药剂学实践试题及答案

药剂学实践试题及答案 1、 影响胃蛋白酶活力的主要因素是什么,怎样配制其合剂才能保持最大活力, 配制本品为什么一般不过滤, 影响胃蛋白酶活力的主要因素是pH值，一般在pH值为1.5,2.5时活力最大。 在配制胃蛋白酶合剂时，为保持酶的最大活力，必须做到: (1)处方中应加有适量的稀盐酸，使合剂的 pH值在2左右。 (2)配制时先将稀盐酸充分稀释后再撒入本品。 (3)不得用热水配制。 (4)避免剧烈振摇、搅拌及过滤。 配制胃蛋白酶合剂一般不过滤，因为氨基酸残基在酸性溶液中带正电荷，在碱性溶液中带负电荷，在合剂中胃蛋白酶是带正电荷的(因在酸性溶液中)。滤纸或棉花是由纤维所组成的，湿润后带负电荷，因此，过滤时滤纸或棉花能吸附一部分胃蛋白酶使活力降低，故不主张过滤;如必须过滤时，应将滤纸或棉花用蒸馏水湿润后，再以稀盐酸少许冲洗，目的是饱和滤材表面电荷，使之不会产生吸附现象。 2、高锰酸钾溶液是浓度越高越好吗,为什么, 不是。因为高锰酸钾是强氧化剂，有较强的杀菌作用。遇有机物起氧化作用，因氧原子立即与有机物结合，故无气泡出现。还原后形成的氧化锰与蛋白质结合成复合物。高锰酸钾低浓度有收敛作用;高浓度有腐蚀作用。 3、复方碘溶液如何制备,有哪些注意事项, (1)处方:碘 50g 碘化钾 100g 蒸馏水 适量，总量 1000ml。 (2)工艺:取碘与碘化钾，加蒸馏水 100ml溶解后，再加适量蒸馏水至1000ml即得。 (3)注意事项; ?碘化钾为助溶剂，溶解时尽量少用蒸馏水，以使其浓度大，碘才容易与碘化钾形成络合物而溶解。 ? 内服时可用水稀释 5,10倍，以减少其对粘膜的刺激性。 4、配制浓薄荷水时为何要加入滑石粉, 浓薄荷水制备过程中，加入滑石粉有分散剂和助滤剂的作用。分散剂是其与挥发油混匀后使油粒吸附于其颗粒周围，加水振摇时，易使挥发油均匀分布于水中，以增加挥发油溶解度;助滤剂作用是:滑石粉具有吸附的作用，过多的挥发油在过滤时，被吸附于滑石粉表面而除去。 药剂学实践 第 1 页 共 51 页 5、中药注射剂常用的提取和精制方法有哪些, (1)蒸馏法:药材中的挥发性成分随水蒸气蒸馏出来，收集馏出液。必要时可进行二次蒸馏，以提高 馏出液的纯度或浓度。 (2)水醇法:可分为水提醇沉或醇提水沉法。 (3)超滤法与反渗透法:超滤是应用特殊的高分子膜，将中药浸出液中不同分子量物质加以分离的新 技术。反渗透技术可用于中药水提液的浓缩，避免药物受热变质。 (4)其它提取精制方法:酸碱沉淀法，有机溶媒萃取法，透析法，离子交换法等。 6、简述浸出药剂的工艺 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 有哪些注意事项。 (1)在选择浸出药剂类型及组方选药时，应在中、西医药理论指导下，根据治疗的需要，通过实验研 究来确定。 (2)在选择溶剂和设计工艺时，应了解药材与方剂应用历史和现状，注意有效成分的特性，既要考虑 原有的设备充分运用，也要积极采取新技术、新工艺，充分浸出和运用有效成分。 (3)根据需要进行多指标比较实验、结合中医药实践应用经验、综合分析研究。 (4)质量规格的研究除原药材的品种鉴定外，主要是定性和定量方法的研究。 (5)对于一个处方或工艺的肯定或否定，应持慎重态度，坚持科学实验，重视分析研究 . 7、简述中药注射剂在灭菌后或贮藏中产生混浊或沉淀的原因和解决办法。 中药注射剂在灭菌后或在贮藏中往往产生混浊或沉淀，其原因: (1)注射液中含有未彻底除净的淀粉、树胶、蛋白质、鞣质、树脂、色素等杂质。 (2)杂质以胶体状态存在于注射液中，当 pH、温度等因素改变后，胶体老化而呈现混浊或沉淀，而影响注射剂质量。 解决办法: (1)明胶沉淀法、醇沉调 pH法、聚酰胺吸附法等除尽鞣质; (2)调节药液适中的 pH; (3)热处理冷藏法; (4)合理使用增溶剂; (5)超滤法。 药剂学实践 第 2 页 共 51 页 8、配制灭菌制剂环境及房屋基本条件是什么, (1)灭菌制剂室环境: ? 远离马路、环境安静、空气洁净地方; ? 30米以内不得有污染源，10米以内不得有露土地面，下水畅通。 (2)必须具备与制剂品种相适应的工作间，并按制剂工序合理布局，人流物流无交叉。 (3)注射剂和大输液室按不同生产工艺和产品质量分一般生产区、控制区、洁净区。 (4)内部结构:室内墙壁要平直，无缝隙。顶棚呈弧形，光洁，不得有积尘，霉斑和脱落物，门要光 滑、关闭严密、室内易清洗，并有通风和 "五防"(防尘、防污染、防蚊蝇、防虫鼠、防异物进入) 设备。室内不存放与配制无关的物品。 (5)根据各配制岗位特点，应采取防潮、排水等措施。 9、何谓无菌操作法。 是把整个过程控制在无菌条件下的一种操作方法，一切用具、材料、环境均要灭菌，操作在无菌操作室内或无菌柜内进行， (1)无菌操作室的灭菌:用空气灭菌法灭菌，对室内的空间、用具、地面等用 3%酚溶液或75%乙醇擦拭。其他用具用热压灭菌法或干热灭菌法灭菌; (2)无菌操作:人员进入前要洗澡，换上灭菌的工作服和鞋帽，安瓿要 150,180?，2~3小时干热灭菌，橡皮塞121?，1小时灭菌，有关器具都要灭菌。 10、何谓无菌检查法。 无菌检查法指检查药品、辅料缝合线、无菌器具及适用于药典要求的其他品种是否无菌的方法。经灭菌或无菌操作法处理后的制剂必须经过无菌检查法检验证实无微生物后方可使用。按《中国药典》2000年版二部之规定: (1)直接接种法:将供试品接种于培养基上，数日后与对照品比较或用显微镜观察; (2)薄膜过滤法:取定量供试品经薄膜滤过器滤过后取出滤膜在培养基上培养，数日后与对照品对比检查，或直接用显微镜观察。 11、用家兔热原检查时，注射药液后部分家兔体温下降，一般与哪些因素有关, (1)试验时操作不当，如体温表未涂润滑剂，插入动作不慎引起家兔肛门出血，可出现先降温后升温 的现象，或温度计插入肛门深度不够，一般应插入 3cm,4cm。 (2)寒冷季节大输液检品未经预热，当注射速度较快时可引起家兔体温下降。家兔热原检查前应在规定要求的条件下饲养，试验应在室温下进行。 (3)少数家兔由于体质较差，试验时间过长，家兔因饥饿可引起体温下降。 (4)输液中含有降温药物。 (5)热原质超过 25μg/kg可能使家兔体温下降。 药剂学实践 第 3 页 共 51 页 12、提高中药片剂质量应采取哪些措施, (1)提高药效 : 应采取适当措施加以解决组方不合理、药效不确切、提取纯化过程中有效成分损失、 中药材质量控制不严的问题。 (2)解决中药片剂吸湿措施:浸膏中加入适当辅料，高质量的包衣，再配合严密包装，可解决吸湿。 (3)解决中药片剂的硬度 :压片时适当减小压力;加大崩解剂的用量，选用崩解能力强的崩解剂等。 对这些问题必须结合具体品种加以研究解决。 (4)制定严格的质量标准以控制产品质量。 13、简述常用的蒸发设备。 (1)常压蒸发:溶液在一个大气压下进行蒸发的操作叫常压蒸发，被蒸发液中有效成分是耐热的，溶 剂无燃烧性、无毒、无害、无经济价值者可用此法; (2)减压蒸发:在密闭的蒸发器中，抽真空以降低其内部的压力，使液体沸腾温度降低的蒸发操作。 由于沸点低，能防止或减少热敏物质的分解，增大传热温度差，强化蒸发操作; 3)薄膜蒸发:使液体形成薄膜状态而进行快速蒸发的操作叫薄膜蒸发，在减压下，液体形成薄膜具( 有极大的汽化表面，传热快而均匀，无液体静压的影响，有温度低、时间短、速度快、可连续操 作和缩短生产周期等优点。 14、简述机械法制备乳剂过程。 (1)搅拌乳化设备:乳剂小量制备可用乳钵，大量制备可用搅拌乳化设备。 (2)乳匀机:借强大推动力使两相液体通过乳匀机的细孔而形成乳剂。制备时可先用其他方法初步乳 化，再用乳匀机乳化，效果较好。 (3)胶体磨:利用高速旋转的转子和定子之间的缝隙产生强大剪切力使液体乳化。对要求不高的乳剂 可用本法制备。 (4)超声波乳化装置:利用 10-50kHZ高频振动来制备乳剂。可制备O/W和W/O型乳剂，但粘度大的 乳剂不宜用本法制备。 15、《中国药典》(2000年版二部)对注射液中不溶性微粒检查有什么规定, 注射液中不溶性微粒是在澄明度检查符合规定后，用以检查静脉滴注用注射液(装量在100ml以上者)中的不溶性微粒。每1ml中10μm以上微粒不得超过20粒,25μm以上微粒不得超过2粒。 药剂学实践 第 4 页 共 51 页 16、输液是特殊的注射剂，它不适合与哪些注射液配伍, (1)血液:血液不透明，产生沉淀混浊时不易观察;另血液成分极复杂，与药物注射液混合后，可能 致溶血，血球凝聚等现象。 (2)甘露醇:甘露醇注射液含 20%甘露醇，为一过饱和溶液。甘露醇在水中溶解度(25?)为1:5.5，故20%已超过其溶解度。这种溶液如加入某些药物如氯化钾、氯化钠等溶液，能引起甘露醇结晶析出。 (3)静脉注射用脂肪乳剂:其稳定性受许多因素影响，加入药物会破坏乳剂稳定性，产生乳剂破裂， 油相合并或凝聚等现象。 17、临床发生输液反应应着重考虑哪些方面的原因, (1)用药不合理:临床输液时需配伍其它药物，虽然各种药物包括输液已经热原限度检测符合质量要 求，但多种药物合并使用后内毒素总值超过人体发热剂量，可出现热原反应。 (2)输注器具洗涤灭菌质量差，一次性输液器具的质量不符合标准。 (3)输液时操作不符合要求，对药液物理性状、输液瓶的密封性、输液器具的无菌等不做认真检查， 在高温潮湿季节或外环境较差条件时，过早将药液配好，致污染，内毒素超量。 (4)病人体质过差，药液温度过低，以及对药物过敏等都可出现输液反应。 18、输液染菌出现的现象及原因是什么, 输液染菌可出现菌团、云雾状、浑浊、产气等现象，有些则外观无变化。染菌原因有: (1)生产过程中的污染; (2)灭菌不彻底; (3)瓶身有裂缝; (4)瓶塞松动; (5)漏气; (6)超过规定使用期限等原因。 19、输液中异物与微粒有什么危害性, (1)较大的微粒，可造成局部循环障碍，引起血管栓塞; (2)微粒过多，造成局部堵塞和供血不足，组织缺氧而产生水肿和静脉炎; (3)异物侵入组织，由于巨噬细胞的包围和增殖引起肉芽肿; (4)微粒还可致过敏反应，热原样输液反应。因此输液中含有大量肉眼看不见的微粒，异物，其危害是潜在的长期的。 药剂学实践 第 5 页 共 51 页 20、注射剂常用配制方法有几种,对原料有什么要求, (1)浓配法:将全部原料药物加入部分溶媒中配成浓溶液，加热过滤，必要时也可冷藏后再过滤，然后稀释至所需浓度，对原料中所含部分溶解度小的杂质，利用浓配可滤过除去; (2)稀配法:将原料一次投料配成所需的浓度，稀配法一般适于质量好的原料。 21、葡萄糖注射液不稳定，产生5-羟甲基呋喃甲醛而致溶液变黄，pH下降，其原因和应采取的避免措施是什么, (1)在酸性溶液中，部分葡萄糖脱水形成 5-羟甲基呋喃甲醛，后者进一步分解为乙酰丙酸和蚁酸，同 时形成一种有色的聚合物;由于酸性物质的生成所以灭菌后pH下降。经验证，影响稳定性主要因 素是灭菌温度和溶液的pH。 (2)为了避免溶液变色而超过规定，要严格控制灭菌温度和时间，另调节溶液的 pH在3.8,4.0。 22、热原污染的途径有哪些, (1)从溶剂中带入:这是注射剂出现热原的主要原因; (2)从原料中带入:容易滋长微生物的药物，如葡萄糖因贮存年久，包装损坏常致污染热原;用生物 方法制备药物如右旋糖酐等常因致热物质除不尽而致发热反应; (3)从容器、用具、管道和装置等带入; (4)制备过程中污染; (5)从输液器具带入。 23、口服缓控释制剂一般如何进行体外试验, 体外试验尽可能模拟体内情况进行，但体内情况复杂，通常只能在温度、搅拌、介质pH等方面加以模拟。口服缓、控释制剂，一般试验条件为温度37?，释放介质为人工胃液和人工肠液，有时也用水。用药典片剂溶出试验装置(转篮式或桨式)进行溶出度试验。每隔一定时间吸取释药液若干，用0.8μm滤膜或其它滤材立即过滤，滤液用适当方法测定药物的溶出量。溶出实验数据按"固体剂型溶出度中实验数据的处理"有关规定进行。 24、缓释制剂工艺原理中减少溶出速度为主的方法有哪几种, (1)制成溶解度小的盐类或酯。 (2)与高分子化合物生成难溶性盐，碱性蛋白如鱼精蛋白可与胰岛素结合成溶解度小的盐，加入锌盐 成为鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素。 (3)控制颗粒大小，难溶性药物的颗粒直径增加可使其吸收减慢。 (4)将药物包藏于溶蚀性骨架中，用脂肪、蜡类等物质为主要基质制成缓释片。 (5)将药物包藏于亲水性胶体物质中，制成胃内滞留型制剂、胃粘附型制剂、胃膨胀型制剂等缓控释 制剂。 药剂学实践 第 6 页 共 51 页 25、缓释制剂中采用哪些工艺可以减小扩散速度, (1)包衣。 (2)制成微囊。 (3)制成不溶性骨架片: ?不溶性塑料骨架片; ?亲水性凝胶骨架片; ?溶蚀性骨架片。 (4)增加粘度，以减少扩散系数。 (5)制成植入剂。 (6)制成药树脂。 (7)制成乳剂。 (8)制成脂质体。 26、如何进行膜材的复合和成型, (1)涂布和干燥是基本工艺，涂布前应确定涂布液固含量或其它决定质量的指标，如粘度，表面张力、 单位面积用量，涂布厚度或增重等。将涂布液布在相应材料上，如铝箔、膜材或防粘材料上，干燥，驱除溶剂即得。 2)复合:把各个层次复合在一起就形成多层 TDDS，例如对膜控释型的硝酸甘油TDDS，系将涂布( 有压敏胶层的控释膜的边缘与防粘纸粘和，然后与中心载有定量药库的铝箔通过热压法使控释膜的边缘与铝箔上的复合聚乙烯层熔合。对骨架型和粘胶型TDDS多用粘合方式复合。 27、简述中药眼用制剂的特点。 (1)对眼睛刺激性小; (2)使用方便，药效可靠; (3)固体散剂多为矿物，在结膜囊内分布均匀，接触面大，时间长，疗效显著。 28、简述中药软膏剂中药材的处理原则。 (1)不溶性固体药材细粉可用少量基质或其它液体成分调成糊状再与基质混合; (2)可溶于基质的药物如挥发油先溶于少量基质再制成软膏剂; (3)少量可溶于水的药物先加入少量水溶解、加羊毛脂吸收后再与基质混合; (4)中药材提取液需浓缩为浸膏、必要时加羊毛脂吸收后再与基质混合; (5)处方中有共熔组分如樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑等可先共熔后再与基质混合。 药剂学实践 第 7 页 共 51 页 29、中药片剂制备中中药提取的原则, (1)含有纤维较多、质地坚硬、难粉碎的中药材以及用量较大和质轻、体积大的中药材，一般需经过 提取后制片，以利于缩小片剂体积; (2)含有淀粉较多的中药材，部分或全部粉碎后作辅料加入，以节约其它辅料用量; (3)有效成分不明确的中药材一般均制成浸膏或磨粉后制片;明确有效成分、性质稳定用适宜方法和 溶剂提取后制片。 (4)处方中的细粉、贵重药等，为避免 损失，一般不经提取，可磨粉后加入片剂中。 (5)有的中药材粉碎时，残渣很难进一步粉碎，可加入其它浸膏中提取后使用。 30、中药片剂的制粒压片法有哪些, (1)药材全粉末制粒法:将处方中全部中药材，混合粉碎成细粉，加适当粘合剂制软材，再制成颗粒、 干燥、压片。 (2)浸膏与药材细粉混合制粒:将处方中的药材部分磨成细粉，部分提取浸膏，再将浸膏与药粉混合 制颗粒。 (3)干浸膏制粒:将处方中全部药材制成浸膏，干燥得干浸膏，再制干颗粒、压片。 (4)含挥发油药材制颗粒:含挥发油的药材，应提取挥发油加入干燥的颗粒中。 (5)药材有效部位制颗粒有利于缩小片剂体积，也可以简化片剂制备工艺。 (6)中药片剂除含有中药材外还含有一种或两种以上化学药物。化学药物粉碎成细粉与药材细粉混合， 加粘合剂制颗粒，压片。 31、配制浓薄荷水时为何要加入滑石粉, 浓薄荷水制备过程中，加入滑石粉有分散剂和助滤剂的作用。分散剂是其与挥发油混匀后使油粒吸附于其颗粒周围，加水振摇时，易使挥发油均匀分布于水中，以增加挥发油溶解度;助滤剂作用是:滑石粉具有吸附的作用，过多的挥发油在过滤时，被吸附于滑石粉表面而除去。 32、微囊化对囊材一般有何要求, 1.性质稳定; 2. 无毒、无刺激性; 3. 有适宜的释药速率; 4. 能与药物配伍，不影响药物的药理作用及含量测定; 5. 有一定强度及可塑性，能完全包封囊心物; 6. 具符合要求的粘度、渗透性、亲水性、溶解性等特性。 药剂学实践 第 8 页 共 51 页 33、简述何谓渗漉法。 渗漉法是在药粉上添加浸出溶剂使其渗过药粉，自下部流出浸出液的一种浸出法。当浸出溶剂渗过药粉时，由于重力作用而向下移动，上层的浸出溶剂或稀浸液置换其位置，造成了浓度梯度，使扩散能较好地进行。故浸出效果优于浸渍法，而且也省略了大部浸液分离的时间和操作，适用于高浓度浸出制剂的制备，亦可用于药材有效成分含量较低的提取。渗漉法对药材的粒度及工艺技术条件要求较高，操作条件不当，可影响渗漉效率，甚至影响渗漉过程的正常进行。此外，对新鲜及易膨胀的药材，无组织结构的药材也不宜应用渗漉法。 34、简述何为水蒸气蒸馏法。 将药材的粗粉或碎片浸泡湿润后，直火加热蒸馏或通入水蒸气蒸馏，也可在多功能中药提取罐中对药材边煎煮边蒸馏，药材的挥发成分随水蒸气蒸馏带出，经冷凝后分离，收集挥发油。