历史学-战争与广西边境口岸城市的萌芽（History war and the budding of frontier port cities in Guangxi）

历史学-战争与广西边境口岸城市的萌芽（History war and the budding of frontier port cities in Guangxi） 历史学-战争与广西边境口岸城市的萌芽(History war and the budding of frontier port cities in Guangxi) [Abstract] the purpose of this paper is to explore the germination of Guangxi frontier port city from the angle of war. The early non-agricultural settlements benefited from the economic contacts between the two countries in the border areas. However, due to the limitation of social production conditions, small-scale non-agricultural settlements can only be formed. War is an important reason for the formation of early frontier cities, but it is an accidental factor. Once this factor is lost, if there is no other function, the border city will shrink rapidly. At the same time, the destructive consequences of war can also lead to the rapid depression of border cities. Although the accidental factor of war plays an irreplaceable role in the budding period of border cities, it can not make the border cities develop steadily and stably for a long time. Keywords: War; interaction; frontier port city First, the development model of border cities In the development of border city since 1960s, foreign scholars have done a lot of useful research. They generally believe that there are two patterns of the development of border towns. The first: the traditional frontier town development model. Second types: core one edge model. In China, the research on the development of border cities has also made a series of research results, including the interaction of the border city as a representative. Zhang Lijun, Li Lan and Wang Yanxiang, starting from the urban function, studies the benign function interaction of the border cities adjacent to China and foreign countries. That the existence and development of the border city did not have a similar function overlap and lead to vicious competition, but the formation of the corresponding development to create the conditions for each other the normal functioning of the city, and the city's optimization, providing the necessary premise for the development of border areas adjacent to the Chinese economy and the whole national economy. The purpose of this paper is to study the germination of Guangxi frontier port city from the perspective of war interaction. The development of non agriculture settlement in Guangxi border area was mainly due to war, and the function as military city promoted the formation of frontier port town. Two, the early border city of Guangxi germination The border area of Guangxi and Vietnam is mostly mountainous area, and the population has been sparse in history. The village is weak in morning star, traffic block, backward culture, and mostly uninhabited area. With the development of history, the border areas began to develop gradually, especially in Dongxing and Pingxiang. Dongxing is located in the southwest of China mainland coastline, Southeast of the northern gulf. Southwest and Vietnam border, backed by the southwest, facing Southeast Asia, is our country and Vietnam land and sea connected place. Pingxiang has been the central way of the Central Plains to Vietnam since ancient times, the geographical position is very important. Therefore, in some special geographical locations, such as Dongxing and Pingxiang, the early non-agricultural settlements were formed. Geographical location plays a very important role in the budding process of the border cities in Guangxi. But historically, the development of social productivity in the border areas of Guangxi was low, and the relationship between the local economy and the external economy was not very close. In this case, dispersed, small-scale and relatively isolated agricultural production is the dominant mode of production in the regional economy. This city with close economic ties, extensive social division of labor is complicated, the production and distribution of large scale, population and social economic activities of highly concentrated social spatial organization form with the regional development reality is not suitable. Therefore, Pingxiang and Dongxing did not appear in the history of large-scale settlement of the city, the emergence of small-scale non agricultural settlements gathered. (1) economic interaction and the formation of early non agricultural settlements The reason for the formation of non-agricultural settlement in the border area is the need of the function of the administrative center. Whether tuguan rule, or the flow of official rule, the rulers should always be in some convenient communication, site construction officer Tai issue orders left and right Yashu, barracks, and other facilities also dug granary, wall to defend. The rulers and their staff, families, troops, servants etc. engaged in non-agricultural economic activities of the population gathered, The non basic city economic activities and the corresponding concentration of actors caused by providing various services. Economic factors have played a certain role in the germination and rise of Dongxing and Pingxiang. Although there has been a history of border trade, but the scale of what school in 1729 the Qing government implemented the "Kaiyang ban" policy, the western modern industrial manufactured goods flow into China by vietnam. China's exports have also been exported to Southeast Asia and overseas by Vietnam's ports of entry. The land of Pingxiang became the necessary place for the "Silk Road" in the south of China and the commodity distribution center of the Sino Vietnamese border trade. Twenty-six years Guangxu (1900), China and France combined between Dongxing and Mangjie built "international bridge", both China and Vietnam border trade began to frequent, plus domestic attracted merchants have come to the Dongxing business shop soared, followed a variety of goods. In the early Republic of China, the progressive development of border trade in Dongxing, the United States, Britain, France and Japan's Vietnamese goods enter the Dongxing market as Everfount, cashmere, cotton, West muslin Riyongbaihuo, cigarettes, wine, and other metal products, and exported to the mainland. At that time the Chinese export commodities have medicinal materials, ceramic products, three pigs, birds, firecrackers, ramie, cinnamon, star anise and other