福建方言的形成

福建方言的形成 福建省历来以方言复杂著称。全国汉语方言有七大类，福建境内就占有其五--闽方言、客方言、赣方言、吴方言和官话方言。方言的形成主要是由于社会的分裂、人民的迁徙、民族的融合和地理的阻隔。福建境内现存的各种方言都有自己独特的形成过程。从总的方面说，就古民族和古方言的源流而论，福建方言是多来源的;就方言差异的积存和共同语的影响而论，福建方言是多层次的;就内外关系及其相互作用的结果而论，福建方言是多类型的。 下面按照历史顺序阐述福建省几个大区方言的形成过程。 (一)原始居民的语言及其余存 已经发现的地下文物表明，早在旧石器时期，福建就有许多先民的活动。据地方史志所载，在闽南的长泰、华安，闽北的光泽、南平，闽西的永定、明溪，闽东的福州、永泰，都有一些“人莫能识”的“仙字”，有的摩崖石刻至今还留有模糊的字迹。人们至今还未能通过这些摩崖石刻去辨识当年的语言。 商周时期，福建被称为“七闽”。战国之后，史称“闽越”。据《史记》所述，秦汉之际闽越王无诸在当时东南诸越中势力相当强大，闽越国在佐汉亡秦之后几经反复，抗汉降汉。汉武帝平定闽越，为防其反叛，“徙其民处江淮间”。当时闽越人活动中心主要在闽江流域。至今，民 越王台”、“越王城”、“越王墓”，在闽北各县多处可见其遗址。在武夷山市兴田间传述的“ 乡所发掘的“汉城”遗址，可以证实那是汉初闽越人所营建的城堡。无诸为闽越王时间最长，威望也最高，武夷山区至今流传的武夷君治水救民的 故事 滥竽充数故事班主任管理故事5分钟二年级语文看图讲故事传统美德小故事50字120个国学经典故事ppt 可能与无诸有关。民国《福建通志?方言志》认为，闽方言称妇女为“诸娘”，乃是“无诸国的娘子”，不无道理。 2000多年前活动在武夷山区和闽江两岸的闽越人后代究竟是现代什么民族?史学界尚未获得一致认识。近来，在对南方遗存船棺的研究中，普遍认为武夷山船棺年代最早，与广西壮族地the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 区所发现的很相近。壮族语言学家则考证论定，《说苑》所记《越人歌》就是古代的壮语。 从历史上看，闽越人可能有些被徙于江淮间，其他闽越人也有向西、向南迁入江西、广西等 地，正如悬棺葬所分布的路线那样;史籍也记载西南有“闽濮”和“闽越濮人”。现今福建人的 身上可能还有他们的血统。闽越人的语言不可能在福建荡然无存，只是这些沉积在底层的少量语 言成分难以辨识罢了。下文所举数端也许可以作为这一底层现象进一步研究的参考。 武夷山曾是闽越人的大本营，武夷君的传说应与闽人或闽越人的族称有关。“武夷”上 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use (三)闽方言的形成 福建的进一步开发和中原汉人的大批入闽直接相关。从东晋(4世纪)到唐末(10世纪)的500多年间，大规模的迁徙有过3次。现今的闽方言就是在这几次大迁徙中形成的。 第一次是东晋的南迁。永嘉乱后，随着王室南移，衣冠世族纷纷渡江，平民百姓也成群南奔避难。《晋书?地理志》卷318云:“闽越遐阻，僻在一隅。永嘉之后，帝室东迁，衣冠避难，多所萃止”。闽中地方史志向有东晋南迁，“衣冠入闽者八族”的说法。应该说，永嘉时代闽地尚属荒凉，南徙之民多止苏南，进入湘、赣、浙等地者为数不多，一举入闽的更在少数。据朱维干教授考证，侯景之乱后确有南迁江浙的士大夫进一步入闽避难。至于下层百姓的走向，罗香林教授的说法较为可信:“青徐诸州流人，则多集于今日江苏南部，旋复沿太湖流域徙于今日浙江及福建的北部”。换言之，入闽者是几经辗转而到达的。东晋亡后，南朝200年间，福建较之江左、江右相对平静，渡江汉人应有陆续入闽者，其定居地也由闽北山区扩展到闽东、闽南沿海。梁天监中，析晋安郡南境另置南安郡(今闽南)，可以作为佐证。总之，这一时期入闽的中原汉人，是长时间的、又是小批量的迁移，其走向是从北部山区到东南沿海。 第二次是初唐的开拓。唐总章二年(669年)，汀漳一带(闽西、闽南)“蛮獠啸乱”(应是指畲族的先民)，朝廷派中州人陈政统领府兵“五十八家军校”、5000多人前来平定。后来其子陈元光接位平叛并屯守闽南，永昌元年(689年)创置漳州，陈元光首任刺史。陈氏先后4代守漳，时达百年，史籍所载，跟随他们的多为河南光州固始人，后来都在漳、泉各县落户。安定的环境，优越的自然条件，加上他们带来的先进生产技术，在沿海从事围垦、煮盐、兴修水利，发展航海;在山区则开矿、烧瓷、种茶。经济发展较快，漳、泉二州人口猛增。