第一章 糖类的结构与功能

第一章 糖类的结构与功能 一、糖的概念及分类(掌握糖的概念及其分类 掌握糖类的元素组成、化学本质 及生物学功用 理解旋光异构) 1、糖类物质是指多羟醛或多羟酮类化合物(包括其缩聚物及部分衍生物)。主要由C、H、O组成，其分子式常用Cm(H2O)n来 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示，所以又称碳水化合物。 2、功能:作为能源 作为碳源 作为结构性物质 细胞识别和信息传递的重要参与者。 3、按其水解情况分类—— 单 糖(monosacchride)凡不能被水解为更小分子的糖( 核糖、葡萄糖)。 寡 糖(oligosacchride) 凡能被水解成少数(2-10个)单糖分子的糖。 如:蔗糖 葡萄糖 + 果糖 多 糖(polysacchride) 凡能被水解成多个(>10个)单糖分子的糖。 如:淀粉 n葡萄糖 4、旋光异构 二、单糖、双糖及多糖(掌握单糖、二糖、寡糖和多糖的结构和性质 了解糖聚合物及其代表和它们的生物学功能) 1、单糖: ? 根据羰基特点:醛糖、酮糖。根据碳原子数:丙糖、丁糖、戊糖、己糖等。 ? 构型:根据离羰基最远的不对称C原子的-OH位置:-OH 在左L;-OH 在右D 天然单糖大多数是 D-型糖。 旋光性: 右旋 + ; 左 , ? 结构:链式结构 环状结构 ? 性质:与强酸共热生成糠醛 与酸成酯——磷酸酯 遇碱分解成不同物质 半缩醛羟基与醇、酚羟基脱水成苷 氧化作用 还原作用 2、 寡糖: ? 概念:少数单糖(2-10个)缩合的聚合物。 ? 分布:自然界分布的主要是双糖、三糖。 ? 结构:单糖的组成;糖苷键的连接方式;糖苷键的连接位置。 ? 生物学功能:重要生物分子的组分;结构成分;信号分子。 ? 寡糖的一般性质 还原糖:有游离半缩醛羟基的寡糖 如:麦芽糖、乳糖。 非还原糖:无游离半缩醛羟基的寡糖 如:蔗糖。 3、 具有特殊功能的低聚糖: ?功能性食品 a) 低热、低脂、低胆固醇、低盐、高纤维素 b) 低聚糖(寡糖)和短肽(寡肽) ?具有特殊保健功能的低聚糖 c) 低聚果糖、乳果聚糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚木糖、低聚氨基葡萄糖 低聚果糖的生理活性 低聚木糖的特性 环状低聚糖 环糊精的结构特点 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 4、 多糖: ? 概念:由多个单糖以糖苷键相连而成的高分子聚合物。 方向:左:非还原端;右:还原端。 ? 结构 :一级结构:单糖的组成;糖苷键的类型;单糖的排列顺序而异。 二级结构:取决于一级结构，指其分子骨架。 ? 性质:胶体溶液、无甜味、无还原性、 有旋光性，但无变旋现象。 ? 种类:均一多糖 不均一多糖 ? 主要功能:作为动植物结构的骨架物质;作为储存物质;机体的防御功能; 抗凝作用等等。 ? 生物学上重要的多糖:淀粉(直链 支链——糊化 老化)、糖原、纤维素、 壳聚糖、右旋糖苷(人工合成的葡聚糖)、其它多糖 第二章 脂类和生物膜 一、脂类的概念、结构及功能(了解脂质的类别、功能 了解重要脂肪酸、重要 磷脂的结构 掌握甘油脂、磷脂的通式以及脂肪 酸的特性 掌握油脂和甘油磷脂的结构与性质) 1、定义:脂肪和类脂总称为脂类(lipid) 、分类:脂肪 (fat) :脂酰甘油 (TAG) 也称为甘油三酯 (triglyceride, TG) 2 类脂(lipoid):胆固醇 (cholesterol,CHOL ) 胆固醇酯 (cholesterol ester, CE) 磷脂 (phospholipid, PL) 鞘脂 (sphingolipids) 3、脂类物质的基本构成:甘油三酯 甘油磷脂(phosphoglycerides) 胆固醇酯 4、脂类的分类、含量、分布及生理功能 分类 含量 分布 生理功能 脂肪 95, 脂肪组织、 1. 储脂供能 甘油三酯 血浆 2. 提供必需脂酸 3. 促脂溶性维生素吸收 4. 