咏史诗鉴赏导学案

咏史诗鉴赏导学案 古 今 多 少 兴 亡 事 ——高三语文 咏史诗鉴赏专题 编写人:赵丽娟 审核人:靳颖慧 时间:2013-12-04 一、【学习目标】 1、了解咏史诗的定义和常见的情感抒发模式。 2、掌握咏史诗的鉴赏要点。 3、能够 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 作答咏史诗鉴赏题。 二、【考点说明】 1、何谓咏史诗:怀古咏史诗是诗人在读史或览古时，有感于历史上的人、事、物、象，在登高望远、咏叹史实、怀念古迹中引发对国家时运、自己身世的兴衰感慨，托古讽今、寄托哀感之诗。这类诗歌往往含有“咏史”、“怀古”、“览古”等字样，有的甚至干脆以历史地域或人物为题。 2、咏史诗一般由“史”和“咏”两部分组成。所以咏史诗涉及的知识点主要有: (1)重要的史实和历史人物， (2)相关的典故和古诗词基本的用典规律、用典方式， (3)诗的意象、意境常识，以及与主旨相关的炼字、炼句及修辞等艺术手法的赏析。 三、【咏史诗的特点】 1、古人云:“怀古者，见古迹，思古人。其事无他，兴亡贤愚而已。” (1)结构:临古地——思古人——忆其事——抒己志 (2)情感 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 :国家——国运衰微，统治者——荒淫奢侈，名地——昔盛今衰，古人——壮志难酬，忧国伤时，孤寂失意。 (3)表现手法:用典 今昔对比 借古讽今 (4)语言:含蓄蕴藉 5)意象:历史人物,历史事件 六朝 吴钩 乌衣巷 淮水 柳营 后庭花等 ( (6)风格:或雄浑深沉,或含蓄沉郁 2、常见的情感抒发模式有:(1)借古喻今，讽刺当政者荒淫无耻，告诫统治者应以前车为鉴。(2)效法古人。(3)怀古伤己，揭露社会现实。把史实和现实扭和在一起，感慨个人遭遇，对比古人而失落自己或与古人同病相怜，故意借题发挥，抒发爱国之情或表达个人壮志难酬等感慨。(4)反思历史，警示后人。 3、鉴赏中常用语主要有:(1)思想内容方面，如哀叹国运、忧国忧民、昔盛今衰，总结经验、吸取教训、缅怀先贤„„(2)表现手法方面，如借古讽今、借古喻今、用典、衬托(正office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 衬、反衬)、对比、寓情于景、欲扬先抑„„(3)语言特点方面，如含蓄隽永、生动形象、雄浑深沉„„ 四、 【鉴赏方法及步骤】 1、弄清史实。 咏史怀古诗的题材决定了诗词的内容具有很强的历史性，因此鉴赏的第一步，就要对作品所涉及的史实和人物有一定的了解，比如像赤壁、金陵、汴河等一些具有历史文化内涵的地名。这就要求我们平时多积累一定的历史知识。当然，诗词的注解，有时也能很好地帮我们完成这第一步。 2、体会意图。 后代作家对尘封的往事产生思古之幽情，一定有现实的原因或者时触发感慨的媒介。辛弃疾登上京口北固亭，从历史上孙权、刘裕以京口为基地坚持抗击北方劲敌，联想到南宋小朝廷在风雨飘摇中苟且偷安，这京口北固亭就是触发诗人感想的媒介。南宋小朝廷的苟且偷安，自己的报国无门，也就是诗人引发诗思的现实原因。 3、领悟感情。 诗人咏史怀古，大致有这么几种情况:一种是对历史作冷静的理性的思考，诗人自己并不置身其中，如杜牧和王安石都写过《题乌江亭》诗，杜牧为项羽自刎而惋惜:“江东子弟多才俊，卷土重来未可知。”然而王安石却意识到项羽的失败是历史的必然:“江东子弟今虽在，肯为君王卷土来,”另一种情况是把史实与现实扭结在一起，或是感慨个人遭遇，或是抨击社会现实。我们中学里学过的两首宋词《赤壁怀古》和《京口北固亭怀古》，便是如此。 4、 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 手法。 不同的写法，是由主题的需要而决定的。有以景衬情的，如苏轼的《念奴娇?赤壁怀古》，有议论引发的，如清人刘献庭的《王昭君》，对汉元帝统治的无能作了辛辣的讽刺。也有作正反对比，或是侧面烘托。另外，引用典故也是咏史怀古诗常用的表现手法。 方法小结:鉴赏怀古咏史诗步走: 1( 所写历史的人、事、物、象是怎样的(弄清史实，通解文字); 2( 为什么要写这个人、事、物、象(弄清意图); 3. 诗人咏诗怀古要表达的情感(领悟情感) 4( 诗人态度感情是运用什么方法表达的(分析手法)。 五:咏史诗常用写作手法: 1、对比。通过昔日的繁盛与今日的凄凉对比，从而突出今日的凄凉。如李白的《越中览古》“越王勾践破吴归，战士还家尽锦衣，宫女如花满春殿，如今只有鹧鸪飞”。