该法适用有挥发性，能随水蒸气蒸馏而不被破坏，难溶或不溶水的化学成分的提取、分离。 35、简述溶剂回收的几种方法。 1.蒸馏法:对含乙醇等有机溶剂的浸出液进行浓缩时，蒸发的蒸气经冷凝器冷凝后回收，经适当处理或蒸馏提高其浓度，可重复使用; 2.套用稀浸液:同品种的稀浸液，留作下批产品的溶剂，既充分利用了溶剂，也消除对稀浸液的处理过程; 药渣中溶剂回收:通常在浸出器底部通入蒸气，将溶剂汽化，冷凝回收。 3. 36、简述多级浸出工艺过程。 多级浸出工艺亦称重浸渍法.它是将药材置于浸出罐中,将一定量的溶剂分次加入进行浸出的操作.亦可将药材分装于一组浸出罐中,新溶剂分次进入第一个浸出罐与药材接触浸出,第一罐的浸出液继续进入第二浸出罐与药材接触浸出,这样依次通过全部浸出罐,成品或浸出液由最后一个浸出罐流入接受器中. 37、简述多功能提取器的功能及其特点。 可提供药材水提取、醇提取、提取挥发油、回收药渣中的溶剂等，并能适用于渗漉、温浸、回流、循环浸渍、加压或减压浸出等工艺。 其特点有:1.提取时间短; 2.应用范围广; 3.采用气压自动排渣快而净; 4.操作安全、方便、可靠; 5.设有集中控制台控制操作，便于中药制剂实现机械化、自动化生产。 药剂学实践 第 9 页 共 51 页 38、中药注射剂常用的提取和精制方法有哪些, 1. 蒸馏法:药材中的挥发性成分随水蒸气蒸馏出来，收集馏出液。必要时可进行二次蒸馏，以提高馏 出液的纯度或浓度。 2. 水醇法:可分为水提醇沉或醇提水沉法。 3. 超滤法与反渗透法:超滤是应用特殊的高分子膜，将中药浸出液中不同分子量物质加以分离的新技 术。反渗透技术可用于中药水提液的浓缩，避免药物受热变质。 4.其它提取精制方法:酸碱沉淀法，有机溶媒萃取法，透析法，离子交换法等。 39.简述浸膏剂的制备方法。 药材用适宜溶剂浸出有效成分，蒸去全部溶剂，调整浓度至规定标准所制成的膏状或粉状的固体制剂。除另有规定外，浸膏剂每1g相当于原有药材2~5g。含有生物碱或其它有效成分的浸膏剂，经过含量测定后用稀释剂调整至规定的规定标准。 40、简述流浸膏剂的制备方法。 药材用适宜的溶剂浸出有效成分，蒸去部分溶剂，调整浓度至规定标准而制成的液体制剂。除另外 ，制备流浸膏剂常用不同浓度的乙醇为溶剂，少数以水为溶有规定，流浸膏剂每1ml相当于原药材1g 剂。乙醇能除去部分杂质并有防腐作用。流浸膏剂久置易沉淀，可滤去，测定有效成分含量，调整至标准，仍可使用。 41、影响湿热灭菌的因素有哪些, 1 . 微生物的种类和数量。 2 . 注射液的性质与灭菌时间。 3 . 介质的性质。 4 . 蒸气的性质。 42、简述射线灭菌法。 1. 辐射灭菌法:以放射性同位素放射的γ射线杀菌的方法。本法穿透性强，适合不耐热药物的灭菌; 2. 紫外线灭菌法:指用紫外线照射杀灭微生物的方法，一般灭菌的紫外线波长是200,300nm，灭菌力 最强为254nm，适合表面灭菌、空气灭菌、蒸馏水灭菌，不适于药液、固体物质深部的灭菌及容器 中药物的灭菌; 3. 微波灭菌法:用微波照射产生的热杀灭微生物的方法，本法适于注射液的灭菌。具有低温、常压、 省时、高效、均匀、节能、环保等优点。 药剂学实践 第 10 页 共 51 页 43、简述滤过灭菌法。 是一种机械除菌法，适于对热不稳定的药液、气体、水等的灭菌。筛滤器要求其孔径大小必须小到足以阻止细菌和芽孢透过滤孔，大小约0.2μm。常用的有微孔膜滤器，G6号垂熔玻璃漏斗，白陶土滤柱。本法应配合无菌操作技术，并对成品进行无菌检查，以保证灭菌质量。 44、何谓无菌操作法。 是把整个过程控制在无菌条件下的一种操作方法，一切用具、材料、环境均要灭菌，操作在无菌操作室内或无菌柜内进行， 1.无菌操作室的灭菌:用空气灭菌法灭菌，对室内的空间、用具、地面等用3%酚溶液或75%乙醇擦拭。其他用具用热压灭菌法或干热灭菌法灭菌; 2. 无菌操作:人员进入前要洗澡，换上灭菌的工作服和鞋帽，安瓿要150,180?，2~3小时干热灭菌，橡皮塞121?，1小时灭菌，有关器具都要灭菌。 45、何谓无菌检查法。 无菌检查法指检查药品、辅料缝合线、无菌器具及适用于药典要求的其他品种是否无菌的方法。经灭菌或无菌操作法处理后的制剂必须经过无菌检查法检验证实无微生物后方可使用。按《中国药典》2000年版二部之规定: 1.直接接种法:将供试品接种于培养基上，数日后与对照品比较或用显微镜观察; 2.薄膜过滤法:取定量供试品经薄膜滤过器滤过后取出滤膜在培养基上培养，数日后与对照品对比检查，或直接用显微镜观察。 46、用家兔热原检查时，注射药液后部分家兔体温下降，一般与哪些因素有关, 1.试验时操作不当，如体温表未涂润滑剂，插入动作不慎引起家兔肛门出血，可出现先降温后升温的现象，或温度计插入肛门深度不够，一般应插入3cm,4cm。 2. 寒冷季节大输液检品未经预热，当注射速度较快时可引起家兔体温下降。家兔热原检查前应在规定要求的条件下饲养，试验应在室温下进行。 3.少数家兔由于体质较差，试验时间过长，家兔因饥饿可引起体温下降。 4.输液中含有降温药物。 5.热原质超过25μg/kg可能使家兔体温下降。 药剂学实践 第 11 页 共 51 页 47、简述微孔滤膜的热稳定性及在注射剂生产中的应用。 纤维素混合酯滤膜在干热125?以下的空气中较稳定，在125?以上就逐渐分解，故121?热压灭菌，滤膜不受影响，过滤液体可在温度85?情况下进行若干小时;聚四氟乙烯膜在260?的高温下不受影响。在注射液中可将膜滤器串联在常规滤器后作为末端过滤之用。通常使用0.65μm,0.8μm的滤膜，注射液的澄明度可以大大提高，但不能达到除菌要求，滤后还需灭菌。除菌过滤也是微孔滤膜应用的一个重要方面，特别对于一些不耐热的产品，可用0.45μm或0.22μm的滤膜作无菌过滤。 48、提高中药片剂质量应采取哪些措施, 1. 提高药效: 应采取适当措施加以解决组方不合理、药效不确切、提取纯化过程中有效成分损失、中药材质量控制不严的问题。 2.解决中药片剂吸湿措施:浸膏中加入适当辅料，高质量的包衣，再配合严密包装，可解决吸湿。 3.解决中药片剂的硬度:压片时适当减小压力;加大崩解剂的用量，选用崩解能力强的崩解剂等。对这些问题必须结合具体品种加以研究解决。 49、简述常用的蒸发设备。 1.常压蒸发:溶液在一个大气压下进行蒸发的操作叫常压蒸发，被蒸发液中有效成分是耐热的，溶剂无燃烧性、无毒、无害、无经济价值者可用此法; 2.减压蒸发:在密闭的蒸发器中，抽真空以降低其内部的压力，使液体沸腾温度降低的蒸发操作。由于沸点低，能防止或减少热敏物质的分解，增大传热温度差，强化蒸发操作; 3.薄膜蒸发:使液体形成薄膜状态而进行快速蒸发的操作叫薄膜蒸发，在减压下，液体形成薄膜具有极大的汽化表面，传热快而均匀，无液体静压的影响，有温度低、时间短、速度快、可连续操作和缩短生产周期等优点。 50、简述附加剂的要求。 1. 对人体无毒害作用。 2. 化学性质稳定，不易受温度、pH值、保存时间等的影响。 3. 与主药无配伍禁忌，不影响主药的疗效和质量检查。 4. 不与包装材料相互发生作用。 5. 尽可能用较小的用量发挥较大的作用。 药剂学实践 第 12 页 共 51 页 51、简述辅助乳化剂有哪些。 1. 增加水相粘度的辅助乳化剂，如甲基纤维、羧甲基纤维素钠、西黄蓍胶、阿拉伯胶、黄原胶、瓜耳 胶等。 2. 增加油相粘度的辅助乳化剂，如鲸蜡醇、蜂蜡、单硬脂酸甘油酯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇等。 52、简述配制糖浆剂过程中药物加入的方法。 1. 水溶性固体药物,可先用少量蒸馏水溶解再与单糖浆混合;水中溶解度小的药物可酌加少量其他适宜 的溶剂使药物溶解,然后加入单糖浆中,搅匀,即得。 2. 药物为可溶性液体或药物的液体制剂时,可将其直接加入单糖浆中,必要时滤过; 3 . 药物为含乙醇的液体制剂时,与单糖浆混合常产生混浊,可加入适量甘油助溶; 4 .药物为水溶性浸出制剂时,需纯化再加到单糖浆中. 53、糖浆剂的制备方法有几种, . 溶解法: 1 2. 热溶法:将蔗糖加入沸蒸馏水中，加热溶解后，降温后再加其它药物，溶解、过滤，自滤器上添加蒸馏水使成全量，搅匀，即得。 3 . 冷溶法:将蔗糖溶于冷蒸馏水或含药的溶液中制成糖浆即可。 4 . 混合法:系将药物与单糖浆均匀混合制成。 54、简述影响高分子溶液剂稳定性的因素。 1.水化作用:高分子化合物含大量亲水基，可与水形成水化膜，水化膜可防止高分子化合物相互凝聚。