The extension of the word
?By only giving the literal translation of some words, sometimes, we cannot express the original work accurately, or just produce unclear , obscure objective version. Therefore, while translating, we can extend some words to keep the fluency and faithfulness of the original work.
The extension of the word
Abstract extension of words
?In English, there are a lot of figurative expressions; while in Chinese, we cannot find the direct corresponding statements. In that case, we can extend those figurative English words, and use abstract and general way to translate.
Abstract extension of words
?Every life has its roses and thorns.
?每个人的生活都有甜有苦
?There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character
?他的性格既残暴又狡猾。
?See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.
?在那以后的四个星期,消息一直没有明朗化。时而部分有所好转,时而又有点不妙,两种情况不断的交替出现。
Abstract extension of words
?Don’t cry over spilt water.
?Sheep without a shepherd
?The spice is better than the fish.
?I have butterflies in my stomach.
?A cornered beast will do something desperate.
Abstract extension of words
?With a Bachelor of Arts, you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes.
?有了文学士学位,你就会飞黄腾达,但此时你要小心谨慎。
Abstract extension of words
?The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be, have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked.
?各种权力机构,可能是出于好意,为了自己的既得利益,而设法保证社会不出现激烈的动荡。?They don’t break through the skin to where such inquires migh t really hurt.
?他们的调查并没有触及问题的实质。
?I would inevitably make mistakes at one time or another and operate on someone who didn’t need surgery or sit on someone who did.
The establishment yearns for the days of Kennedys. The shuttle society---artists, nobles, the beautiful people---used to make a pilgrimage down here to do its nightly.
?权势阶层都想念肯尼迪家族当权的日子。那时候,穿梭社交界的人,如艺术家、显贵、名流,每晚都到这儿来朝圣,每人为这里天一点气氛。
?Exercise P27-5、exercise P27-7
“Me! I should be quiet in the way. But perhaps--- I may be equally in the way here. Miss woodhouse looks as if she did not want me. My aunt always sends me off when she is shopping. She says I fidget her to death, and Miss Woodhouse looks as if she could almost say the same. What am I to do?”
(Jane Austen: Emma)
?“我!我会是十分不受欢迎。但是,也许我在这里也同样不受欢迎。伍德豪斯小姐的神气,好
像并不欢迎我。我舅母买东西的时候,总是把我打发走。她说我使她烦得要死。看来伍德豪斯小姐也会说出同样的话。我该怎么办呀?”
Sorrow came---a gentle sorrow---but not at all in the shape of any disagreeable consciousness---Miss Taylor married. It was Miss Taylor’s loss which first brought grief. It was on the wedding-day of this beloved friend that Emma first sat in mournful thought of any continuance.
(Jane Austen: Emma)
?悲愁,一种淡淡的悲愁,终于来临了,但并不是以任何令人不快的形式出现的。泰勒小姐出嫁了。正是泰勒小姐的离去才第一次带来了不幸。也正是在这位密友举行婚礼的那一天,爱玛才第一次独坐良久,愁思绵绵。
Translate by concrete extension
?In English, there are also some abstract expressions which are difficult to be translated into Chinese. At that time, we can choose the concrete way to translate. Then we can avoid the obscurity of the original work, and get fluent objective version.
Concrete extension of words
?The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
?Vietnam war was his entrée to the new Administration.
?越南战争成了他进如新政府的敲门砖.
?It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.
?这是一个最好的历史时期,这又是一个最坏的历史期;这是一个充满智慧的年代,这又是一个不乏愚蠢的年代;这是一个富有信仰的时代,这又是一个轻易怀疑的年代;这是一个光明普照的季节,这又是一个黑暗笼罩的季节;这是一个昭示希望的春天,这又是一个导致绝望的冬天;我们的面前无所不有,我们的面前有一无所有;我们将直上天堂,我们又将直下地狱. ?Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities ?Exercise p28-1)、2)、3)、5)
?Exercise P-287
?People farther down the line complained less or not at all, even though they had been equally penalized by losing a place.
?在队伍后面的人则较少或根本不抱怨,尽管他们前面插了一个人也同样吃亏了。?Fifty-hour department stores in New York featured Rockefeller headquarters where literature was passed out to lady shoppers.
?纽约有54家百货公司起了克洛菲勒总部的作用,它们像女顾客散发
宣传
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单。
?…to the visiting politicians he is the provider of free board and lodging and an introduction and shopping service.
