首页 [设计]中国民俗文化----翻译资料2013新题型

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[设计]中国民俗文化----翻译资料2013新题型[设计]中国民俗文化----翻译资料2013新题型 以下翻译多不能字字对应,多多领会其意。请切忌直译,应根据各自民族文化的特点意译。 1.中国民俗 Chinese customs 中国是一个有着5000年历史的古老国家。在漫长的历史进程中,为适应大自然和周边 环境,中国人的祖先有过许多发明创造。中国人的祖先在仔细观察和总结自然规律的基础上 发明了农历。过节对中国人来说非常重要,人们需要劳逸结合,享受生活。对中国人来说, 吃是人生一大乐事。千百年来,中国的饮食文化也因此不断地得以发展。 China is an a...

[设计]中国民俗文化----翻译资料2013新题型
[设计]中国民俗文化----翻译资料2013新题型 以下翻译多不能字字对应,多多领会其意。请切忌直译,应根据各自民族文化的特点意译。 1.中国民俗 Chinese customs 中国是一个有着5000年历史的古老国家。在漫长的历史进程中,为适应大自然和周边 环境,中国人的祖先有过许多发明创造。中国人的祖先在仔细观察和 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 自然规律的基础上 发明了农历。过节对中国人来说非常重要,人们需要劳逸结合,享受生活。对中国人来说, 吃是人生一大乐事。千百年来,中国的饮食文化也因此不断地得以发展。 China is an ancient country with a recorded history of over 5,000 years, in the course of which the Chinese people have come up with a large number of inventions while adapting to the environment around them. Based on careful observation of the course of nature, the Chinese ancestors formulated the lunar calendar. Traditional Chinese festivals are particularly important to the Chinese people who relax from the daily toil and enjoy life to its fullest during these holidays. For Chinese people, dining is one of the most pleasurable activities. Therefore, a diverse food culture has been developed over hundreds of years. 中国幅员辽阔,南北东西的生活习惯有着很大不同。俗话说:“十里不同风,百里不同 俗。”相差十几里,就会有不同的风气;百里之外,就会有不同的生活习俗。然而,有许多 风俗习惯,还是得到了全民族的认同,世代沿袭至今,成为一种永久的文化。这些风俗习惯 融入了中国社会,成为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分。 China is a vast country. Different customs and ways of looking at the world have gradually developed. As the saying goes, habits differ within a radius of ten miles and customs within a hundred miles. If you travel thousands of miles, you will find a huge difference in ways of living. However, there are still a huge number of customs that have become established over the centuries and these customs have become permanent traditions, ingrained in society as an integral part of Chinese culture. 2. 春节 The Spring Festival 1)立春之日,士大夫家剪纸为小幅,或悬于佳人之首,或缀于花下。 (白话翻译:立春那天,官宦以及读书人家把小幅的纸张剪成小鸟或花形状,有戴在美人 头上的,也有悬挂在花上作点缀的。) On the first day of spring, the families of officials and scholars cut small pieces of paper [into patterns of birds and flowers], some to be worn on the hair of the beauties, some to be attached to flowers and plants. 此祈吉习俗流行于全国。剪纸现已成为中国传统的手工艺品,有装饰、欣赏作用。 This practice, originally a method of praying for luck, later became popular in all parts of China. Now paper-cutting is a common, traditonal folk art for decorative purpose. 2)春节是中国最重要的传统节日,也是一年中最热闹、放假最长的节日。过春节又称为 “过年”。春节的初一、初二、初三时法定假日,全名放假,欢度节日。各地民俗不同,庆 祝的方式也不尽相同。吃团圆饭、放鞭炮、贴春联和舞龙舞狮是最普遍的庆祝方式。庆祝活 动远远不止这三天,从年三十,也就是农历旧年的最后一天开始,一直到新年年初十五,即 元宵节那一天,春节才算真正结束。农历的最后一天称为年三十,又称除夕。这一晚,家人 要团聚吃年夜饭。 The Spring Festival, or the Chinese New Year, is by far the most important Chinese holiday, celebrated with the most fanfare and for the longest duration. To the Chinese the celebration of the Spring Festival means the celebration of the New Year. The first three days of the lunar calendar are a legal holiday in China, set aside for elaborate celebrations, which vary throughout the country depending on local customs, though most involve family reunion dinners, firecarckers, scrolls, and dragon dances. Celebrations last well beyond these three days; they actually begin on the last day of the lunar calendar and continue till the fifteenth day of the first monty, which is known as the Lantern Festival. The last day of the lunar calendar is called Lunar New Year’s Eve, and this is when the family reunion dinner takes place. 3. 贴春联 putting up the Spring scrolls. 1) 春节时把写在红纸上的联语贴在门上。此风俗流行于中国各地。源于在桃木板上题写 联语的风俗。 In the lunar new year, it is a custom to post couplets written on red paper on doors. This is practised in all parts of China. It originated from the custom of writing charms on peach wood. 2)春联者,即桃符也。自入腊以后,既有文人墨客,在市肆檐下,书写春联,意图润笔。 祭灶之后,渐次粘挂,千门万户,焕然一新。 (白话翻译:春联,就是桃符。进入夏历十二月,就有一些读书人在市场店铺的屋檐下书 写对联,以此获得报酬。祭灶神[十二月二十三或二十四日]以后,人们陆陆续续地把春联张 贴起来。众多人家[的大门上],[顿时]焕然一新)。 Spring scrolls were originally called tao fu. Commencing with lunar December some scholars began to write these scrolls under the eaves of the market stalls to earn some extra money. New scrolls were gradually posted, after the ceremonial sacrifices to the Kitchen God, on doors, house after house, giving the neighbourhood a fresh look. 3) 春联,又叫“春帖”、“门对”,是对联的一种。对联,是贴在墙壁、廊柱、大门上, 表达喜庆意思的字幅。春节所贴的对联就叫春联。中国人贴春联的习俗据说一千多年前就形 成了。春节期间,如果到中国旅游,到处都可以看见春联,不论是在农村,还是大城市;不 论是在家庭,还是公共场所,写着吉祥话语的红色春联给中国的传统节日春节,营造出喜庆 欢乐的气氛。 Also known as “spring posters on doors”, spring scrolls are carefully-written couplets which are posting on walls, hall pillars, and doors, to mark the happy occasion. Twin scrolls posted at the Spring Festival are termed spring scrolls, and usually carry a message of good luck and joy. Spring scrolls boast a history of 1,000 years. Spring scrolls can be seen wherever you go during the Spring Festival, in metropolitan or rural areas, at home or in public. The festival atmosphere of this traditional holidays is never complete without these bright, auspicious objects in sight. 4. 门神:流行于全中国广大地区的新年习俗。人们把两位门神的像贴在大门口的两扇门上, 以为可以把守门庭,不让恶鬼进门,保护家中人畜平安。 Door God: The custom of putting up a portrait of the Door God is practised in all parts of China during the New Year celebrations. The portrait is posted on the door of the main entrance to guard the house against evil spirits and protect all living beings in the house. 5. 放鞭炮 firecrackers 鞭炮总是和喜庆场面联系在一起的。每逢节庆或婚嫁迎娶,燃放鞭炮以示祝贺已成为 中华民族一种经久不衰的习俗,它给人们带来了欢乐,但也时常引起火灾,对病人和婴儿造 成惊吓,所以目前有一些大城市在古建筑保护区域和市中心禁放鞭炮。 Firecrackers are always associated with celebration and happy occasions. The custom of setting off firecrackers on holidays and at weddings has been around for centuries. While they bring laughter and excitement, they may sometimes lead to fires and accidents, and have been known to scare the sick, the elderly and young children. Therefore, they are banned in some big cities, especially in downtown areas and around historical buildings. 6. 贴年画 New Year Posters 所谓年画,就是与年俗有关的画。它是中国特有的一个画种,因主要在春节,也就是 过年时张贴而得名。年画历史悠久,是中国一种古老的民间艺术,在宋代时就有记载。年画 与春联的作用相似,也是为了驱除邪恶躲避灾难。年画反映的是人民大众的风俗和信仰,寄 托着人们对未来的希望。中国年画有鲜明的地域色彩,不同地方的年画都有自己的风格,但 它们用色的活泼、寓意的吉祥喜庆却是相同的。 Part of the New Year’s tradition, New Year Posters are a unique type of painting in China, posted in celebration of the New Year. This history of this ancient folk art form can be traced back to the Song Dynasty. New Year Posters share the same role as Spring Scrolls, namely to ward off evil spirits and bad omens. They reflect popular customs and beliefs, and reflect hopes for the future. New Year Posters vividly reflect local characteristics. Different styles vary from region to region, but they all share the common features of pleasing coloring and auspicious messages. 7. 