不可压缩流体恒定流能量方程 (伯诺里方程)实验

不可压缩流体恒定流能量方程 (伯诺里方程)实验 不可压缩流体恒定流能量方程 (伯诺里方程)实验 一、实验目的要求 1、验证流体恒定总流的能量方程; 2、通过对动水力学诸多水力现象的实验 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 研讨，进一步掌握有压管流中动水力学的能量转换特性; 3、掌握流速、流量、压强等动水力学水力要素的实验量测技能。 二、实验装置 本实验的装置如图2.1所示。 图2.1 自循环伯诺里方程实验装置图 1.自循环供水器;2.实验台;3.可控硅无级调速器;4.溢流板;5.稳水孔板;6.恒压水箱;7.测压计; 8.滑动测量尺;9.测压管;10.实验管道;11.测压点;12.毕托管;13.实验流量调节阀。 说明: 本仪器测压管有两种: 1(毕业托管测压管(表2.1中标*的测压管)，用以测读毕托管探头对准点的总水头 22pupvu,,,H,HZH,Z，，,，，()，须注意一般情况下与断面总水头不同(因一般)，它,2g,g2的水头线只能定性表示总水头变化趋势; 2、普通测压管(表2.1未标*者)，用以定量量测测压管水头。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 实验流量用阀13调节，流量由体积时间法(量筒、秒表另备)、重量时间法(电子称另备)或电测法测量(以下实验类同)。 三、实验原理 在实验管路中沿管内水流方向取n个过水断面。可以列出进口断面(1)至另一断面(i)的能量方程式(i=2，3，„„，n) 22pa,pa,iii111，，,，，，ZZhw,ii1122gg,, p取，，选好基准面，从已设置的各断面的测压管中读出值，测出通过管路的,,,,？,,1Z，12n, 2,v流量，即可计算出断面平均流速及，从而即可得到各断面测管水头和总水头。 v2g 四、实验 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 与步骤 1、熟悉实验设备，分清哪些测压管是普通测压管，哪些是毕托管测压管，以及两者功能的区别。 2、打开开关供水，使水箱充水，待水箱溢流，检查调节阀关闭后所有测压管水面是否齐平。如不平则需查明故障原因(例连通管受阻、漏气或夹气泡等)并加以排除，直至调平。 3、打开阀13，观察思考1)测压管水头线和总水头线的变化趋势;2)位置水头、压强水头之间的相互关系;3)测点(2)(3)测管水头同否,为什么,4)测点(12)(13)测管水头是否不同,为什么,5)当流量增加或减少时测管水头如何变化, 4、调节阀13开度，待流量稳定后，测记各测压管液面读数，同时测记实验流量(毕托管供演示，不必测记读数)。 5、改变流量2次，重复上述测量。其中一次阀门开度大到使19号测管液面接近标尺零点。 五、实验结果处理与要求 No.1.有关常数记录表 实验装置台号 2 均匀段D= 1.38 cm 缩管段D= 1.00 cm 扩管段D= 2.00 cm 123 水箱液面高程?= 48.00 cm 上管到轴线高程?= 18.00 cm 0z 表2.1 管径记录表 2 6* 8* 10 12* 14* 16* 18* 测点编号 1* 4 5 3 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 cm1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.01 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 2.00 1.38 管径 cm4 4 6 6 4 13.5 6 10 29 16 16 两点间 DDD注:(1).测点6、7所在断面内径为，测点16、17为，余均为。 123 (2).标“*”者为毕托管测点(测点编号见图2.2)。 (3).测点2、3为直管均匀流段同一断面上的两个测压点，10、11为弯管非均匀流段同一断面上的两个测点。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury p2、测量()并记入表2.2。 Z，, p表2.2 测记()数值表 (基准面选在标尺的零点上) 单位:cm Z，, Q 测点 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 17 19 3编号 /s cm实1 验 2 次 3 序 3(计算流速水头和总水头。 4(绘制上述成果中最大流量下的总水头线E-E和测压管水头线P-P(轴向尺寸参见图2.2，总水头线和测压管水头线可以绘在图2.2上)。 提示: 1(P-P线依表2.2数据绘制，其中测点10、11、13数据不用; 2(E-E线依表2.3(2)数据绘制，其中测点10、11数据不用; 3(在等直径管段E-E与P-P线平行 图2—2 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury p，z表2(2 测记()数值表 (基准面选在标尺的零点) 单位:cm ,g 测点 Q 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 17 19 3编号 cm 42.10 41.80 41.70 41.20 36.50 39.10 39.00 37.70 38.20 36.9 37.40 35.60 87.98 实 1 验 41.30 39.90 39.10 38.70 