但加入大量电解质、脱水剂、絮凝剂或改变pH值等，可破坏水化膜形成沉淀。 2. 电荷:带相反电荷的两种高分子溶液混合，可形成高分子复合物而沉淀。 55、简述溶液剂的制法。 1.溶解法:取处方总量3/4量的溶剂，加入称好的药物，搅拌使其溶解。如处方有附加剂或溶解度较小的药物，应先将其溶解于溶剂中，再加入其它药物使溶解。必要时可将固体药物先粉碎或加热助溶，难溶性药物可加适当的助溶剂使其溶解。制备的溶剂应过滤，滤过的药液应质检; 2.稀释法:先将药物制成高浓度溶液或易溶解性药物制成贮备液，再用溶剂稀释至需要浓度即可。 药剂学实践 第 13 页 共 51 页 56、简述溶液剂的添加剂有哪些, 1. 甜味剂:常用的有陈皮糖浆、枸橼酸糖浆、单糖浆或蔗糖等。 2.芳香剂:常用的有香蕉、桔子、茴香、薄荷等食用香精。 3 .胶浆剂:淀粉、阿拉伯胶、琼脂、明胶等。 4.泡腾剂:通常为有机酸和碳酸氢钠制成。 5 .着色剂:内服药剂着色，必须用食用色素。国家允许应用的合成食用色素有苋菜红、胭脂红、柠檬黄和靛蓝四种。外用制剂的着色剂品种较多，除可用食用色素外，还可用曙红;品红;亚甲蓝等。 57、混悬剂的重新分散试验如何操作, 混悬剂重新分散试验法:将混悬剂放在100ml刻度筒内，放置沉降，在20转/分转速下，经一定时间，量筒底部的沉降物应消失。 58、举例说明常用的助悬剂有哪些, 1.低分子助悬剂:如甘油、糖浆等。 2.高分子助悬剂:天然高分子助悬剂有阿拉伯胶粉末、西黄蓍胶、琼脂等;合成类高分子助悬剂有甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠等。 3 .硅酸类:如胶体二氧化硅、硅酸铝等。 4.触变胶:如2%硬脂酸铝在植物油中可形成触变胶。 60、制成混悬剂的条件有哪些, 1. 凡难溶性药物需制成液体制剂供临床应用时; 2. 药物的剂量超过了溶解度而不能以溶液剂形式应用; 3 .两种溶液混合时药物的溶解度降低而析出固体药物; 4 .为了使药物产生缓释作用; 5 .毒剧药或剂量小的药物不应制成混悬剂。 药剂学实践 第 14 页 共 51 页 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 药剂学实践 第 15 页 共 51 页 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 药剂学实践 第 16 页 共 51 页 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 药剂学实践 第 17 页 共 51 页 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 药剂学实践 第 18 页 共 51 页 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 药剂学实践 第 19 页 共 51 页 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 药剂学实践 第 20 页 共 51 页 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 药剂学实践 第 21 页 共 51 页 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 药剂学实践 第 22 页 共 51 页 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 药剂学实践 第 23 页 共 51 页 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 药剂学实践 第 24 页 共 51 页 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 药剂学实践 第 25 页 共 51 页 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 药剂学实践 第 26 页 共 51 页 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 