外文翻译--单片机的应用和发展

外文 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc --单片机的应用和发展 附录 附录1 The use and development of SCM Abstract: The composition of SCM, outlined the development and application fields as well as on the future prospects for the development of SCM. Keyword: MCU application development 1. SCM Profile SCM is an integrated circuit chip, using ultra-large-scale technology to a data processing capability (such as arithmetic operations, logical operators, data transmission, interrupt handling) microprocessor (CPU), random access data memory (RAM), only Reading program memory (ROM), input-output circuit (I / O I), may also include regular counters, serial communication I (SCI), display driver circuit (LCD or LED drive circuit), the PWM circuit (PWM ), Analog converter and multi-channel A / D converter, and so on to a single integrated circuit chips, constitute a minimum, however perfect the computer system. These circuits in the software under the control of accurate, speedy and efficient procedures for designers to complete the tasks set out in advance. From this perspective, the MCU is not available in the microprocessor functions, it can be individually controlled by the completion of a modern industrial requirements of the intelligent control functions, which is the largest MCU features. However, MCU is different from the SBC, chips in the absence of development, it is only a function of the strong ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, if entrusted to it specific procedures, it is a minimum, the integrity of the micro-computer control system, With the SBC or personal computer (PC machines) are essentially the difference between the application of a microcontroller chip-level applications, users need to understand the structure and microcontroller chips command system and other applications of integrated circuits and system design technology required The theory and technology, with such a specific chip design applications, thus making the chips with specific functions. SCM has different characteristics of different hardware and software features, that is, their technical characteristics are different, depending on the hardware features of the internal structure of microcontroller chip, users want to use a microcontroller, we must understand this type of product Meet the needs of the function and application of the required indicators. Here the technical features include features, and control of electrical characteristics, and so on, they need information from the manufacturers have the technical manual. Software feature is that instruction of environment and development support, command of which we are familiar with the SCM addressing, data processing and handling of logic, input and output characteristics and the requirements of the power supply and so on. Support the development of the environment, including the compatibility of command and portability, support software (including applications to support the development of the software resources) and hardware resources. To use a certain model of SCM to develop their own applications, master of its structural features and technical characteristics is necessary. SCM control system to replace the former use of complex electronic circuits or digital components of the control system, the software can control to achieve and be able to achieve intelligent, and now ubiquitous SCM control areas, such as communication products, home appliances, smart instrumentation , Process control and exclusive control devices, and so on, the MCU applications more widely. It is true that the SCM application of its significance far from being limited to the scope of application or the resulting economic benefits, more importantly, it has fundamentally changed the traditional control methods and design ideas. Control technology is a revolution, is an important milestone. 