【初中英语知识点总结_初中英语语法例题解析】

【初中英语知识总结,初中英语语法例题解析】 第一部分 初中英语知识点总结,初中英语语法例题解析 一、冠词:     冠词用在名词的前面，有定冠词“the”与不定冠词“a；an”之分。定冠词 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示“确指”，译作“这(那)个”；不定冠词表示“泛指”，译作“一个”。 例题解析: (  ) _____ lady over there is _____ university teacher.   A) A, the    B) The, an    C) The, a    D) The, the     “over there”意为“那边的”，是后置定语，它表示前面名词“lady”（女士）是“确指”的说法，因此要加上定冠词“the”。后半句意为“一位大学教师”，是泛指的说法，因此要加上不定冠词“a”或“an”。由于“university”的读音起始于辅音“j”，因此要加定冠词“a”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) He prefers playing _____ piano to playing _____ hockey.   A) the, the     B) the, /    C) / , /    D) / , the     “piano”意为“钢琴”，属于乐器，要求前面加定冠词“the”。后半句中“hockey”意为“曲棍球”，属于球类活动，要求不加任何冠词。所以本题答案应该选“B”。 (  ) Mr. Black was made _____ manager of our company.   A) /      B) a      C) an    D) the     “manager”表示被选的职位，前面不应加任何冠词。所以本题答案应该选“A”。     此外，冠词还有许多特殊的用法：     1. 由普通名词组成的专有名词前，要加定冠词，如：the Great Wall（长城）     2. 在拼音名词前，一般不加任何冠词，如：Thomas Green；Changfeng Park     3. 在江、河、湖、海前，即使是拼音名词，也要加定冠词“the”，如：the Dongting Lake     4. 一般用“单数名词加‘a’；复数名词不加‘the’”来表示“泛指”的意思。 习题训练： Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. There is _____ “u” in _____ word “uniform.”.   A) an, a            B) an, the          C) a, a            D) a,the (  ) 2. _____ sign here stands for _____ mistake.   A) A, a    B) A, the    C) The, a    D) The, the (  ) 3. We made Joyce _____ monitor ____ her experience.   A) a, because    B) the, because    C) / , because of    D) the , because of (  ) 4.Two months ago Mr. Green wrote ____ article on Shanghai International Art Festival.   A) the    B) an    C) a    D) / (  ) 5. Q: Is Mr. White _____ teacher of your school?  A: Yes. _____ teacher is from Australia.   A) a, A    B) a, The    C) the, The    D) the, A (  ) 6. Paul is _____ European student. He likes to study _____ history of China.   A) a, the    B) a, /    C) an, the    D) an, / (  ) 7. This is _____ honey. As we all know, _____ honey is sweet.   A) / , the    B) / , /    C) the, /    D) the, the (  ) 8. They didn't catch the last train because of _____.   A) some heavy traffics                    B) any heavy traffic   C) heavy traffic                          D) a heavy traffic (  ) 9. It won't take long, it's only _____ walk. A) ten-minutes        B) ten minutes'         C) ten minutes       D) ten-minute's 二、名词:     名词表示人或物体的名称，有普通名词(park)、专有名词(Peter；Party)、集合名词(family, class, police)、缩写名词(SARS, CEO, WTO)……等。总体上说，它们可以分成两大类；即可数名词和不可数名词。要注意它们在句中的不同要求和变化。 例题解析: (  ) His grandfather is _____.     A) Robert Bob      B) Tom Black      C) Kate White      D) Black Green     英语中，人的姓名排列是倒过来的；先是名，即“first name”，后为姓，即“second name”，也可叫做“family name”或“surname”。做这类题目，必须先搞清楚哪个单词是表示名字，哪个单词是表示姓氏，名字还要分清男女性别。这道题中说的是“爷爷”，是男名，所以本题答案应该选“B”。 (  ) _____ are playing tennis in the playground.     A) The Browns    B) The Brown's      C) Browns        D) Brown's     英语中，姓氏前加定冠词“the”，后面加“s”，有“一家人”之意。所以本题答案应该选“A”。 (  ) Be careful. There is a _____ hole in the ground.   A) two-foot-deep    B) two-feet-deep    C) two-foot deep    D) two-feet deep     这道题目考的是复合形容词。在复合形容词中的名词应该用单数形式，在整个复合形容词中的各个单词都要用短横“–”来连接。