合家欢、守岁 Happy Family Reunion Dinner and New Year’s Eve Vigil 除夜,家庭举宴,长幼咸集,多作吉利语。名曰“年夜饭”,俗呼“合家欢”。...家人围 炉团座,小儿嬉戏,通宵不眠,谓之守岁。 (白话翻译:夏历十二月三十日晚上,家家准备了丰盛的晚餐,全家大小,长辈、小辈 聚集在一起吃晚饭,席间大家不时地说吉利语,这叫年夜饭,俗称合家欢。全家人围着火炉 坐,孩子们游戏玩耍,除夕夜通宵不睡,称之为“守岁”)。 On the Chinese New Year’s Eve, sumptuous banquets are prepared in each household. All the family members, young and old, sit around the table and repeatedly express good wishes for the new year while at dinner. This feast is called the New Year’s Eve Dinner, commonly known as the Happy Family Reunion Dinner. People stay awake throughout the Chinese New Year’s Eve. All the older family members sit around the fireplace as the children play games. 8. 压岁钱 luck money 过年时,一个流传已久的习俗是长辈给小辈分发装有钱的红纸包。红包里的钱被认为 是一种祝福的形式,称为压岁钱。为何过年时长辈要给小辈压岁钱呢,据说是为了辟邪。旧 时用红绳穿编成串,现多用小红纸袋封盛。 A traditional custom during the Spring Festival is to give children and younger relatives red packets filled with money. This money is considered to be a form of blessing, and is therefore known as “lucky money”. Senior members of a family give away this money in the hope that by doing so evil spirits can be warded off. The red string of copper coins is now replaced by money sealed in red envelopes. 9. 拜年:夏历新年来到时,人们相互上门祝贺新年,称作拜年。此习俗流传至今。 Paying New Year’s visits: On the days of Lunar New Year, people visit one another to extend their New Year’s wishes. This practice is called “paying a New Year’s visit”. This custom remains today. 10. 饺子 dumpling 春节吃饺子是中国北方汉族的风俗。据说吃饺子已有一千四百多年的历史,过年时吃 饺子寓意着吉祥如意,以示辞旧迎新。作为贺岁食品,饺子深受百姓喜爱,吃饺子的习俗流 传至今长盛不衰。在北方,如果去朋友家做客,友人以饺子招待,那是一种隆重的接待方式。 The custom of eating dumpling originated with the Han ethnic group in northern China about 1,400 years ago. Dumpling on the New Year’s menu suggests good fortune and “smooth sailing”. They are seen as a way to bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new. Eating dumpling is a very popular part of the Spring Festival and has persisted to this day. In northern China, a host will serve steaming dumpling to indicate that the guest is strongly valued. 11. 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 元宵节,是中国传统节日中一个重要的节日。春节刚刚过去的每年农历正月十五,就 到了被百姓们视为团圆节的元宵节。正月,就是农历的元月,也就是一年的第一个月,正月 十五,是一年中的第一个月圆日,是一年的开始。据传,元宵节始于两千多年前的汉代,有 祭祀天帝、祈求福佑之意。经过漫长的岁月,如今百姓们庆祝这一天更多的只是为了祈福。 “正月十五闹元宵”,在中国已成一种传统,所谓的“闹”,指的是热闹,因为元宵节 这一天民间有许多活动:赏月、赏灯、猜灯谜、放烟火、吃汤圆。。。 An important traditional holilday for family reunion in China, the Latern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. That day witnesses the first full moon of the year and therefore marks the year’s beginning. The Lantern Festival had its beginning in the Han Dynasty about two thousand years ago. On that day sacrifices were made to honor Heaven, and prayers were uttered for prosperity in the earthly world. Today, the Latern Festival is observed for good luck. A popular saying tells us that the fifteenth day of the first lunar month should be celebrated with “a lot of noise”— i.e., with a lot of celebration including such activities as observing the moon, watching lanterns, solving lantern riddles, setting off firecrackers, and eating tangyuan, or dumplings. 12. 舞龙 dragon dance 舞龙是中国人十分喜爱的一项庆祝活动,春节、元宵或有盛大庆典时,都是舞龙的好 时光,人们以这种欢庆的方式辞别旧岁,迎接新年。中国人舞龙的传统始于宋代,有庆典和 求雨乞水的双重目的。 The dragon dance is an integral part of any celebration. The Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival and other major events never fail to feature a performance of the dragon dance. The dragon dance was first performed during the Song Dynasty for the dual purpose of celebrating and requesting more rain. 13. 