various agricultural and sideline products. Although the border of the border city of budding indeed played a certain role, but this role is always interrupted by war and other reasons, the budding border city plays very limited role. (two) the interaction of war and the budding of frontier port cities The important factor of urbanization settlement formation is the function of military city. Because of the frequent wars in the border area of Guangxi, many military facilities have been built in Pingxiang area. The most famous of friendship, close the city 18 kilometers away from the urban area of Pingxiang from the south, dongdang Vietnam Town 4 km, 16 km away from Lang Son city. Guan City in the two mountains confrontation dangerous depression. This was built in the Han Dynasty, the beginning of a harmony chicken pass, after the chicken, Guan, Ling Nan Guan, Jieshou Town, close to the town of South Gate, in 1953 1965 changed its name Mu Nan Guan. Now the building was rebuilt in 1957 with a height of 22 meters. In addition, the border between China and Vietnam is 22 kilometers north of the city. Area 16 kilometers southeast of built oil Guan ai. Mark is located in the gorge is very important, since there is an army garrison. In 1790, the Qing government of Vietnam king Ruan Guangping asked to open up for trade with Vietnam port. In the urban area 8.6 kilometers northwest of the mountain, there is a close to the narrow, Vietnam border into the city of Pingxiang is the most convenient channel, the design were heavily guarded. At the end of the Qing Dynasty Guangxi admiral Su Yuanchun rate department built a large and small cities. In addition to the pass, there are many dynasties built Fort Pingxiang. Tongzhi thirteen years (1874 AD), Vietnam Du Jing, Chen Rui considered phosphine border, to prevent the two thousand guards Qinzhou yong. Guangxu eight years (1882 AD), Ceng Guoquan because of Qinzhou, Dongxing street to Vietnam, two soldiers stationed in the camp, continue to veteran three battalions to help them. Guangxu ten years (AD 1884), the French occupation of Vietnam, the handling of military affairs secretary Peng Yulin Ying Yong zengdiao Guangdong and Guangxi went to Qinzhou. Guangxu eleven years (1885 AD), Peng Yulin and Qinzhou to recruit soldiers to join the regiment. Su Yuanchun served as the border supervisor, along the boundary line built many forts, towers and the Taiwan pass card. The military facilities were inseparable from the garrison, and all of them needed to be stationed, so there was a large number of border guards stationed at the border of Guangxi. In order to ensure the stability of the border areas, must solve the military Months and years pass by. stationed at the border guards life, emotional stability, improve the quality of border guards, border force full. So, to increase the population in the border areas, the development of production, economic prosperity, adjustment, improve the people, has become an urgent task at that time. The settlement of this task is related to the success or failure of frontier defense construction and the consolidation of frontier defense. Therefore, local officials have taken many measures. In the late Qing Dynasty, for example, Su Yuanchun adopted a series of measures: first, Su Yuanchun encouraged the relatives of the officers and men to move to the border, And the mobilization of the densely populated Qinzhou, Lianzhou, Yulin of the masses moved to the border region, Su Yuanchun also set aside a sum of money to build a house for their abode then opened Wei city. Before the Sino French war, the Sino Vietnamese border, due to the inconvenience of transportation conditions and other limitations, commercial underdevelopment, less market. Border trading is at the street, under the eaves, little city. Su Yuanchun served as the border supervision, to strengthen national defence, advocating immigrants, the development of the border region at the same time open up the market, active border economy, formed the rudiment of city. The reason why Pingxiang has become an international transportation hub can not be attributed to the construction and opening of the Sino Vietnamese railway transportation line. However, the construction of the railway was also for the purpose of war. A large number of troops stationed in Pingxiang on the land, the city received a variety of non-agricultural industries to achieve the pillar "gathered to cling to industry", although some people think that Pingxiang is the ancient exchanges between China and Vietnam's transport hub and the pass, but history shows that, until modern times, just because of the war that Pingxiang really has the traffic hub the function of. Urban agglomeration also develops. During the war of resistance against Japan, China's coastal ports were occupied and closed by Japanese troops, and Dongxing became the main port of the southwest coast of china. At that time, the international support of China's military supplies and relief supplies, mostly through the Vietnamese maritime transfer to Dongxing. At the same time, foreign goods were also introduced into Dongxing by mans street, and then sold everywhere. The bulk of native Fangcheng cinnamon, anise, Amomum, mostly exported via Dongxing, abroad Chang Dongxing, Mong Cai border and merchants gathered around the size of Sino Vietnamese trade, even more all through the night, The stream never stops flowing., and French colonial merchants at Mount street, opened Gambling Hall, restaurant, taste dance and so on. So Dongxing was a scene of prosperity at that time. At the same time, in Pingxiang, in order to obtain foreign aid, China in France's financial support, began in 1938 to build the South (ning) railway (South Gate). The summer of 1939, the railway tracks reached Ningming county (after the Japanese invaders crazy raids, difficult to build roads, railway construction, and the project stalled) simultaneously and highway transportation. All kinds of military materials imported from Vietnam by the Pingxiang Everfount overland to the country. Because of the need to manage military supplies, many wartime military authorities have set up office in Pingxiang. Including: the national government military department of the office of Pingxiang, southwest of the central transport department, Bank of Guangxi, Bank of