26.60 32.20 32.40 29.0 30.20 27.20 28.50 24.50 137.04 次 2 数 31.30 33.10 32.00 30.60 0.60 15.20 15.70 8.00 11.70 5.30 8.20 0.30 218.25 3 2(3 计算数值表 表 (1)流速水头 管径 333cm/scm/scm/s Q= 87.98 () Q= 137.04 () Q= 218.25 () d A A A 222v/2gv/2gv/2gV V V (cm) 222cmcmcmcm/s) cm/s) cm/s) (((() ) ) (( (cm) (cm) (cm) 1.38 1.50 58.65 1.76 1.50 91.36 4.26 1.50 145.50 10.82 1.00 0.79 111.37 6.33 0.80 173.49 15.37 0.80 276.27 38.94 2.00 3.14 28.02 0.40 3.14 43.64 0.97 3.14 69.51 22.14 2(2)总水头(Z+p/ρg+v/2g) 单位:cm Q 测点编号 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 17 19 2(cm/s) 实验 1 43.86 43.56 43.46 42.96 42.83 40.86 40.76 39.46 39.96 38.66 43.73 37.36 87.98 2 45.56 44.16 43.36 42.96 41.37 36.46 36.66 33.26 34.46 31.46 43.87 28.76 137.04 次数 3 42.12 43.92 42.82 41.42 39.54 26.02 26.52 18.82 22.52 16.12 30.34 11.12 218.25 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 4(绘制上述结果中最大流量下的总水头线E-E和测压管水头线P-P。 测压管水头线 六、结果分析与讨论 1.测压管水头线和总水头线的变化趋势有何不同,为什么, 答:测压管水头线(P-P)沿程可升可降，线坡JP可正可负。而总水头线(E-E)沿程只降不升，线坡J恒为正，即J>0。这是因为水在流动过程中，依据一定边界条件，动能和势能可相互转换。测点5至测点7，管收缩，部分势能转换成动能，测压管水头线降低，Jp>0。测点7至测点9，管渐扩，部分动能又转换成势能，测压管水头线升高，JP<0。而据能量方程E1=E2+hw1-2, hw1-2为损失能量，是不可逆的，即恒有hw1-2>0，故E2恒小于E1，(E-E)线不可能回升。(E-E) 线下降的坡度越大，即J越大，表明单位 流程 快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计 上的水头损失越大，如图2.3的渐扩段和阀门等处，表明有较大的局部水头损失存在。 2. 增加，测压管水头线有何变化,为什么, 答:有 如 下 二 个 变 化 : (1)流量增加，测压管水头线(P-P)总降落趋势更显著。这是因为测压管水头 22pQ,,，,,,,，任一断面起始时的总水头E及管道过流断面面积A为定值时，QHZEEp222ggA, 2,p，Z增大，就增大，则必减小。而且随流量的增加阻力损失亦增大，管道任一过水断面上的总水,2g welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury p头E相应减小，故的减小更加显著。 ，Z, (2)测压管水头线(P-P)的起落变化更为显著。 因为对于两个不同直径的相应过水断面有 222222222,,,,,QAQAQA///p212212 ,,,，,，,，HZ(),,p2222gggg, 式中为两个断面之间的损失系数。管中水流为紊流时，接近于常数，又管道断面为定值，故Q增大，H亦增大，(P-P)线的起落变化就更为显著。 3.测点2、3和测点10、11的测压管读数分别说明了什么问题, p答:测点2、3位于均匀流断面(图2.2)，测点高差0.7cm，H=均为37.1cm(偶有毛细影响，ZP, 相差0.1mm)，表明均匀流同断面上，其动水压强按静水压强规律分布。测点10、11在弯管的急变流断面上，测压管水头差为7.3cm，表明急变流断面上离心惯性力对测压管水头影响很大。由于能量方程推导时的限制条件之一是“质量力只有重力”，而在急变流断面上其质量力，除重力外，尚有离心惯性力，故急变流断面不能选作能量方程的计算断面。在绘制总水头线时，测点10、11应舍弃。 4(毕托管所显示的总水头线与实测绘制的总水头线一般都略有差异，试分析其原因。 答:与毕托管相连通的测压管有1、6、8、12、14、16和18管，称总压管。总压管液面的连续即 p为毕托管测量显示的总水头线，其中包含点流速水头。而实际测绘的总水头是以实测的值加断面，Z, 2平均流速水头v/2g绘制的。据经验资料，对于园管紊流，只有在离管壁约0.12d的位置，其点流速方能代表该断面的平均流速。由于本实验毕托管的探头通常布设在管轴附近，其点流速水头大于断面平均流速水头，所以由毕托管测量显示的总水头线，一般比实际测绘的总水线偏高。 因此，本实验由1、6、8、12、14、16和18管所显示的总水头线一般仅供定性分析与讨论，只有按实验原理与方法测绘总水头线才更准确。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury