to alert other boaters of your situation. , Stay aground - If you have suffered serious damage to the hull then you should STAY put rather than venturing to deeper water. Flag down a fellow boater and secure a tow if practical. , Back off - If you are not ground too deep you may be able to reverse the vessel off the rocks, mud or sand. Shift weight away from the point of impact and push off. , If you are aground on a sandbar - you may be able to get on the bar, lift the bow or raise the motor and push to deeper water. Fact Surprisingly, most accidents occur during calm, clear weather with light winds Note Failure to provide assistance or identify yourself when involved in an accident can result in stiff fines and even imprisonment. 7.7 Accident Reports If you are involved in a boating accident you need to know what is required by law. Examples of reportable accidents include: injuries requiring medical treatment, death, disappearance of a person, or property damage. If you are involved in an accident you are required to: , Stop , Identify yourself and your boat , Provide assistance, if possible and warranted , Take down pertinent information with dates, time and conditions , File an accident report with the local law enforcement authority (Federal Law) 7.7.1 Accident Reporting in Tennessee In Tennessee, operators must report any accident involving $500.00 or more in damages, complete loss of a vessel, and injuries to any person requiring treatment greater than first aid or the death or disappearance of any person. When an accident occurs that requires a written report, the operator shall, without delay, by the quickest means available, notify the TWRA of the accident on an accident report form: , IMMEDIATELY for an accident resulting in death, or injury requiring medical treatment beyond first aid, or the disappearance or a person , within 10 days of an accident causing property/equipment damage only Failure to file a required accident report is a criminal offense. Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 7, you should have knowledge of: , Rendering assistance , What capsizing is and steps, how to survive if it happens, and how to prevent it from happening , Falls overboard and what to do , Hypothermia and hypothermia prevention , Running aground, measures to prevent it as well as tips if it should happen , How to report an accident. Chapter 8: Other Water Activities 8.1 Personal Watercraft and other Jet Propelled Watercraft 8.1.1 Operational Characteristics of PWCs A Personal Watercraft (PWC) is propelled by an inboard engine powering a water jet pump and is designed to be sat, knelt, or stood on in contrast to the traditional style of sitting in a vessel, like a typical boat. The PWC generates its power by drawing water in through the bottom of the boat by an internal propeller (impeller) and accelerates the water through a nozzle at the back of the boat. Most PWCs are designed for 2, 3 and even 4 people. 8.1.2 Off-Throttle Steering As mentioned, PWCs generate their power by pulling water through the impeller and out the nozzle. The stream of accelerated water that moves through the nozzle also provides the steering ability for the vessel. A PWC will continue on the same course - even if the steering wheel is turned - once the throttle is off. Unlike a power-driven vessel - where slowing down or turning off the motor and steering through obstacles is advised - a PWC can only maintain its steering ability with the throttle applied. You must apply the throttle and steer away to avoid obstacles - once you release the throttle, you lose the ability to steer the craft. Also - Newer PWCs are equipped with off-throttle steering capabilities. 8.1.3 Stopping Ability Inexperienced drivers must be particularly careful when driving a PWC back to dock or into shore because PWCs cannot stop quickly. PWCs have no brakes and have no ablilty to stop other than turning around. Give yourself enough time and space to slow down; it takes most PWCs a few hundred feet to come to a stop after being at full throttle. 8.1.4 PWC Load Capacities Load capacities will vary for PWCs. There are a number of different sizes of PWCs: from single to four-person vessels. Consult your User's Manual for your PWC's load capacities - and never exceed the manufacturer's recommendations. Tip Practice re-boarding a few times in calmer waters before putting your re-boarding skills to the test on the open water. 8.1.5 Re-boarding a PWC A PWC is relatively easy to right if it overturns. Most have a decal attached to the back of the vessel which indicates the proper direction to turn the PWC to the upright position. Consult with your User's Manual if a decal is not present - contrary to popular belief, there is a proper direction to turn it over, and you can do damage if the PWC is turned the wrong way. While righting a PWC is a relatively easy task - re-boarding can be more challenging. It is especially difficult to re-board a PWC when you are tired and in rough waters. To re-board a PWC: , Always approach from the direction marked on the hull , Pull yourself up high enough to kneel on the running board Tip Always attach the lanyard to your PFD or your wrist before jetting off. 8.1.6 The Purpose and Use of a Lanyard Your PWC will not start unless the lanyard is attached to the start/stop switch. The lanyard is there for your protection. PWCs are fun to drive with their quick acceleration and sharp turning ability. This also means that PWC operators inevitably end up in the water and off their vessel. If you fall off the PWC the lanyard will be pulled off the start/stop switch and the PWC will stop relatively quickly. The lanyard ensures a 'runaway' PWC does not endanger other swimmers or boaters. And, when the lanyard stops the engine - you won't have to swim so far to get back on for another ride! 8.1.7 The Purpose and Use of a Fuel Reserve Tank Riding a PWC can be a ton of fun - it is easy to lose track of time when you are darting about the waterways. But a PWC does not have room for oars to row ashore! Most PWCs have a built-in reserve fuel tank that holds a gallon of fuel. Keep a close eye on fuel levels and head for shore if you must use the reserve fuel tank. 