端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival 中国农历五月初五,是端午节。和其它节日一样,端午节也是一个历史悠久的节日, 可追溯到两千多年前的春秋战国时期。中国各民族过端午节有许多不同的风俗。关于端午节 的由来,传说甚多,而为了纪念屈原或伍子胥是流传最广的两种传说。端午节的一个重要习 俗就是赛龙舟。另外,中国人在端午节吃粽子由来已久,据说早在东汉就已出现。 The Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Like other traditional holidays, it has a long history dating back to either the Spring and Autumn Period or the Warring States Period, roughly two thousand years ago. People of different ethnicities in various parts of China observe the Dragon Boat Festival in their own ways. There are many arguments about the orgins of the Dragon Boat Festival. However, the two most popular legends focus on two historical figures, the poet Qu Yuan and General Wu Zixu. A very important part of the Dragon Boat Festival is the Dragon Boat race. The practice of eating rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty. 粽子:端午节的节日传统食品,至今流行全国。传说古人将粽子投入江中喂蛟龙,以 免它吃去屈原的尸体。 rice dumplings: a traditonal food eaten on Dragon Boat Festival Day, now commonly eaten all over China. Legends have it that people in the past threw these dumplings into the water to feed the dragon that haunted the river so that it would not eat the body of Qu Yuan. 14. 七夕节 Chinese Valentine’s Day 西方人把每年2月14日定为情人节。中国人则把农历七月初七作为中国人的情人节。 七夕节的来历与一个美丽的民间爱情故事有关。七夕节正逢夏秋之交。此时的夜晚往往繁星 满天。两颗最亮的星星遥遥相对,被看作是牛郎织女的化身。传说中的织女容貌美丽、心灵 手巧,人间的妇女便在这天向它祈求智慧、巧艺和美满婚姻。七夕节也被称为“乞巧节”和 “女儿节”。 Valentines’s Day in western countries occurs on February 14 of each year, while Chinese Valentine’s Day falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. This traditional holiday is related to a fascinating romantic folk tale. Chinese Valentine’s Day occurs as summer drifts into autumn. It is a time when the sky is filled with a multitude of twinkling stars at night. The two brightest stars opposite each other are seen to represent the Oxherd and the Weaving Maid. The legendary Weaving Maid is thought to be beautiful and dexterous, with a heart of gold. On Chinese Valentine’s night, women ask to be blessed with her intelligence, her superb craft skills and a perfect marriage. Chinese Valentine is therefore also known as “Craft Skills Day” or “Women’s Day”. 七月七日为牵牛织女聚会之夜。是夕,人家妇女结彩缕,穿七孔针,或以金银鍮石为 针,陈瓜果于庭以乞巧,有喜子网于瓜上,则以为应符。 (白话翻译:夏历七月初七之夜是传说中牛郎织女在银河相会的时候。这天晚上,民间 妇女用彩色的线编结,并穿带有七个孔眼的针,或穿用金、银、黄铜制的针。妇女们在庭院 里摆上瓜果等供物向织女乞求智巧。如发现有蜘蛛在瓜果上结起了网,就被认为是得到了应 答的吉兆) The seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar year is the day when the legendary Cowherd and the Girl Weaver meet in the Milky Way. On that night, women crochet with colorful silk threads. They pull threads through seven-holed comb-like needles, or needles made of gold, silver or copper. They place fruits and melons in their yards, hoping the Girl Weaver will reward them with skill in needlework. They are happy if they find webs woven by spiders on the fruit because they think this is a good omen and that the Girl Weaver has agreed to fulfill their wishes. 15. 中秋节 The Mid-Autumn Festival 中国农历八月十五为中秋节。中秋节和春节一样被视为是一个团圆的节日。这天被认 为是月亮离地球最近的日子,且最大最亮。这晚,一家人相聚在一起,设宴赏月、吃月饼盒 各种时令果品。此时,远在异乡的游子,也会抬头遥望月亮,令自己想起亲人和家乡。 