?对来访的政界人士来说,它的免费提供食宿,帮忙引见当地人士,代为采购商品。?But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right??你的衬衣洗得干干净净、熨得平平整整,你可曾跟洗衣店主说过一句
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
示满意的话?
A Political Speech
Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position. First of all, we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments, examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs. Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth, the modernization of industry, and a proper balance between public and private expenditure. Thirdly by refusing totake refuge--- as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years---in panic-stricken stop-gap measures, we stimulated the return of international confidence. As a result of those immediate measures, and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from the British people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm. we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization. We took as our first objective the problem of productivity. For far too long the average level of productivity in this country had been lower than was to be expected when the quality of the labor force was considered. We attacked restrictive practices wherever they existed; we instituted measures for the more rational deployment of labor and we greatly improved the relationship between management and workers. The results as you all know. is that productivity is higher now than ever before.
政治演说
在重新执政后的极短时间里,本届政府就采取了许多措施来稳定局势。首先,我们致力于找出国内种种弊病的根本原因,仔细研究当时的症状,而不是墨守过时的成规教条。第二,我们采取了经过深思熟虑的
政策
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以保证经济的稳步发展,工业的现代化,以及公私支出之间的平衡。第三,我们没有采取上届政府前几年的一贯做法,没有因为惊慌失措而安于一些补漏洞的权宜之计,因此我们]促使了我们国际信誉得到恢复。由于采取了这些措施,由于我国人民---他们一如既往,对坚定的掌舵人作出积极的响应---在这些措施激励之下作出了巨大的努力,为我们提供了帮助,我们经受了风暴,进入了比较平静的海面,进大了一个经济发展与社会重组的时期。我们把提高生产率作为我们的第一个目标。如果考虑到劳动力的质量,我国生产率的平均水平一直低于我们理应达到的水平,这种现象已延续得太久了。哪里存在阻碍生产力发展的做法,我们就在那里加以反对。我们实施了许多旨在更加合理地安排劳动力的措施;我们大大改进了劳资之间的关系,结果正如你们都知道的,现在生产率比以往任何时期都高。
(选自《上海外国语大学翻译
练习
飞向蓝天的恐龙练习非连续性文本练习把字句和被字句的转换练习呼风唤雨的世纪练习呼风唤雨的世纪课后练习
》
Attitude Towards Retirement
It was thought that withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity did not have the same profound significance, and was a far less threatening experience, for older women than it was for older men. However, Jacobson's own inquiry among industrial workers in their 50s showed that the women tended to view retirement less favourably than did the men,Jacobson remarked that for both sexes, a favourable orientation towards retirement appeared to reflect constraints or resignation rather than choice. Primarily, retirement was associated wiln awareness of a declining state of health, with tiredness and with the strains and pressures of the work situation. Positive expectations of retirement seem at best to fulfil a secondary or supportive roles. Reluctance among men to retire was associated with anticipated deprivation, mainly of money rather than of attachment to work. Among women, on the other hand, work-based friendships were the main reasons for not wanting to retire.
对退休的态度
人们曾认为,从工作岗位上退下来彻底回到家庭小天地,其意义的大小对上了年纪的男女工人而言是不同的。与男性相比,退休对于上了年纪的女性远不是那么可怕的人生经历。然而,杰克伯逊自己对50至59岁年龄段的产业工人所作的调查表明,女工对退休的赞同程度要低于男工。杰克伯逊指出无论男女,他们对退休所表现的赞同倾向,看来并不表明退休是他们自愿选择的,而是反映了他们所受到的种种限制或无可奈何的心态。最主要的是,退休使人们联想起健康状况的下降、疲倦,以及工作中的重负和压力。对退休的向往,充其量似乎只是起一个次要的和陪衬的作用。男性不愿退休,与他们预想中将要失去很多东西有关,其中主要是赚钱的机会,而不是对@作的依恋之情。但就女性而言,丧失在工作中建立起来的友谊使她们不想退休的主要原因。
Venus and the Cat?维纳斯和猫
?[
分析
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]
本文主要采用的翻译技巧是:增词(amplification)、减词(omission)和视角转换(shift of perspective)等
?(1)A cat having fallen in love with a young man, besought Venus to change her into a girl, in the hope of gaining his affections.