8.1.8 Laws and Regulations Do not underestimate PWC's - they are very powerful for their small size and demand the same respect as any boat. In fact, PWC operation must adhere to the same rules and regulations as any other powerboat - including registration with the state and a B-1 class fire extinguisher aboard. Plus PWC's have some additional requirements: , The operator as well as all passengers of a PWC must be wearing a PFD. , When towing someone on a tube or on water skis there must be capacity on the PWC to accommodate the operator and the observer. , PWCs being operated in Tennessee waters are required to have a kill switch with lanyard or a self- circling device. Please note that the lanyard must be fastened to the operator, his clothing or his PFD. , Please consult your local marinas or municipalities for the zones of restricted operation. Municipalities may have several restricted operation areas. , PWC operators can not jump the wake of another vessel while within 100 feet of that vessel. Watch your Wake! When operating a boat near other boats or when entering a congested area, watch your wake as it may cause personal injury or damage. 8.1.9 Accident Prevention Many of the aforementioned regulations are simply common sense and use of respect on the waterways. PWCs ride lower in the water, as a result, they are more difficult to spot and can often be shielded by other boats. , Keep your distance from other boats to avoid blind-spots and respect boaters' space. , Also keep a safe distance from other PWCs. Because the vessels can turn so quickly and accelerate rapidly - it is even more important to leave yourself enough time and space to react to other PWC operators and swimmers. , Take a look behind you before you make a turn and please be mindful of your wake. A PWC can send a powerful stream of water from the nozzle that could harm or at the least, distract or annoy other operators. , Be careful that your spray does not affect other boaters, swimmers or passengers that may slip off the back during a hard acceleration. Have fun - but be courteous of your fellow boaters and property owners to ensure a safe boating experience. 8.1.10 Noise Control PWCs, like most watercraft, can be noisy! There is no need to draw attention to yourself when operating your PWC in heavy traffic, close to the shoreline or at the dock. Be aware of your surroundings and be considerate of those who are sharing the waterway. 8.1.11 Hours of Operation PWCs may be operated from sunrise to sunset. 8.1.12 Age Restrictions in Tennessee There is a minimum age requirement of 12 years old, for those who wish to operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC) while unaccompanied by an adult. An adult must be present when the PWC operator is under 12 years of age. 8.2 Waterskiing/Wakeboarding/Tubing in Tennessee , All must be wearing a PFD while water skiing, riding a tube or being towed behind a vessel in any manner. , Skiing while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, including prescription narcotics and illegal drugs is forbidden. , When towing an individual there must also be an observer on the vessel in addition to the operator who is at least 12 years of age or a wide angle mirror affixed to the vessel positioned so that the operator can always view the water-skier. If the towing vessel is a PWC, it must be equipped with two wide angle rearview mirrors or an observer at least 12 years old. , Water skiing (or towing of people on other devices) is prohibited between sunset and sunrise. , The operator of the boat may not manipulate or control the boat so as to cause the person(s) being towed to collide with any object or person. 8.2.1 Other Considerations There are some other considerations for safeguarding the person being towed: , Do NOT run parallel to the shore in shallow water to drop off the towed person - rather, keep your distance and let the towed person swing into shore , Check the prop and towline before each outing for wear , The towing vessel should never be remotely controlled , Turn OFF your engine before approaching closely to a person who has fallen during a towing activity and approach the fallen person from the driver side so you don't lose sight of them , Establish communication signals between the operator and the towed person (ie: holding up a ski after falling) 8.2.3 Hand Signals Skier Ok Return to Dock Skier Down Speed Up Stop Speed Ok Turn Left Turn Right Slow Down 8.3 Diving and Snorkeling Particular care must be taken when boating in waters where there are divers. A vessel engaged in diving should display a blue and white flag. A red and white flag carried on a buoy is used to mark areas where diving is in progress, although divers may stray from the boundaries of the marked areas. Tip Divers can be on any body of water so be vigilant for 'diver down' flags. Be sure you know what the 'diver down' flags look like. If you see either flag, keep well clear of the vessel and diving site, and move at a slow speed (fishermen included) as there may be a diver in close proximity to your watercraft. Snorkelers and scuba divers alike are asked not to dive in areas where there are already numerous boats occupying the space. Further, diving should not take place in narrow water ways, as such would restrict watercraft from passing. 