欧洲文化概况之文艺复兴 论文

欧洲文化概况之文艺复兴 论文 欧洲文化概况之文艺复兴 调研人:杨欢欢 班级:12级工业 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 ,3+1,学号:1208071017 文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动。带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。 中世纪的西欧是个特别“黑暗的时代”，很多今天看来是很黑暗的东西，其中很重要的一点是天主教会垄断着文化思想和教育，神学支配了其他学科，圣经具有法律效力。天主教会鼓吹来世主义、禁欲主义和蒙昧主义。教会用宗教组织、教会法庭、庞大的教会地产在很大程度上实际控制了社会。教会思想的禁锢无疑极大地、全面地压制了社会的进步。这种状况逐渐引起人们的怀疑和不满。到了14、15世纪，终于在意大利最先出现了反映新兴资产阶级要求的文艺复兴运动。意大利繁荣富有，产生了同旧秩序不相容而渴望新的生活方式的资产阶级;全国在政治上深受教皇之苦;有些城市长期与文化发达的拜占廷和阿拉伯国家有密切联系;一些城市统治者the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 和富商大贾热衷于延纳、庇护各种文人;地理上正是古代罗马的中心地区。这一切，使得意大利成为矛头直指天主教会和神学的文艺复兴的诞生地和中心，以致后来这一运动扩展到了北欧。 关于文艺复兴的历史作用，恩格斯曾高度评价道:“这是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革，是一个需要巨人而且产生了巨人——在思维能力、热情和性格方面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代。” 首先，是人的发现。在中世纪，理想的人应该是自卑、消极、无所作为的，人在世界上的意义不足称道。文艺复兴发现了人和人的伟大，肯定了人的价值和创造力，提出人要获得解放，个性应该自由。重视人的价值，要求发挥人的聪明才智及创造性潜力，反对消极的无所作为的人生态度，提倡积极冒险精神。重视现世生活，藐视关于来世或天堂的虚无飘渺的神话，因而追求物质幸福及肉欲上的满足，反对宗教禁欲主义。在文学艺术上要求 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达人的感情，反对虚伪和矫揉造作。重视科学实验，反对先验论;强调运用人的理智，反对盲从;要求发展个性，反对禁锢人性;在道德观念上要求放纵，反对自我克制;提倡“公民道德”，认为事业成功及发家致the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 富是道德行为。提倡乐观主义的人生态度。 其次，文艺复兴打破了宗教神秘主义一统天下的局面，有力地推 动和影响了宗教改革运动，并为这个运动提供了重要的助力。文艺 复兴提倡重视现世生活，反对权威，在当代人中间唤起了对天主教 会及神学的怀疑和反感。文艺复兴中的人文主义者通过文学、艺术 等形式讽刺、揭露天主教会的腐败和丑恶。 第三，文艺复兴打破了以神学为核心的经院哲学统一的局面，为 以后的思想解放进步扫清了道路，使各种世俗哲学兴起。它也推动 了政治学说的发展，马基雅维利为后来启蒙运动奠定了基础，霍布 斯、洛克等一大批思想家，发展起“自然权利”、 “社会契 约”、“人民主权”以及“三权分立”等理论。 第四，否定了封建特权。在中世纪封建，特权是天经地义，门第 观念根深蒂固。文艺复兴则使这些东西在衡量人的天平上丧失了过 去的重量。人的高贵被赋第四，否定了封建特权。在中世纪，封建 特权是天经地义，门第观念根深蒂固。文艺复兴则使这些东西在衡 量人的天平上丧失了过去的重量。人的高贵被赋杰出的艺术家，被 称为文艺复兴三杰。达?芬奇最著名的油画是《最后的 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 晚餐》和《蒙娜丽莎》 。此外，文艺复兴时期的艺术歌颂了人体的美，主张人体 比例是世界上最和谐的比例，并把它应用到建筑上，一系列的虽然仍然以宗教故事为主题的绘画、雕塑，但表现的都是普通人的场 景，将神拉到了地上。文艺复兴建筑是在公元14世纪在意大利随着文艺复兴这个文化运动而诞生的建筑风格。科学家伽利略又在开普勒的基础上将天文学向前有所推进。他自制了望远镜，发现银河是由亿万个星球组成的，也观察到了月球和其他星辰的表面形态及斑点。天文学上的这些发现，对人类的世界观产生了革命性的影响。这一时代自然科学的 其他方面，比如解剖学、物理学、数学等，都有重要成就。此外，他们在自然科学的物理领域还有新的发现，如伽利略通过多次实验发现了落体、抛物体和振摆三大定律，使人对宇宙有了新的认识; 总之，文艺复兴在欧洲历史文化的发展中占有重要地位。如果说地理大发现是人类向未知的物质世界进军的话，那么文艺复兴则是人类向未知的精神世界的 进军，是在精神世界中进行的探索。这个探索在文学、艺术、政治the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 思想及自然科学领域内创造了丰硕的成果。文艺复兴的重大历史意 义在于它促使欧洲人从以神为中心过渡到以人为中心，在于人的觉 醒，在于人们把重点从来世转移到现世。它唤醒了人们积极进取的 精神、创造精神以及科学实验的精神，从而在精神方面为资本主义 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的胜利和确立开辟了道路。 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use