?(1)有只猫爱上了一个青年,恳求爱神维纳斯把她变成个姑娘,好得到他的爱慕。
句(1):增词和音译:译文"爱神维纳斯"增加了"爱神"二字,明确了"Venus"的身份;"Venus" 的翻译运用了音译的方法
?(2)The Goddess, taking compassion on her weakness, changed her into a fair damsel; and the young man, enamoured of her beauty, led her home as his bride.?(2)女神对她深表同情,把她变成一个美女。青年倾心于她的美貌,便娶她为妻。
句(2):减词和切分:译文中省略了定冠词"the","her weakness"也被省略,因为其含义已包括在"深表同情"之中了;译者把原文分号后的分句独立译成一个句子。
?(3)As they were sitting in their chamber, Venus, wishing to know whether in changing her form she had also changed her nature, set down a mouse before her.
?(3)维纳斯想知道,这只猫变了外形后是否也改变了本性,便趁他俩在卧房里坐着的时候,在她的面前放出一只老鼠。
句(3):意合和视角转换:译文的句序与原文相比,有了较大的调整,既有分句间顺序的调整,也有分句内部词序的变化,通过这种调整,体现了句与句间的关系(因果和时间先后);译者在翻译"wishing to know whether in changing her form she had also changed her nature"这句的时候运用了视角转换的技巧。
?(4)The girl, forgetful of her new condition, started from her seat, and pounced upon the mouse as if she would have eaten it on the spot; whereupon the Goddess, provoked at her frivolity, straightaway turned her into a cat again.?(4)这位姑娘忘了自己现在的身分,禁不住从座位上一跃
?而起,向老鼠猛扑过去,好像要把它当场吃掉。女神为她的轻举莽动所激怒,立刻又把她变
回一只猫。
句(4):视角转换,增词,减词和切分:原文中“forgetful of her new condition”是形容词短语,在译文中变为动词短语;译文中增加“禁不住”,省略了连词"and";原文中分号后的分句被单独译成一个句子。
?(5)What is bred in the bone, will never out of the flesh.
?(5)所谓江山易改,本性难移。
句(5):归化:这句谚语的翻译没有运用直译的方法,而是根据其意义,套用了中文中相对应的说法。
Teaching Chinese Students
Tom Lucas
?In at least one respect, I'm not a typical expatriate teacher of English. Many - perhaps most - of us make our careers teaching overseas.
?至少,就某方面而言,我还不能算是最典型的外籍英语教师。我们当中许多人,也可以说大多数的人,都是以海外教书为终身职业的。
?I came out here after many years of teaching and teacher training in England only three years ago, so I'm still relatively a newcomer.
?我经历多年的教书生涯,而于三年前到英国接受教师训练之后,才来此地任教,因此算是相当资浅的教员。不过,我倒作过不少教学的比较研究。
?And of course I make comparisons. Of course former colleagues ask me what it is like to teach Chinese students? In what ways do they differ from native speakers of English? How do they compare with the students in English schools who are of Asian parentage, but who hardly remember a home elsewhere than in an English city?
?当然,以前的同事总会问我教导中国学生的一些心得;比如,在教法上,中国学生和以英语为母语的学生有何不同?或者,和就读英语学校,从小又一直生活于讲英语的城市之亚裔学生,又有何不同?
?To these questioners my answer is that Chinese students differ from one another just as do those of any other nationality. The longer I stay, the less I am willing to generalize.
?针对这类问题,我总是回答,中国学生和其它任何国家的学生一样,也因个性和程度的差异,各有不同。我教书时间愈久,愈不愿以偏概全,一概而论。
?St Hilda's, the last all-female college in Oxford, voted yesterday against letting in men. The decision by Fellows of the college fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority needed to change the status quo.
?牛津大学最后一个全女生学院--圣希尔达学院3月12日投票否决了招收男生的提议。该提议以一票之差而未获学院委员会三分之二通过,男学生仍旧被拒之门外。
The Beauty of Britain (J. B. Priestley)
?英伦之美(J. B. 普里斯特莱)
?本文采用的翻译技巧主要有:视角转换(shift of perspective)和减词(omission),具体分析如下:?(1)I suspect that we are always, faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the corner.
?(1)英国是一个岛国,处在大海的怀抱里,可是对这一点我们却总是漫不经心。
?句(1):视角转换和减词:原文中with引导的伴随状语在译文中通过视角转换变成了动词短语,语态也发生了变化;译文与原文相比,句序也有很大的调整,英文中it作形式主语的句子翻成中文,往往把真正的主语提前,再用指示代词翻译"it",如译文中的"这一点";原文中"I suspect that"和"smallish" 被省略,因为前者不具有实际的意义,而后者的意思将在译句3中体现(亦算"词序调整")。
?(2)We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space.
?(2)我们知道在一个小小的空间里一切都得巧加安排。
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