The Mid-Autumn Festival falls/occurs on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. Like the Spring Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival is regarded as an occasion for family reunion. On that day, the moon is supposed to be nearest to the earth and can be seen at its fullest and brightest. On this day, families often gather for a feast while observing the moon, eating moon cakes and seasonal fruits. People who cannot be near their family at this time also look up to the moon, which reminds them of their relatives and home. 16. 清明 Qingming (Clear and Bright) 四月初,清明来临,正是万木复苏、大地返绿的时节。清明,还被视作是祭祀祖先和 悼念去世亲人的日子。现在城里人一般扫墓时,会带上一束鲜花,鞠几个躬来对死者表示尊 敬。供奉新鲜食物的做法已极少见到,烧纸钱也只有在农村还沿袭至今。 Qingming occurs at the begining of April when nature is back to life and the land is a vast stretch of green. Qingming is the time for offering sacrifice to ancestors and cherishing memories of deceased friends and relatives by paying respects at their gravesites. Nowadays, city dwellers usually bring bouquets of flowers and bow in honor of the departed. Offering fresh cooked food is no longer popular and burning paper money is usually restricted to rural areas. 17. 食俗 culinary culture 中国以拥有独特深厚饮食文化儿自豪。同样一种食物,可以被做成很多种。从古至今, 中国人把烹饪当作艺术。 China boasts a unique and rich culinary culture. The same food can be made into various kinds of dishes. Over time, the Chinese have developed cookery into an art form. 小笼包是上海的著名小吃。Steamed juicy dumplings are well-known snack from Shanghai. 春卷是江南和南方的油炸点心,以上海和广东的最为出名。Spring rolls are fried pastries from the south of China, with those from Shanghai and Guangdong being the best known. 西安是中国一座古老的名城,曾有6个朝代在这里建都,有着丰厚的历史文化底蕴。 它的著名小吃名闻天下,羊肉泡馍就是其中之一。The capital of China for six dynasties, Xi’an is an ancient city full of history and culture. It is also famous for its wonderful snacks and local delicacies, of which Yang Rou Pao Mo is a good example. 北京烤鸭在西方传统上称为北平鸭。Beijing Roast Duck, traditionally known in the West as Peking Duck. 拉面是山西的特色。在山西街头巷尾,都可见到拉面表演。La Mian or hand-stretched noodles is a well-known traditional specialty of Shanxi. La Mian-making has become a popular show that can be seen on almost every street in Shanxi. 刀削面是山西的著名面食。Dao Xiao Mian or sliced noodles is a well-known noodle dish from Shanxi. 炸酱面是北京的特色面食,就是在下好的面条上覆盖一层炸好的酱,决定了炸酱面好 吃与否。A special feature of Beijing, Zha Jiang Mian or Beijing noodles with spicy meat sauce is cooked noodles topped with a special sauce which determines the taste of the dish. 18. 民间习俗 indigenous customs 中国古代文明是世界上最古老的文明之一。过去,当自然现象不能被解释时,经常称 之为神迹。中国地域辽阔,民族众多,各地各民族都有自己的习俗。许多习俗相互关联,相 互依存,相互融合,流传至今。 Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. In the past, natural phenomena that could not be explained were often attributed to divine actions. Since China is a vast country containing many ethnic groups, there are a number of distinct indigenous customs. However, many of these traditional indigenous customs are interrelated, interdependent, and interlocked, and have survived to this day. 1) “福”字倒贴 posting “happiness” upside down 新春佳节,中国人家家户户有在门窗、墙壁上贴“福”字的习俗。然而,“福”字大多 是倒过来贴的。At the Spring Festival, it is common practice to paste the character for “Happiness” on the doors, windows and walls of every household. However, the character is often pasted upside down. 2) 抓周 the “snatching ” ritual “抓周”仪式就在孩子满月当日举行,一般是在中午吃生日面以前,在床前摆上大桌, 上面放不同的物品(像印章、书籍、纸笔等),然后不予任何诱导,让小孩自己抓物,以此来 预测孩子的志向、前途。如果孩子先抓了书籍,则认为好学,会成为文化人;如果抓了印章, 则认为有官运;如果抓了算盘,则被看作商人。“抓周”是长辈对孩子的一番厚望,也是借 此对孩子的一种祝福。 