8.3.1 Diving and Snorkeling in Tennessee Both snorkelers and scuba divers are required to display the diver down flag and are also required to stay within a distance of no more than 50 feet from the flag. Both snorkeling and scuba diving are often restricted to designated areas of water. Please check with your local authorities to verify if diving is permitted in the waters you wish to dive in. If diving after sunset, divers and snorkelers are required to illuminate their diver down flag so it may be seen from a distance of 300 feet and more. As well vessels involved in diving operations after sunset must display the Alpha flag from their mast and have it illuminated so it may be seen from a distance of 300 feet or more as well. 8.4 Hunting & Fishing Anglers and hunters need to be aware of safe boating practices and follow the same guidelines as other recreational operators. Similarly, recreational boaters need to give anglers/hunters a wide berth and respect the space needed to successfully fish and hunt. Casting and retrieving fish and firing a gun require a steady boat and proper precautions: , Use the buddy system. Fishing or hunting alone is very risky. At the very least, let a responsible friend or family member know where you plan to fish/hunt and when you expect to return. , Peak fishing hours tend to be during quiet boating times (early morning and early evening). During these times, vision is limited - be sure to have proper navigation lights in working order and a back- up flashlight. , When fishing/hunting during the day, keep an eye out for other boaters and respect their space. Many anglers/hunters tend to focus exclusively on fishing/hunting and neglect to keep a proper lookout for fellow boaters and other anglers. , Load your boat properly. Try to keep equipment low and centered, as this greatly helps the boat's stability. , Avoid quick movements. Use caution when retrieving a fish, collecting decoys or firing your rifle - all these actions can result in falls overboard emergencies. , Remain seated as much as possible. When you have to move around the boat, try to always keep three points of contact with the boat at all times, as this will help you and your boat to remain stable. , Slow down around other boaters and show respect by limiting noise that amplifies and travels over water. , Wear a PFD! Too many hunters/anglers are lost every year when they fall overboard. Whether retrieving a trophy fish or shooting game, anglers/hunters must realize how easily they can fall overboard in their respective sports - a worn PFD could save a life! Inflatable PFD's are perfect for fishing or hunting, as they do not limit mobility. When in colder waters, consider a full-body PFD or immersion suit. These will help you stay afloat as well as help you keep warm. Recreational boat operators need to respect and recognize anglers/hunters. Give anglers/hunters a wide berth. Anglers are casting all around their vessel and hunters are firing guns - stay clear! A boat's wake could swamp an angler's boat. Additionally, anglers that are trolling may have their fishing line out a fair distance behind them - approaching too closely could sever the fishing line. 8.5 Paddlesports Canoeists and kayakers are boaters too - and need to follow safe boating practices. A significant portion of fatal capsizes result from occupant movement. A study of paddlesport accident statistics from 1995-2000 identify priority problem areas and targets that offer the greatest opportunity to significantly reduce canoe and kayak fatalities, namely: , 75% of all fatalities examined were associated with canoeing (versus) kayaking. , 83% of all canoeing related fatality victims were not wearing a PFD at the time of the accident. , Occupant movement and weight shift within a canoe played a major role in roughly 50% of all canoeing accidents. , Approximately 50% of canoe and kayak related fatalities were fishing at the time of the accident. , At least 25% of victims in fatal canoeing accidents are believed to have consumed alcohol immediately prior to the accident. (Source: Critical Judgement: Understanding and Preventing Canoe and Kayak Fatalities; American Canoe Association 2003) 8.5.1 General Paddling Safety Guidelines , Wear a properly fitted lifejacket and avoid alcohol. Be prepared to enter the water, know how to swim. , Standing up or moving about in a canoe or kayak greatly increases the chance of capsize. , Maintain three points of contact while moving around. (As you move a foot to step forward, you should be holding onto the boat with BOTH hands, then with both feet down, move one hand at a time.) , Load the boat properly (keep the weight centered both from side to side and bow to stern. The lower and the closer the load in the boat is to the boat's centerline, generally the more stable the boat will be, assuming there is adequate freeboard. Stay within the limits of the boat's capacity rating on the capacity plate if one is present.) , Keep your shoulders inside the gunwales of the boat. When retrieving something from the water, reach with your paddle or guide the boat close to the object. , Never paddle alone. There is safety in numbers. , Be mindful of strainers. Debris which collects around rocks or bridge piers can trap floating objects, and are very easy to overlook until it is too late. Keep an eye out when paddling underneath a bridge, and try to stay away from rocky areas. , Pay plenty of attention to signs, buoys or warning markers indicating low-head dams. They are very easy to miss from upstream, and virtually impossible to detect until it is too late from upstream. Stay well-clear of low-head dams. , Avoid extreme conditions: including weather, distance from shore, water conditions, current - including flood water or fast current beyond skill level. , Take hands-on training. Paddling instruction will teach you balance, use of stabilizing strokes, safe exit and entry on the water, and rescue and recovery skills. Chapter Summary Upon completion of reading Chapter 8, you should have knowledge of: , What a Personal Watercraft (PWC) is, its characteristics and laws/regulations regarding a PWC , Water skiing, wakeboarding and tubing regulations and recommendations , Diving and snorkeling guidelines , Hunting and fishing guidelines , Paddlesports safety guidelines. Chapter 9: Boating Education Practices 9.1 In Tennessee Tennessee residents born after January 1, 1989 must successfully complete a Boating Safety exam approved by the TWRA and carry their wallet sized Boating Safety Education Certificate on-board when operating a vessel on Tennessee waters. The TWRA issued certificate is the only accepted certificate under Tennessee law. This does not apply to non-residents or renters of vessel. Non-residents who fall into this age bracket are required to show proof of successful completion of any National Association of State Boating Law Administrators (NASBLA) approved boating safety course. Operators of vessels with motors less than 8.5 horsepower as well as operators of sailboats are not required to possess a Boating Safety Education Certificate.