2. MCU development outlined 1946 first electronic computer was born So far, only 50 of the time, relying on micro-electronics technology and semiconductor technology advances, from the tube - transistors - integrated circuits - large-scale integrated circuits, now a fully integrated on a chip several Millions or even 10 million transistors, making computers smaller, more powerful. Especially the past 20 years, the rapid access to computer technology to the development of the computer industry and agriculture, scientific research, education, defense and aerospace field of a wide range of applications, computer technology has been a country of modern technology is an important indicator of the level. SCM was born in the 1970s, the company developed as Fairchid F8-chip micro-computer. SCM is the use of so-called large-scale integrated circuit technology to the central processing unit (Center Processing Unit, that is often called the CPU) and data memory (RAM), program memory (ROM) and other I / O communication integrated in a chip mouth , One of the least of a computer system, and modern SCM is the addition of the interruption unit, regular units and A / D converter, and other more complex, the better the circuit, making the SCM function more powerful, more applications Wide. In the 1970s, microelectronics technology is at a stage of development, integrated circuit belong to the scale of development period, all kinds of new technology and new materials have not yet mature, SCM is still in the initial stage of development, component integration is still relatively small-scale, feature comparison Simple, generally the CPU, RAM Some also include some simple I / O port integrated into the chip, as Farichild companies fall into this type, it also dealt with other the external circuit would constitute a complete computing system . SCM is also available in a similar Zilog's Z80 microprocessors. 1976 INTEL introduced the MCS-48 microcontroller, this time the MCU is the real eight single-chip micro-computer, and to market. To its small size, full-function, low price to win a wide range of applications, for the SCM laid the foundation for the development, a microcontroller important milestone in the history of the development. MCS-48 in the lead, then, the major semiconductor companies have been developing and developed its own microcontroller, as Zilog's Z8 series. By the early 1980s, SCM has developed to a high-performance stage, as the INTEL company MCS-51 series, Motorola's 6801 and 6802 series, Rokwell company's 6501 and 6502 Series, etc., in addition, Japan's famous Electric Company, NEC HITACHI and have been developed its own dedicated MCU. In the 1980s, the world's major companies are competing varieties developed strong multi-function SCM, about dozens of series, more than 300 varieties, at this time of the SCM belong to the true single-chip, most integrated CPU , RAM, ROM, the large number of I / O interface, a variety of suspension systems, even some with A / D converter, the microcontroller, more powerful functions, RAM and ROM also increasing the capacity, look Office space or even up to 64 kB, it can be said that SCM developed to a new stage, the wider application areas, many household appliances are using SCM to the development of intelligent control of the road. 1982, the 16-bit microcontroller available, on behalf of the company's products are INTEL MCS-96 series, 16 SCM than eight machines, data width has doubled, real-time processing capability stronger, higher speed , Integration reached 120,000 transistors, RAM increased to 232 bytes, ROM can reach 8 kB, and has eight interrupt source, while the allocation of a multi-channel A / D converter channels, high-speed I / O processing unit, Applied to more complex control system. After the 1990s, SCM was the rapid development of the world's major semiconductor companies have developed a more powerful MCU. Microchip U.S. company announced a completely compatible with the new generation of MCS-51 series PIC microcontroller, has aroused widespread concern in the industry, especially its products only 33 reduced instruction set to attract a lot of users, so that people from the INTEL 111 out of complex instructions to concentrate on. PIC MCU access to the fast development of a place in the industry. Then the matter, people familiar with the MCU are more clear, more species flocking to the SCM, MOTOROLA MC68HC companies have issued a series of SCM, Japan's few well-known companies have developed a stronger performance Products, but Japan's SCM generally used for system control, rather than running as INTEL, and other companies to market a generic SCM. For example, NEC Corp. production uCOM87 MCU, the representative of uPC7811 is a very good performance of the SCM. MOTOROLA company's MC68HC05 series of high-speed low-cost, and other characteristics of winning a lot of users. Zilog's Z8 series of products made by the representative of the Z8671, containing BASIC Debug interpretation of the procedures, greatly facilitate the users. The United States