The “snatching” ritual occurs on the one-month anniversary of a baby’a birth. Before birthday noodles are served at noon, a large table piled with different objects (such as seals, books, paper and pens, etc) is placed by the side of the bed. The baby is then encouraged to snatch an object without guidance in order to infer the child’s character and possible future. The snatching of books, for instance, is interpreted as showing that the child may become a scholar; the snatching of a seal shows that the child may become an official; while the snatching of an abacus shows that the child may become a businessman. The “snatching ” ritual reflects the high hopes parents have for their children, as well as their desire to bestow blessings. 3) 娃娃亲:即是为尚处在幼年的儿子娶媳妇。旧时流行在许多地区的一种婚俗。 Infant matrimony: to marry a young girl to an infant boy. In ancient times it was a custom popular in many parts of China. 燕赵之间,居民家道之小康者,生子三五龄,辄为娶及笄之女。家贫子多者,辄利其 贫赀,从俗遣嫁焉。女至男家,先以父母礼见翁姑,以弟呼其婿,一切井臼、烹调、缝纫之 事,悉皆任之。夜者扶婿而眠,昼者为之着衣,为之饲食,如保姆然。子长成,乃合卺。 (白话翻译:燕、赵这一带地方的居民,家庭情况属于小康水平的,生了儿子才三岁五 岁,就给他娶个成年的姑娘。家庭贫寒孩子又多的人家,则认为他们的聘金有利可图,就随 当地的风俗习惯让女孩出嫁。姑娘到了男方家,先用对父母的礼仪拜见公婆,称她的丈夫为 弟弟。家中所有打水舂米、煮饭烧菜和缝纫等家务,都由她来担任。晚上哄小夫婿睡觉,白 天给他穿衣服,喂饭给他吃,像保姆那样。男孩子成年后,便结婚。) In the states of Yan and Zhao, the son of r relatively well-off family would be betrothed to a grown-up girl when he was between the age of three and five. Anticipating that their daughters’ bethrothal gifts would be profitable, poor families with a lot of children would marry them in accordance with the local custom. When the betrothed girl arrived at the in-laws, the first thing she did was to make obeisance to her parents-in-law in the way she did to her own parents, and she addressed her husband as “younger brother”. Chores like fetching water from a well, grinding rice in a mortar, cooking and sewing all fell on her. At night, she would lull her little husband to sleep; during the daytime, she dressed him and fed him. She actually served as a maid in the house. They married when the boy grew up. 4) 指腹婚:指着怀着胎儿的腹部,双方父母达成了子女的婚约。此习俗自汉代开始, 流行时间甚长,现已杜绝。 “Belly-pointing” marriage: a marriage agreement made by parents for the children still in the womb by pointing at the pregnant abdoments. The custom started in the Han Dynasty, but has been abandoned by now. 5)抛彩球:用抛彩球的方式来选择配偶,原位南方少数民族的习俗,男抛女受。男女青 年[双方有意]用眼睛[传情]决定,女子接受了抛来的球,男方的婚事就算定下了。然而以后 在中原地区的文学作品中大量出现的是女子抛绣球择婿的故事。 Tossing colourful balls: a way of picking one’s nate. Originally, it was a custom of the minority nationalities in the southern parts of China with men throwing and women cating the ball. Messages are conveyed by eye contact between the young men and the young women. If a girl chooses to catch the ball, a marriage is probable. Later, in the literary works of northern China there are many stories about women throwing the ball to select their future husbands. 6)新娘蒙首:蒙首,也称“盖头”。新婚时,要用红色的手帕、纱巾或凤冠等将新娘的 头脸遮住。此古婚俗起源很早,流行于南北各地。 Bridal veil: also called the head cover. At the wedding, the bride’s head and face should be covered by a red handkerchief, a scarf or a phoenix headdress. This custom originated a long time ago in many parts of China. 7) 同心:即同心结。传统用丝绸带编成的连环回文样式的结子,以象征坚贞的爱情。 concentric knot: a knot tied into concentric rings with silk threads. It symbolizes faithful love. 8) 回娘家 visiting a duaghter’s former home 回门:新娘嫁到丈夫家俗称“进门”,从夫家回到娘家故称“回门”。此流行全国许多 地区的婚姻习俗,含有儿女不忘父母养育之恩,女婿感谢岳父母,以及表示夫妻恩爱的意思。 