前三句渲染勾践 henticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgagest autg to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lorovides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not accordinby p risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not ion form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover theloan investigat-e knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, preugh verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; hthoro ity: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are notions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibilrovisigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant prisk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the invest office, branch offices (jurisdiction),- 2 - 灭吴归国的繁华，后一句直转写越亡后的荒凉。这是李白在南游吴越所写，表达了一种盛衰无常的感慨，并在咏叹中又有对当朝统治者唐玄宗荒淫生活的嘲讽。 2、融情入景。诗人善于将感情融入景物描写中，不着痕迹。如杜甫的《蜀相》颔联“映阶碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音”，写走进武侯祠的所见所闻，“自”即“自己”，“空”即“徒然”。碧草映阶，也不过自为春色罢了，诗人无心欣赏;繁枝茂叶里的黄莺，也不过徒然唱着春歌罢了，诗人无心倾听。为什么,诗人此刻想到诸葛亮一生功业付诸东流，自然涌起一种悲伤和落寞的情怀，而眼前草色、黄鹂不正是这种心情的写照吗, 3、拟人。以物作证，这个物都是具有永恒时空意义如月亮或长江等，它们已被人化成为见证历史盛衰变迁的见证人。如刘禹锡的《石头城》“山围故国周遭在，潮打空城寂寞回。淮水东边旧时月，夜深还过女墙来”。这个“旧时月”正是作为石头城六朝盛衰的历史变化的见证人出现的。 4、讽喻。诗人在怀古咏史中，往往在对帝王将相的 事迹 优秀志愿者事迹材料平安创建事迹材料优秀班集体事迹材料工会先进集体事迹材料优秀教师事迹300字 发表个人的看法，这看法中由于诗人的人民性立场，多有批判意味的，由此构成讽喻，而且这讽刺因为对象的特殊性，用了讽喻的方式，多显含蓄。如杜牧的《过华清宫绝句三首(其一)》:“长安回望绣成堆，山顶千门次第开。一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来。”华清宫是唐玄宗修建的行宫，玄宗和杨贵妃曾在那里寻欢作乐。诗不明白说唐玄宗荒淫好色，贵妃恃宠而骄，而形象地用“一骑红尘”与“妃子笑”构成鲜明对比，“妃子笑”易使人联想到周幽王为博妃子笑而亡国的故事。这样不用直抒己见而写作用意自明，且含蓄，耐人寻味。 5、衬托。指诗人从侧面着意描写，作为陪衬，使所要表现的事物更加鲜明突出。如苏轼的《念奴娇?赤壁怀古》中的景物描写“乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪”，以壮阔之景为周瑜的出场作了铺垫，也从侧面衬托了周瑜的英雄伟业和豪迈气概。 6、用典。使用典故，能用少量文字传递丰富思想，增强诗歌表现力。如辛弃疾的《永遇乐?京口北固亭怀古》一连用了孙权、刘裕、刘义隆、佛狸祠、廉颇的典故，也是运用了借古讽今的手法，用历史事实来说明现实问题。对孙、刘的赞扬，就是对南宋统治者的指责;对刘义隆的讽刺，就是对韩侘胄没有准备急于收复中原的警告;对“佛狸祠下“的感叹，就是对统治者不思收复中原的不满。最后以廉颇自比，则是内心的独白。这首怀古之作充分表现了作者的爱国热忱。 7、虚实。古诗常采用虚实结合的手法，使形象更加鲜明突出，结构更紧凑，想象就是虚的一种。如姜夔的《扬州慢》:“杜郎俊赏，算而今，重到须惊。纵豆蔻词工，表楼梦好，难赋深情。”“杜郎”两句，是想象当年在繁华富庶的扬州写下了名噪一时的佳句的杜牧，如今要是再来，面对荒凉破败的扬州城，恐怕再也做不成“扬州梦”，写不出“豆蔻词”了。