States a half COP800 MCU is used advanced Harvard architecture. ATMEL company put microcontroller technology and advanced Flash memory technology perfect combination, issued a very good performance AT89 series of SCM. HOLTEK including China's Taiwan and WINBOND companies have also joined the ranks of SCM development, with their low cost advantages, the United States share a cup of soup. INTEL 1990 the United States launched the 80,960 Super 32 SCM caused a sensation in the computer industry, products have been put on the market, a history of the development of SCM also an important milestone. This period, the MCU corner, SCM colorful varieties, Zhengqidouyan. There are eight, 16 or even 32-bit machine, but the 8-bit microcontrollers continue its low price, variety complete, application software rich, full support for the environment, facilitate the development of the characteristics of dominant position and Zhanzhao. INTEL Corporation and with their strong technology, excellent performance of the models and a good foundation, the MCU is still the mainstream products. Only the mid-1990s, INTEL companies develop their busy personal computer microprocessors, has not enough energy to continue to develop their own derivative of a microcontroller technology, and from companies such as the continued development PHILIPS C51 MCU. 3. SCM applications SCM widely used instruments, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, special equipment for the intelligent management and process control, and other fields, generally can be divided into the following areas: (1). Smart instrumentation on the Application SCM is small in size, low power consumption, strong control, expansion of flexible, easy to use micro-and the advantages of widely used instruments, the combination of different types of sensors, can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, Temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elements, such as physical measurement pressure. SCM control makes use of digital instrumentation, intelligent, and miniaturization and function than the use of electronic or digital circuits become more powerful. Such as precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analyzer). Voice network capacity Copyright> (2). In the industrial control of SCM can use a wide variety of control systems, data acquisition system. For example, factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent elevator control, various alarm systems, computer networking and a two control systems. (3). In the application of household appliances It can be said that now the use of household appliances basically control of the microcontroller, from electric rice pao, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV and other audio video equipment, to Chengliang electronic equipment, all sorts, everywhere. (4). In computer networks and communication in the field of application SCM common with modern communication interface, can be easily and computer data communications, computer networks and communications equipment between the application provided an excellent material conditions, the communications equipment now basically achieved SCM Intelligent Control, from the phone, telephone, small program-controlled switches, building automated communication system calls, train wireless communications, to the day-to-day work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phone, mobile communications clusters, radios and so on. (5). SCM in medical equipment in the field of application SCM in medical equipment in use is also very broad, such as medical breathing machine, various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds call system, and so on. (6). Tablets of the other applications The use of modern office in the large number of communications, information products used by the majority of SCM, such as general computer system of the keyboard Station code, disk drives, printers, plotters, copiers, telephones, fax machines, attendance, etc. As the commercial marketing system has been widely used in electronic scales, cash registers, bar code readers, storage security detection systems, shopping mall security systems, air-conditioning system, frozen storage systems, have adopted SCM has been a dedicated system, This system is mainly due to obvious violations of anti-virus, anti-electromagnetic interference high reliability can be assured. Usually in the automotive electronics and aerospace electronic system of centralized