Returning home: When a bride is married, it is customarily called “entering(the bridegroom’s) home”; therefore, when the newlyweds pay a formal visit to the bride’s parents after the wedding, it is called “(the bride’s) returning home”. This custom is widely practised in all parts of China. It signifies the daughter’s not forgetting her parental upbringing, the son-in-law’s gratitude to his parents-in-law, and conjugal love between the newlyweds. 嫁出去的女儿被认为应在特定的时间带着丈夫、孩子回家拜见父母。中国大多数地区 的百姓把回娘家的日子定在春节的正月初二或初三。之所以这样规定,是传说每年农历年底, 去世的老祖宗会回家来接受供奉,如果家里有外人,会不肯进家门,而旧时嫁出去的女儿是 被看作外人的。所以除夕和初一女儿是不能回娘家过年的。 A married daughter is supposed to visit her former home on certain days, accompanied by her husband and children, to pay respects to her parents. Such a visit occurs on the second or the third day of the first lunar month in most parts of China. The reason for this is that departed ancestors, according to superstition, return home to receive sacrifices at the end of the lunar year, but will not enter if an outsider is present, and a married daughter is looked upon as an outsider. Therefore, a married daughter is barred from appearing at her former home on Spring Festival Eve and New Year’s Day. 9) 吃生日面 birthday noodles 中国人吃生日面,就像西方人吃生日蛋糕一样普遍。在唐代, 男儿出生,应设糖饼宴祝 贺,即汤面的前身。长面条意味长寿,因面条常在生日祝寿时用,所以也称作“寿面”。 Birthday noodles are as common in China as birthday cakes are in Western countries. During the Tang Dynasty a custom originated of celebrating the birth of a baby boy with cake soup, which was the predecessor of noodle soup. Long noodles suggest longevity. Since they are often served at birthday parties, they are known as “birthday noodles”. 10) 放风筝:流行于华北、华东、中南地区的民间娱乐活动。有的地方春日放风筝,有 剪断绳线,让其飘走的习俗,据说因此可将晦运带走。 kite-flying: a kind of folk entertainment which prevails in the north, east, and middle-south parts of China. In some places, kites are flown in spring, and people deliberately cut the string to let the kite go because they believe in this way it will take away bad luck. 19. 中国人的吉祥物 Chinese talismans 托物寓意,人们常常以物来寄托情感和愿望。中国许多传说中或是现实中的东西有吉 祥之意,用以表达人们的想法和感受。麒麟和龙,就是中国人心目中的神圣之物,它们在中 国传统文化中占有重要位置。麒麟和龙的身影出现在绘画中、器皿上、织锦中,被认为能给 人们带来心灵的安慰。 Objects often provide a window to a person’s character and feelings, and may be used to express certain sentiments and aspirations. The Chinese endow objects, both imaginary and real, with auspicious meanings to express their ideas and feelings. The Kylin and the dragon, for instance, are sacred creatures in the eyes of the Chinese, and they occupy a special place in traditional Chinese culture. Images of the Kylin and the dragon can be found in paintings, clothings and embroidery, and are thought to bring spiritual gratification. 1)龙 据说龙有鹿的角、牛的头、蟒的身、鱼的麟、鹰的爪。龙被赋予的性格威武骁勇, 是权威、尊贵的象征。在中国古时,龙被看成是帝王的象征。 中华龙文化起源于新石器时代早期,经商、周的发展,到秦汉时基本成形。中国龙历 经数千年,与中华民族的文化密不可分。在中国古代神话传说中,龙是开天辟地的创生神, 它参与了人类繁衍,协助了夏禹治水。而且中华民族称自己为“龙的传人”。 几千年来, 龙已渗入中国社会的各个方面。龙是中国的象征、中华民族的象征、中国文 化的象征。在中国人心目中,龙是神圣的;龙的精神,被视作是团结、奋斗、开拓、创造的 精神。 The dragon is said to have a deer’s horn, an ox’s head, a serpent’s body, a fish’s scales and an eagle’s claws. The dragon is portrayed as awe-inspiring, fearless and omnipotent, a symbol of power and authority. It is little wonder that in ancient China, the emperor was regarded as the reincarnation of the dragon. China’s fondness for the dragon began in the early stage of the Neolithic period, grew throughout the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and developed mass popular appeal during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The image of the Chinese dragon, used for more than a thousand years, is inextricably linked to the development of Chinese