含蓄地抒 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage- 3 - 发了自己的抚今追昔之情。 五:怀古咏史诗常用典故(部分) 1. 投笔。《后汉书》载，班超家境贫寒，靠为官府抄写文书生活。他曾投笔感叹，要效法傅介子、张骞立功边境，取爵封侯。此后“投笔”就指弃文从武。 2. 长城。《南史?檀道济传》载，檀道济是南朝宋大将，权力很大，受到君臣猜忌。后来宋文帝借机杀他时，檀道济大怒道:“乃坏汝万里长城!”此后，“万里长城”即指守边将领。 3. 楼兰。《汉书》载，楼兰国王贪财，多次杀害前往西域的汉使。后来傅介子被派出使西域，计斩楼兰王，为国立功。以后诗人就常用“楼兰”代指边境之敌，用“破(斩)楼兰”指建功立业。 4. 折腰。《宋书?隐逸传》载，陶渊明曾作彭泽县令，因不肯“为五斗米折腰向乡里小儿”而弃官归隐。“折腰”意为躬身拜揖，后来喻指屈身事人，而诗人常反其义用之。如李白《梦游天姥吟留别》:“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜?” 5. 化碧。《庄子外物》载，苌弘是周朝贤臣，无辜获罪而被流放蜀地。他在蜀地自杀后，当地人用玉匣把他的血藏起来，三年后血变成碧玉。后人就用“化碧”形容刚直中正之人为正义事业蒙冤受屈。 6、六朝，一般指的是指中国历史上三国至隋朝的南方的六个定都建业(今南京)的朝代。即三国时期的东吴(或孙吴)、东晋、南朝宋、齐、梁、陈这六个朝代。这六个朝代的共同点是都建都于建业(或建邺、建康)，今南京市。 多用六朝表达?历史兴亡，朝代更替?借古讽今。 7、王谢: 指南 验证指南下载验证指南下载验证指南下载星度指南下载审查指南PDF 朝望族琅琊王氏和陈郡谢氏的并称，东晋时以王导、谢安两大望族从北方南迁之会稽(今绍兴)，人称“王谢”。典出《南史.侯景传》:“请娶于王谢，帝曰:‘王谢门高非偶，可于朱张以下访之。’”后渐以“王谢”为高门世族的代称。羊士谔(唐)《忆江南旧游二首》诗:“山阴路上桂花初，王谢风流满晋书。”这是感叹会稽王谢两家为晋王朝建功立业，在当时风光无限。 五、【典例分析】 台 城 刘禹锡 台城六代竞豪华，结绮临春?事最奢。 万户千门成野草，只缘一曲《后庭花》。 【注释】?台城:六朝帝王起居临政的地方。?结绮临春:陈后主营造的两座楼阁。 (1)这首怀古诗寄托了作者怎样的感慨? henticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgagest autg to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lorovides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not accordinby p risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not ion form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover theloan investigat-e knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, preugh verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; hthoro ity: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are notions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibilrovisigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant prisk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the invest office, branch offices (jurisdiction),- 4 - (2)请结合具体诗句分析这首诗所用的艺术手法。 参考答案:(1)寄托了作者吊古伤今(借古讽今)的无限感慨。诗人以台城的昔盛今衰为引，告诫唐朝的统治者们，如果依然竞相争比豪华奢侈，不以国事为重，等待着你们的就是重蹈六朝的覆辙～ (2)对比，前两句回忆昔日的繁华，后两句写今日的荒凉及缘由。通过对比让严肃的历史教训化作触目惊心的具体形象，使诗句富有层次感，发人深思，引人遐想，表达作者借古讽今的无限感慨。 六:练习题 1、 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage- 5 -