药剂学实践 第 27 页 共 51 页 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 药剂学实践 第 28 页 共 51 页 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 药剂学实践 第 29 页 共 51 页 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 药剂学实践 第 30 页 共 51 页 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 药剂学实践 第 31 页 共 51 页 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 药剂学实践 第 32 页 共 51 页 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 药剂学实践 第 33 页 共 51 页 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 药剂学实践 第 34 页 共 51 页 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 药剂学实践 第 35 页 共 51 页 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 药剂学实践 第 36 页 共 51 页 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 药剂学实践 第 37 页 共 51 页 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 药剂学实践 第 38 页 共 51 页 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 药剂学实践 第 39 页 共 51 页 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 药剂学实践 第 40 页 共 51 页 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 药剂学实践 第 41 页 共 51 页 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 药剂学实践 第 42 页 共 51 页 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 药剂学实践 第 43 页 共 51 页 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 药剂学实践 第 44 页 共 51 页 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 药剂学实践 第 45 页 共 51 页 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 药剂学实践 第 46 页 共 51 页 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 药剂学实践 第 47 页 共 51 页 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 药剂学实践 第 48 页 共 51 页 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 药剂学实践 第 49 页 共 51 页 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 药剂学实践 第 50 页 共 51 页 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 药剂学实践 第 51 页 共 51 页