culture. According to ancient Chinese mythology, the dragon created the earth, participated in the development of humankind, and assisted Yu the Great, founder of the Xia Dynasty, in harnessing the rivers. Furthermore, Chinese people consider themselves to be “the Dragon’s Descendents”. Four thousands of years, the concept of the dragon has permeated every sphere of Chinese life. The dragon is therefore the symbol of China as a nation and of Chinese culture. In the eyes of the Chinese people, the dragon is sacred, and it signifies the spirit of unity, endeavor, innovation, and creation. 2) 凤 在原始社会,它是人们想象中的保护神,是神鸟。它因美丽而被视作女性的象 征,与帝王的象征—龙—相配。 In feudal societies, the phoenix was regarded as a sacred bird and worshipped as the God of Protection. Its beauty means that it is always closely associated with the feminine, and is thought of as the counterpart of the dragon, which symbolizes the emperor. 中国结 Chinese knots 3)中国结 Chinese knot 远古时代文字出现以前,人们结绳记事。在唐代,它成为一种装饰艺术。之后的历朝 历代,中国结被赋予了象征意义。“盘长结”表达相爱的人永结同心,“金钱结”预示福气就 在眼前,“长命结”挂在小孩脖子上希望长寿。企盼美好生活的,有双鱼结、蝙蝠结、蝴蝶 结。中国结花式多。尽管中国结实用功能逐渐减退,但还是广受欢迎,如今已完全成为一门 独立的艺术。近年来,中国对优秀传统文化更为重视,使中国结再度兴盛。每逢佳节,都有 大量的中国结出售。 Before the creation of a written language, the Chinese used knots as a way of recording events. The tying of different knots later emerged as a decorative art during the Tang Dynasty, and was invested with symbolic during successive dynasties. For example, a “long twisted knot” signifies everlasting love and devotion, a “golden money knot” means wealth will be forthcoming, and a “longevity knot” is worn around a child’s neck in the hope of promoting a long life. Meanwhile, “double fish knots”, “bad knots” and “butterfly knots” are all thought to help change life for the better. Chinese knots come in a wide variety. Although Chinese knot-tying has lost its practical function, it is still widely enjoyed, and is now considered to be an art in its own right. Recent years have witnessed a revival in traditional Chinese folk art and craft, and Chinese knot-tying is becoming particularly popular. At many festivals, there is often a huge selection of Chinese knots for sale. 20. 观潮: 每年夏历八月十八,浙江钱塘江有大海潮,洪涛高浪,排山而至。杭州地区民 间观钱塘潮习俗自宋代起,至今仍然盛行。 thwatching the tide: On August 18 of the lunar year, there is a flood tide on the Qiantang River. Turbulent surges and huge waves come like mountains. The custom of residents in the area of Hangzhou watching the tide was established in the Song Dynasty and is still observed. 21. 暖房:民间认为,“远亲不如近邻”。为迁入新居的邻人送礼、祝贺,是流传至今的一种 习俗。housewarming: common people believe that “neighbours are dearer than distant relatives”. To send gifts and congratulations to a newcomer is a custom that has been passed on to the present 22. 手影戏:南宋时流行于江浙一带的民间娱乐。表演者借着灯光或月光,把手指演出的各 种形象投影在面前的绸布上,生动有趣。 hand-shadow drama: a popular entertainment that prevailed in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the Southern Song Dynasty. 23. 吃斋 practicing abstinence 世人以茹素为斋戒,岂知圣贤之所谓斋者,齐也,齐其心之所不齐,所谓戒者,斋戒 其非心忘念也。 (白话翻译:世上的人把吃素称为斋戒,殊不知圣人贤者所认为的“斋”,是齐的意思, 即把心中杂乱理齐;他们所认为的“戒”,是戒除那些不该存在心中的非分念头。) Common people practise vegetarianism as a form of fasting and abstinence. But they do not know that according to saints and sages, so-called fasting is to put in order disorderly thinking, and so-called abstinence is to quell inordinate desires. 24. 天井:指房子与房子或房子与围墙所围成的露天空地,人们常种花养鱼用以点缀。全国 大部分地区的民居至今仍保持着天井。
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