据唐《元和郡县图志》载，唐开元年间，这两个州7个县共有5万多户，占全闽5州23县总户数的一半以上。现今的闽南方言应是在这时形成的(莆仙方言当时也包含其中)。 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 第三次是唐末随王审知入闽的将士。中唐之后，王室衰微，政治腐败，土地兼并，赋税繁重。受唐末战乱影响，福建的社会经济发展也走下坡路，造成人口锐减。从开元到元和100年间，全闽人口减少了30%。从唐亡到宋兴的半个多世纪，中国大分裂，北方五代更迭，南方十国争雄。北中国多是民不聊生，闽中五州却得到休养生息，安定发展数十年，这便是王潮、王审知兄弟治闽的贡献。王氏兄弟原是河南一支农民起义军的头目，跟随他的部卒多是光州、寿州之民。渡江之后，自江西转战于闽西、闽南之间，深得人心，先后翦除割据的军阀，夺得福州，并尽有闽中五州之地，被后梁封为闽王。两兄弟执政期间，保境息民，劝农桑、定赋税、奖工商、办海运，安抚南下流民，设“四门学”兴办文教，中原汉人入闽避难者日多。《客家研究导论》称:“颍、淮、汝三水间留余未徙的东晋遗民，至是亦渡江南下至汀、漳，依王潮兄弟”。二王治闽，增设两州、六县、三镇，虽然他们的子辈为立闽国称帝引起内讧，复又动乱数年，全闽人口还是骤增。到宋初，据《太平寰宇记》载，闽中31县总户数达46万，较之唐元和间又翻了6倍。二王的活动中心在福州，这批中州人的定居，对于闽东方言的形成无疑有决定性影响。 唐代两次大批入闽的汉人，都以河南中州人为主体、为首领，虽然其间相隔200多年，但毕竟是一脉相承。当年的中州汉语，正是形成闽方言的最重要的基础成分。这个基础，既有东晋时期中原人士保留的上古雅言成分，又有唐代洛下正音(以《广韵》为代表)的中古汉民族 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 语成分。正是这两种成分构成了闽方言的共同性。时至今日，还可以从各地闽方言中明显地看到这种共同基础。下文就两类特点各举数例说明: 1.反映魏晋以前上古汉语语音词汇特点的(所列 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 按语音特点立目，举特殊方言单音词为例): the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 1000多年来，由于社会历史的原因，原来可能比较一致的闽方言又分化成明显不同的5个区。和第二次、第三次大迁徙直接相关的闽南方言和闽东方言比较稳定，现在仍是两个大区，分别以后来形成的大城市福州音、厦门音为代表。宋代以来的兴化军(府)由于受闽东方言影响，从闽南方言分化出来成为独具特色的一区，以府城莆田话为代表。闽北、闽中本来就有更多古楚语成分，后来又受西部客赣方言影响，因此和沿海闽方言有明显差异;而闽北与闽东交往多，闽中则与闽南交往多，两者间又有不同，分别以府城建瓯话和老县永安话为代表。 (四)闽客与闽赣方言的形成 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 福建西部沿着武夷山脉与江西连界。唐代之后，赣人两次大规模涌入闽地，对现今福建方言的形成和分布也发生了直接影响。 第一次赣人入闽发生在唐末。黄巢起义时，赣北是主战场之一，从中原南来定居不久的客户又不得安宁。参加义军者结局悲惨，留在家中的弱者不堪官军的掠夺和盘剥，只好扶老携幼向新地逃亡。这就是罗香林所说的客家二次大迁徙(其实，“客家”之称是宋之后的粤地才有)。他在考察许多客家族谱之后 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 道:“这次迁移，远者已达循、惠、韶等地，其近者则达福建宁化、汀州、上杭、永定等地，其更近者则在赣东、赣南各地。”从闽西唐宋间人口的变动可以看出，这次入闽的赣人是大批量的。唐元和间，闽西只有长汀、宁化两个“中下”小县，外加沙县的汀州府只有2000多户人家。到北宋初年，据《太平寰宇记》载，这里已有2万多户，增加10倍。宋代中叶，汀州增设连城、清流、上杭、武平四县，据《元丰九域志》载，全州已有8万多户，较宋初又增加4倍。从赣东来的移民成了闽西人口的主体。闽西方言区就是在北宋时期形成的。宋元之后，他们又大批南迁粤北、粤东，在那里生成了鲜明的客家意识。赣人唐末进入闽西，可以认为是客家民系形成的酝酿期，在这里形成的方言又和广东纯客大本营的客家话有明显的一致性，因此本区方言可以称为闽客方言。 