热垫作用 5. 保护垫作用 6. 构成血浆脂蛋白 类脂 5, 生物膜、 1. 维持生物膜的结构和功能 糖酯、胆固神经、 2. 胆固醇可转变成类固醇激素、 血浆 醇维生素、胆汁酸等 及3. 构成血浆脂蛋白 其 酯 、 磷 脂 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第三章 蛋白质化学 一、蛋白质的生物学意义及蛋白质的化学组成 (了解蛋白质的生理功能，掌握 蛋白质的元素组成) 1、生物学意义:1)作为生物催化剂(酶)2)代谢调节作用3)免疫保护作用 4)物质的转运和存储5)运动与支持作用6)参与细胞间信息传递 2、化学组成:主要有C、H、O、N和S。有些蛋白质含有少量磷或金属元素铁、 铜、锌、锰、钴、钼，个别蛋白质还含有碘 。 各种蛋白质的含氮量很接近，平均为16,。 所以， 100克样品中蛋白质的含量 ( g % )= 每克样品含氮克数× 6.25×100 二、氨基酸的结构分类及性质 (了解氨基酸的分类 掌握氨基酸的物理性质和 化学性质 理解氨基酸的结构与等电点的概念) 1、结构分类:非极性疏水性氨基酸 极性中性氨基酸 酸性氨基酸 碱性氨基酸 2、氨基酸的理化性质:两性解离及等电点 紫外吸收 茚三酮反应 3、等电点(isoelectric point, pI) :在某一pH的溶液中，氨基酸解离成阳离子和 阴离子的趋势及程度相等，成为兼性离子，呈电 中性。此时溶液的pH值称为该氨基酸的等电点。 4、氨基酸的结构 三、蛋白质的肽链结构及高级结构 (掌握肽键的特点 理解蛋白质二级和三级 结构的类型及特点，四级结构的概念及亚基 理解蛋白质功能与其高级结构的关系) 1、肽键(peptide bond):是由一个氨基酸的,-羧基与另一个氨基酸的,-氨基脱水 缩合而形成的化学键。 2、二级结构 3、三级结构 4、四级结构 5、蛋白质功能与其(高级)结构的关系 四、蛋白质的理化性质(掌握蛋白质的变性作用 理解蛋白质的两性解离及等电 点、蛋白质的胶体性质及影响蛋白质胶体溶液稳定的因素; 掌握蛋白质的分离纯化 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 了解蛋白质结构与功能的关系) integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第四章 核酸的化学 一、核酸的概念及重要性(掌握核酸的分类 理解DNA、RNA在生物合成中的重要作用) 1、分类及作用:脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) : 携带遗传信息，决定细胞和个体的基因型(genotype)。 2、核糖核酸(ribonucleic acid, RNA):参与细胞内DNA遗传信息的表达。某些病 毒RNA也可作为遗传信息的载体。 二、核酸的组成成分 掌握核苷酸、核苷、碱基、嘧啶及其结构 理解核酸分子水解及产物(几种重要的核苷酸衍生物) 全面了解核苷酸组成、结构、结构单位 掌握核苷酸的性质 三、核酸的分子结构 掌握核苷酸的连接方式，DNA、RNA碱基组成的特点 理解核酸的一级结构及表示方法、DNA双螺旋二级结构的要点、DNA双螺 旋结构的稳定因素 了解tRNA的三叶草叶型二级结构; 四、核酸的性质 掌握核酸的紫外吸收性质，核酸的变性、复性 了解核酸的主要理化特性 第五章 酶 一、酶的概念、命名和分类(理解酶的定义，酶的系统分类及命名; 理解酶与一般非生物催化剂的区别;) 二、酶的化学本质及其组成(掌握全酶、辅酶、辅基的概念;理解酶的化学本质， 酶的催化活力与辅酶、辅基、金属离子的关系; 理解单体酶、寡聚酶、多酶复合物;) 三、酶的结构与功能的关系(掌握活性中心、酶原、酶原的激活合同工酶的概念 理解酶的结构、酶的构象与催化功能的关系;) 四、酶催化作用的专一性及 机制 综治信访维稳工作机制反恐怖工作机制企业员工晋升机制公司员工晋升机制员工晋升机制图 (掌握酶作用的专一性、酶催化的本质、酶的催 化机制; 