communications, bank, bank, China Chinese farmers Guangdong road construction company, Dalian city and Nanshan automobile assembly plant, Hunan Guangxi railway town of the southern section from provincial offices and private road contractor etc.. This development has led to a dramatic increase in population and non agricultural socio-economic activities in Pingxiang. The population of the city has more than doubled from the original more than 2000 people. The increase of social and economic activities of urban population and basic cities also led to the rapid development of social and economic activities of various non basic cities serving them. In order to meet the needs of the population for food, daily necessities and other necessities, hundreds of vendors poured out Vietnamese liquor, cigarettes, soda water and fruit candy every day for military, civil servants and workers. Every day, the narrow streets crowd, the market is lively and unprecedented. Due to the narrow area of Dongxing and Pingxiang, and no industry, almost all the consumer goods needed by the city residents have to input from the outside. In short, because of the function of military transportation hub, Pingxiang's urban development, population and other industries gathered and expanded during the war. However, the agglomeration of urbanization caused by non economic factors is unstable. This interaction is not based on a solid economic foundation, but a casual interaction. Border towns rose for occasional reasons. It will inevitably decline because of the loss of this accidental cause. War and military build-up have never been sustained for a long time in human history. Once the end of the war, military forces, The function of the city fortress and the military transportation hub will also be lost. If there is no new urban function instead, the city will stagnate or shrink. Three, the lack of interaction and the shrinking of border cities The war -- this occasional bad motives played an important role in the formation process of promoting the border settlement in the city, but due to the further development of the war, the war in the fall and destruction, but also to the city settlement brought great disaster. From 1939 to 1944, the Japanese army carried out a number of brutal air raids on Pingxiang and invaded and occupied the city for the three time. The Chinese government's plan to obtain international aid with Pingxiang as a channel has been forced to end. After the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the Haikou corridor between China and the international community recovered smoothly, and no longer needed to go to Haikou directly from remote Pingxiang to vietnam. Pingxiang's urban development has been in a state of stagnation and atrophy. By the time of liberation, has not yet recovered from the dilapidated town was the bombing of the dilapidated decline: city of only 0.3 square kilometers, there are three street residents; only more than 200 households of more than 1000 people, half of 1939; residents have 1 / 3 for the thatched house, even the county is only simple brick. City economy is very backward, only a few private handicraft workshop simple iron, wood, bamboo, cloth and alcohol etc.. From the scale of production, product structure and quality, it is difficult to export a large amount of space to the region, which can only meet part of the needs of local residents. And there's no decent urban economy anymore. The basic function of the city is reduced to the administrative center of a single small area. Economically, cities depend entirely on rural supply, rather than providing all kinds of goods and services for rural development. The city has completely lost its vitality and development momentum. The once prosperous Dongxing became depressed after the Japanese invasion of Dongxing in 1945. The destruction of the war and the hindrance to economic development have seriously restricted the development of the city. After 1978, the Sino Vietnamese hostility, caused great obstacles to large number of overseas Chinese in Vietnam drive and provoke border armed conflict behavior for the development of Pingxiang city. The peaceful and friendly border once turned into a war zone interwoven with blood and fire. The peaceful and peaceful life of the people of Pingxiang has been broken. The production and construction can not go on normally. The frontier trade between China and Vietnam, which began in the early 1950s, was completely interrupted in 1979. The railway and road traffic between China and Vietnam were severed at the end of 70s, and had not been restored for more than 10 years. Until 1985, the Pingxiang city economic development still has yet to get rid of the plight, is listed as one of the 48 poverty counties of Guangxi. In the year, the per capita GNP of Pingxiang was 4393 yuan, and the per capita income was 366 yuan. Food after need to rely on National Coordinator from outside. During the 1955~1985 years, the grain imports amounted to 52.6% of Pingxiang's grain consumption during the same period. Fiscal year deficits, except for 1961, need to rely on higher subsidies to achieve balance of payments in all years. The income level of urban residents is very low, and the situation of rural residents is even more embarrassing. 25% of the peasants in the border area did not solve the problem of food and clothing. In 1985, the municipal government made a report on the treatment of war wounds, restoration, construction and future development. It pointed out that, compared with the mainland, it lagged behind for 15 years and lagged behind 25 years in comparison with the developed areas in the country. Four. Conclusion The development of Guangxi border area in the early settlements due to non-agricultural interaction in the border area, but this is an accidental factor, this factor once lost, if there is no other function, the border city is rapidly shrinking. At the same time, the devastating consequences of the war also led to the rapid depression of the border cities. Although the accidental factor of war plays an irreplaceable role in the budding period of border cities, it can not make the border cities develop steadily and stably for a long time. To achieve healthy and stable growth, the city can only be achieved under the conditions of peace and stability in the border areas.