闽西的土著主要是畲族的先民，经过陈政、陈元光的征讨和安抚，他们的境遇本已艰难，来了这批赣人新移民后，势必更难立足。在和客家先民杂居的年代，他们逐渐放弃了大部分本族语言，说着和闽西客话大同小异的话，后又逐渐向福建北部、东部山区进行民族迁移，而今大部分定居在闽东沿海的山区。可以说，客家先民在闽西是反客为主。大量客家族谱记载，他们的祖先是从江西迁到宁化石壁村而后再向南转移的，但是，早期到达宁化、清流、连城一带的客家先民，并无明显的客家意识，他们至今并没有自称客家，只有后来从粤东倒流到上杭、永定、长汀一带定居的人们才自认是客家。由于迁徙的时间不同、主客的成分和比例不同(这里除畲族外当时还有说闽方言的居民)，加上邻近闽方言的影响，闽西七县客家方言内部差异较大，不象具有鲜明客家意识的粤北纯客大本营中的客家话那么一致。象连城县内，互不通话的小方言就不下五六种。 第二次赣人入闽发生在南宋之后，主要是抚州、信州一带的人越过武夷山来到闽北定居。和第一次相比，不同的是，前次主要是来避难的，后次主要则是来谋生的。前次时间地点比较集中，数十年间大批量一次完成;后次是长时期的，既有大批量(如宋元之交)也有小批量的。从地点上说又是分散于闽北十几个县。前次来时本地原住民不多，大批量的人口充实造成语言的质变，形成新方言区;后次则是在原有人口和语言的基础上掺入新成分，经过长期的量变才造成质变或部分质变。 闽北原是福建开发最早的地区，宋代以后，建州分出南剑州和邵武军，共辖16县。据《元丰九域志》载，北宋中叶这一带已有近40万户人家(全福建才有100万户)，朱熹在此讲学数十年，麻沙成为全国出版业中心;杨时、柳永、严羽、吴棫、罗从彦、李侗等文人学者，黄干、蔡元定、宋慈、真德秀、李纲等名臣大将接踵而出;“建瓷”、“建茶”驰誉四海，铜银冶炼在全国举足轻重。北宋是闽北鼎盛时期。然而封建制度下的土地兼并、赋役繁重、茶盐采矿官营专卖等都酝酿着深刻的社会矛盾。从北宋末到南宋末100多年间，农民起义此起彼伏，其中南宋初年范汝为起义，聚众20万，争战一年半，义军几乎攻占闽北所有州县。历次起义都被镇压了，人口锐减三分之一(据《元史?地理志》载，只剩28万户)，一些文人描写了当时的境况称:“前村不复炊烟起，长似清明寒食时”，“江闽五十邑，荆棘五千里”，“旧时巷陌今谁住，却问新移后来人”。这“新移后来人”便是翻过武夷山的赣人。这些定居者大体按路程的近远而递减，邵武军最多，南剑州所属的将乐、顺昌其次，建州所辖的西片崇安、建阳又次之。近人陈遵统主编《福建编年史》，他在前言中说:“我在邵武的8个年头中，差不多邵武各大姓的家谱都看过，可以总括的下个结论:‘邵武的大部分人民是由中原移转而来，而迁徙的道路，十有八九由江西the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 而来。考究它的年代，大部分是宋代，而宋代之中，南宋初期比北宋多;元兵围汴的前后，又比南宋初期多’”。其实，赣人东来直到明清之后还在继续，在闽北各县，到处都有迁来三五代、八九代的“老表”。 700多年来赣人移居闽北对福建方言的影响有3种情况:西北部原邵武军(府)4县虽然还不同程度地保存着闽方言的老层，从语音的主要特点和结构系统以及词汇语法的基本面貌说，已经赣语化了。例如有了轻唇音f、v(古非组和晓组合口字等);把普通话不送气音(古全浊声母字) ‘‘‘读为送气清音;把普通话ts声母字(清从母字)读为t-，普通话t声母字(古透定母)则读为h-;有较多的轻声词和儿尾词等等。其中和江西连界的建宁话赣化最彻底，光泽话的闽方言成分也很少了。东南部原南剑州的顺昌、将乐、明溪三县则保留闽方言成分多些，明溪还兼有闽西客话的特点，可以说这一带是客赣方言和闽方言的过渡地带。根据这种现状，我们把西北4县称为闽赣方言区，东南3县作为它的附属区。至于原建州(建宁府)的西部崇安、建阳两县在语音上也受到赣语的一些影响，在词汇方面，连建瓯一带也有许多客赣方言的成分，但是这几个县应该还没有改变闽语的性质。 闽客方言和闽赣方言形成年代比闽方言晚，又是地处山区，交通不便，经济落后，政治、文化中心(长汀和邵武)的权威性不足，故两区内部的方言差异都较大，许多地方还含有闽方言的成分。例如邵武话，“房子”说“厝”，“铁锅”说“鼎”，“儿子”说“囝”，“脚”说“?f”，“霉”说“??”，“味淡”说“渐食”，“穿”说“颂”就都是闽方言的说法。 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use