display system, power detection and control system, automatic driving systems, communications systems, and operation of monitors, and so must be a redundant network system. From the above, the SCM application will not be limited to the significance of its functions, as well as on the economic benefits. What is more important significance lies in the fact that the application MCU is a fundamental change in the traditional control system for design ideas and design methods. From the past must be digital or analog circuits to achieve the most control, it is now able to use the SCM software method, such software to replace the hardware and can improve system performance of the control technology, known as micro-control technology. This marks the establishment of a new concept. With the MCU to promote universal application of technology, micro-control technology will continue to develop, increasingly improved, more enriched. 4. SCM trend of development SCM now can be said is letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools contend the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller, from eight, 16-32, innumerable, everything, and the C51 series compatible with the mainstream , But also incompatible, but their different characteristics, each other as complementary to SCM applications broad room. Throughout the development process of SCM, can indicate the development trend of SCM, generally are: (1). CMOS and low power consumption MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630 mW, and now the SCM in general about 100 mW, with the increasingly demanding low power microcontroller, the various microcontroller manufacturers have adopted the basic The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80 C51 to be used as a HMOS (that is, high-density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). While CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine their pace of work is not high enough, and CHMOS then have a high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these features, is more suited to the requirements of low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, this process will be for some time to come the development of the primary means of SCM. (2). Micro-chip in The SCM is now conventional to the central processing unit are common (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, interrupt system, regular circuit, the clock circuit Integrated in a single chip, enhanced integration of SCM such as the A / D converter, PMW (PWM circuit), WDT (watchdog), some SCM will LCD (liquid crystal) drive circuit Are integrated in a single chip, this includes the MCU unit on the circuit more and more powerful features. Even SCM vendors can also tailored according to the user's requirements, create its own microcontroller chip. In addition, the product is now generally require small size, light weight, which requires strong and MCU functions in addition to low power consumption, and to its small size. Many of SCM now has a variety of packages, SMD (surface-mount) more and more popular, a microcontroller made by the system are moving in the direction of the development of micro. Voice network capacity Copyright> (3). Mainstream and multi-species coexist Although the wide variety SCM, with their own characteristics, but still 80 C51 at the core of the SCM Zhanzhu Liu, compatible with its structure and command system of the company's products are PHILIPS, ATMEL company's products and China Taiwan's Winbond series of single - Machine. So C8051 at the core of the SCM occupied half of the country. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) also has a strong development momentum, China Taiwan's HOLTEK companies in recent years, increasing the output of SCM, with its advantages of low-cost high quality, occupied a certain market share. There is also the MOTOROLA company's products, several large Japanese companies dedicated MCU. In a certain period of time, will be the continuation of this situation, would not exist SCM Singh is a monopoly, and take the interdependence is complementary and mutually reinforcing, common development. 单片机的应用和发展 摘要:介绍了单片机的组成，发展概述和应用领域以及介绍了单片机未来的发展前景。 关键字:单片机;应用;发展 1.单片机简介 单片机是一种集成电路芯片，采用超大规模技术把具有数据处理能力(如算术运算，逻辑运算、数据传送、中断处理)的微处理器(CPU)，随机存取数据存储器(RAM)，只读程序存储器(ROM)，输入输出电路(I/O口)，可能还包括定时计数器，串行通信口(SCI)，显示驱动电路(LCD或LED驱动电路)，脉宽调制电路(PWM)，模拟多路转换器及A/D转换器等电路集成到一块单块芯片上，构成一个最小然而完善的计算机系统。这些电路能在软件的控制下准确、迅速、高效地完成程序设计者事先规定的任务。 由此来看，单片机有着微处理器所不具备的功能，它可单独地完成现代工业控制所要求的智能化控制功能，这是单片机最大的特征。 然而单片机又不同于单板机，芯片在没有开发前，它只是具备功能极强的超大规模集成电路，如果赋予它特定的程序，它便是一个最小的、完整的微型计算机控制系统，它与单板机或个人电脑(PC机)有着本质的区别，单片机的应用属于芯片级应用，需要用户了解单片机芯片的结构和指令系统以及其它集成电路应用技术和系统设计所需要的理论和技术，用这样特定的芯片设计应用程序，从而使该芯片具备特定的功能。 不同的单片机有着不同的硬件特征和软件特征，即它们的技术特征均不尽相同，硬件特征取决于单片机芯片的内部结构，用户要使用某种单片机，必须了解该型产品是否满足需要的功能和应用系统所要求的特性指标。这里的技术特征包括功能特性、控制特性和电气特性等等，这些信息需要从生产厂商的技术手册中得到。软件特征是指指令系统特性和开发支持环境，指令特性即我们熟悉的单片机的寻址方式，数据处理和逻辑处理方式，输入输出特性及对电源的要求等等。开发支持的环境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持软件(包含可支持开发应用程序的软件资源)及硬件资源。要利用某型号单片机开发自己的应用系统，掌握其结构特征和技术特征是必须的。 单片机控制系统能够取代以前利用复杂电子线路或数字电路构成的控制系统，可以软件控制来实现，并能够实现智能化，现在单片机控制范畴无所不在，例如通信产品、家用电器、智能仪器仪表、过程控制和专用控制装置等等，单片机的应用领域越来越广泛。 诚然，单片机的应用意义远不限于它的应用范畴或由此带来的经济效益，更重要的是它已从根本上改变了传统的控制 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 和设计思想。是控制技术的一次革命，是一座重要的里程碑。 2.单片机发展概述 1946年第一台电子计算机诞生至今，只有50年的时间，依靠微电子技术和半导体技术的进步，从电子管——晶体管——集成电路——大规模集成电路，现在一块芯片上完全可以集成几百万甚至上千万只晶体管，使得计算机体积更小，功能更强。特别是近20年时间里，计算机技术获得飞速的发展，计算机在工农业，科研，教育，国防和航空航天领域获得了广泛的应用，计算机技术已经是一个国家现代科技水平的重要标志。 单片机诞生于20世纪70年代， Fairchid公司研制的F8单片微型计算机。所谓单片机是利用大规模集成电路技术把中央处理单元(Center Processing Unit,也即常称的CPU)和数据存储器(RAM)、程序存储器(ROM)及其他I/O通信口集成在一块芯片上，构成一个最小的计算机系统，而现代的单片机则加上了中断单元，定时单元及A/D转换等更复杂、更完善的电路，使得单片机的功能越来越强大，应用更广泛。 20世纪70年代，微电子技术正处于发展阶段，集成电路属于中规模发展时期，各种新 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 新工艺尚未成熟，单片机仍处在初级的发展阶段，元件集成规模还比较小，功能比较简单，一般均把CPU、RAM有的还包括了一些简单的I/O口集成到芯片上Farichild公司就属于这一类型，它还需配上外围的其他处理电路方才构成完整的计算系统。类似的单片机还有Zilog公司的Z80微处理器。 1976年INTEL公司推出了MCS-48单片机，这个时期的单片机才是真正的8位单片微型计算机，并推向市场。它以体积小，功能全，价格低赢得了广泛的应用，为单片机的发展奠定了基础，成为单片机发展史上重要的里程碑。 在MCS-48的带领下，其后，各大半导体公司相继研制和发展了自己的单片机， Zilog公司的Z8系列。到了80年代初，单片机已发展到了高性能阶段， INTEL公司的MCS-51系列，Motorola公司的6801和6802系列，Rokwell公司的6501及6502系列等等,此外,日本的著名电气公司NEC和HITACHI都相继开发了具有自己特色的专用单片机。 80年代，世界各大公司均竞相研制出品种多功能强的单片机，约有几十个系列，300多个品种，此时的单片机均属于真正的单片化，大多集成了CPU、RAM、ROM、数目繁多的I/O接口、多种中断系统，甚至还有一些带A/D转换器的单片机，功能越来越强大，RAM和ROM的容量也越来越大，寻址空间甚至可达64kB，可以说，单片机发展到了一个全新阶段，应用领域更广泛，许多家用电器均走向利用单片机控制的智能化发展道路。 1982年以后，16位单片机问世，代表产品是INTEL公司的MCS-96系列，16位单片机比起8位机，数据宽度增加了一倍，实时处理能力更强，主频更高， 集成度达到了12万只晶体管，RAM增加到了232字节，ROM则达到了8kB，并且有8个中断源，同时配置了多路的A/D转换通道，高速的I/O处理单元，适用于更复杂的控制系统。 九十年代以后，单片机获得了飞速的发展，世界各大半导体公司相继开发了功能更为强大的单片机。美国Microchip公司发布了一种完全不兼容MCS-51的新一代PIC系列单片机，引起了业界的广泛关注，特别它的产品只有33条精简指令集吸引了不少用户，使人们从INTEL的111条复杂指令集中走出来。PIC单片机获得了快速的发展，在业界中占有一席之地。 随后的事情，熟悉单片机的人士都比较清楚了，更多的单片机种蜂拥而至，MOTOROLA公司相继发布了MC68HC系列单片机，日本的几个著名公司都研制出了性能更强的产品，但日本的单片机一般均用于专用系统控制，而不象INTEL等公司投放到市场形成通用单片机。例如NEC公司生产的uCOM87系列单片机，其代表作uPC7811是一种性能相当优异的单片机。MOTOROLA公司的MC68HC05系列其高速低价等特点赢得了不少用户。 Zilog公司的Z8系列产品代表作是Z8671，内含BASIC Debug解释程序，极大地方便用户。而美国国办的COP800系列单片机则采用先进的哈佛结构。ATMEL公司则把单片机技术与先进的Flash存储技术完美地结合起来，发布了性能相当优秀的AT89系列单片机。包括中国的台湾HOLTEK和WINBOND等公司也纷纷加入了单片机发展行列，凭着他们廉价的优势，分享一杯美羹。 1990年美国INTEL公司推出了80960超级32位单片机引起了计算机界的轰动，产品相继投放市场，成为单片机发展史上又一个重要的里程碑。 此期间，单片机园地里，单片机品种异彩纷呈，争奇斗艳。有8位、16位甚至32位机，但8位单片机仍以它的价格低廉、品种齐全、应用软件丰富、支持环境充分、开发方便等特点而占着主导地位。而INTEL公司凭着他们雄厚的技术，性能优秀的机型和良好的基础，目前仍是单片机的主流产品。只不过是九十年代中期，INTEL公司忙着开发他们个人电脑微处理器，已没有足够的精力继续发展自己创导的单片机技术，而由PHILIPS等公司继续发展C51系列单片机。 3.单片机的应用领域 单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴: (1).在智能仪器仪表上的应用 单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等 物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备(功率计，示波器，各种 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 仪)。 容声网络 版权所有> (2).在工业控制中的应用 用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。 (3).在家用电器中的应用 可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。 (4).在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用 现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。 (5).单片机在医用设备领域中的应用 单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。 (6).单片机的应用 现代办公室中使用的大量通信，信息产品多数采用了单片机，如通用计算机系统中的键盘驿码，磁盘驱动，打印机，绘图仪，复印机，电话，传真机，考勤机等。 由于在商业营销系统中已广泛的使用电子秤，收款机，条形码阅读器，仓库安全检测系统，商场保安系统，空气调节系统，冷冻保鲜系统中，目前已纷纷采用单片机构成专用系统，主要由于这种系统有明显的抗病菌侵害，抗电磁干扰等高可靠性能的保证。 通常在汽车电子与航空航天电子系统中的集中显示系统，动力检测控制系统，自动驾驶系统，通信系统以及运行监测器等都要构成冗余的网络系统。 从上述看来，单片机应用的意义绝不限于它的功能，以及所带来的经济效益上。更重要的意义在于，单片机的应用正从根本上改变着传统的控制系统设设计思想和设计方法。从前必须由模拟电路或数字电路实现的大部分控制功能，现在 已能使用单片机通过软件方法实现了，这种以软件取代硬件并能提高系统性能的控制技术，称为微控制技术。这标志一种全新概念的建立。随着单片机应用技术的推广普及，微控制技术必将不断发展，日益完善，更加充实。 4.单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有: ( 1).低功耗CMOS化 MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片 机制 综治信访维稳工作机制反恐怖工作机制企业员工晋升机制公司员工晋升机制员工晋升机制图 造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 ( 2).微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。 此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。 (3).主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。在一定 的时期内，这种情形将得以延续，将不存在某个单片机一统天下的垄断局面，走 的是依存互补，相辅相成、共同发展的道路。