理解中间产物学说、诱导契合学说;) 五、酶促反应的速度和影响酶促反应速度的因素(掌握酶促反应初速度的概念和 酶促反应速度的测定原理;理解酶促反应速度与酶浓度的关系;掌握米 氏方程及其意义，米氏常数的概念、物理意义及求法(双倒数作图法); 掌握pH、温度、激活剂对酶促反应的影响及机制;了解别构效应，别 构酶的特点;理解酶的抑制作用、分类和作用机制) 六、 酶的分离纯化 (掌握酶活力、活力单位、比活力的概念和酶浓度的表示 方法;理解酶活力测定的条件(温度，pH，底物浓度等); 掌握酶分离提纯的步骤方法) integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第六章 维生素和辅酶 一、维生素的概念与类别(掌握维生素的定义及特点;了解水溶性维生素的结构 特点、生理功能;了解脂溶性维生素的结构特点、生 理功能理解维生素的生理意义) 二、维生素与辅酶 掌握重要的辅酶的功能; 理解维生素与辅酶、辅基的关系，包括:VB1 与TPP，VB2 与FMN、FAD， VB3 与泛酸，VB5 与NAD、NADP，VB6 与磷酸吡哆醛、磷酸吡哆胺， VB7 (生物素)，VB11 与叶酸辅酶，VB12 与VB12辅酶; 第七章 新陈代谢和生物能学 一、新陈代谢的概念、类型及其特点 理解新陈代谢的概念、类型及其特点 二、ATP与高能磷酸化合物 了解高能磷酸化合物的概念和种类 理解ATP的生物学功能 三、电子传递过程与ATP的生成 掌握呼吸链的组分、呼吸链中传递体的排列顺序 掌握氧化磷酸化偶联机制(化学渗透学说) 理解NADH呼吸链、FADH2呼吸链; 掌握底物水平磷酸化和氧化磷酸化; integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第八章 糖代谢 一、糖的分解代谢(重点) 1、糖的降解:理解多糖和低聚糖的酶促降解 2、 糖的无氧分解 掌握糖的无氧氧化、糖酵解的概念、部位; 掌握糖酵解的反应步骤、重要的酶、ATP及还原力的生成过程和能量计算; 了解糖酵解的意义; 3、 糖的有氧氧化 掌握糖的有氧氧化的概念、部位; 掌握糖酵解、丙酮酸的氧化脱羧和三羧酸循环的途径，重要的酶及其限速酶 调控位点，ATP及还原力的生成和能量计算; 理解乙醛酸循环的途径及生物学意义; 掌握磷酸戊糖途径的过程及生物学意义; 了解葡萄糖各降解途径的相互关系; 二、糖的合成代谢 掌握糖原合成作用的概念、反应步骤及限速酶 理解蔗糖、淀粉的合成途径，重要的酶，能量消耗; integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第九章 脂类的代谢 一、脂肪的分解代谢 了解脂类的消化、吸收及血浆脂蛋白 理解脂肪动员的概念、各级脂肪酶的作用、限速酶 1、甘油的氧化 理解甘油氧化的途径及涉及的酶; 2、 脂肪酸的β-氧化 掌握β-氧化的部位、肉毒碱的作用; 掌握脂肪酸β-氧化的过程(包括活化，转移，β-氧化和乙酰辅酶A进入三羧酸循环等)，关键的酶，能量计算;不饱和脂肪酸，含羟基脂肪酸的氧化过程及能量计算;β-氧化的特点; 理解脂肪酸分解产物乙酰辅酶A的去路及主要途径、酮体的生成及氧化; 了解糖代谢与脂代谢的联系; 3、 脂肪酸氧化的其他途径 了解奇数脂肪酸的氧化途径;α-氧化和ω-氧化途径; 二、脂肪的合成代谢 、 脂肪酸的生物合成 1 掌握脂肪酸合成的原料、关键酶、作用部位、脂肪酸合成酶系(围绕ACP形成的多酶复合体)的结构; 理解、脂肪酸从头合成途径的过程、长链脂肪酸的合成和不饱和脂肪酸的生成方式(脂肪酸碳链延长的部位，不饱和脂肪酸的产生部位和必需脂肪酸需要从食物中提供的原理); 2、 脂肪的合成 理解甘油的来源、甘油和脂肪酸基本合成过程; 三、类脂的代谢 一般了解磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆碱的合成途径; integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,