由于它被看作为一个普通的形容词，因此，在可数名词前还要再加上冠词。此句中，“一个两英尺深的洞”应译为“a two-foot-deep hole”，所以本题答案应该选“A”。 (  ) He’s got bad toothache. He’d better go to _____.   A) dentist    B) the dentist    C) the dentist’s    D) see the dentists     “去看牙科医生”可译为“go to see the dentist”或“go to the dentist’s”。后一个词语中的“the dentist’s”表示“the dentist’s clinic”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) The _____ teachers wondered if the _____ students were in trouble.   A) woman, boy    B) woman, boys    C) women, boy    D) women, boys     英语中，“女教师们”应该译为“women teachers”，而“男学生们” 应该译为“boy students”。 所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) _____ came that Houston Rocket won again and Yao Ming got the most scores.   A) A news    B) Message    C) Word    D) Words     “据说”在英语中有多种说法：“It was said that”、“Word came that”、“News came that”、“A message came that”……等。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) All of a sudden, something on the ground caught _____.   A) his eye    B) his eyes    C) his own eyes    D) eyes of his own “catch one’s eye”是固定词组，意为“引起某人注意”；即“be noticed by sb.”。此句中，“eye”是“视线”之意，由“eyesight”演变而来。随着语言的发展，一些词语会产生演变，大致上都是朝“简单化”方向发展，如：“countryside”→“country”、“mankind”→“man”、 “campsite”→“camp”、“in the daytime”→“in the day”……等。所以本题答案应该选“A”。 (  ) The lady with long _____ found her husband had already got three gray _____.   A) hair, hair    B) hair, hairs    C) hairs, hair    D) hairs, hair     要掌握英语中哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。但是有些名词具有可数和不可数两种性质，要靠具体说法来判别。如这道题中的“hair”（头发）就是这类词。前半句说的是“一头长发”，是不可数名词；后半句说的是“三根白发”，是可数名词。所以本题答案应该选“B”。 习题训练： Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. He has got _____ to tell you.   A) a good news      B) some news      C) a lot news        D) many news (  ) 2. It’s seven o’clock. _____ are sitting at table.   A) Mr. Greens      B) The Green's       C) The Greens         D) Greens (  ) 3. Your brother is the same ______ mine.   A) old as            B) age as              C) old like            D) age like (  ) 4. Our bodies need food to give us ______.   A) health            B) strong              C) energy            D) taste (  ) 5. A lemon is the same ______ as a banana.   A) yellow             B) colour           C) fresh            D) sweet (  ) 6. What kind of ______ do you like best?   A) watermelon         B) the watermelon  C) a watermelon        D) watermelons (  ) 7. Look at this magazine. Let’s do the ______ about eating habits.   A) quiz            B) list              C) cooking            D) dinner 三、代词:     代词是名词的代用词，有指示代词(this, those)、人称代词主宾格(I, me)、形容词性物主代词(my)、名词性物主代词(mine)、反身代词(myself)、不定代词(either, others, anything, nobody)。其中，不定代词的变化最复杂。在不同的句子中，它们的变化和要求都不一样，这一点我们一定要有充分的认识，不能掉以轻心。 例题解析: (  ) Would you please give _____?   A) him it    B) it him    C) to him it    D) it to him     英语中，当直接宾语（人）与间接宾语（物）都用人称代词时，一定要先讲间接宾语（物）后讲直接宾语（人），而且要在直接宾语（人）前加上介词“to”。 所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) She always thinks of _____ more than _____.   A) others, her    B) the others, she    C) others, herself    D) the others, herself     在英语中，“别人”属于“泛指”，应译为“others”。后半句是介词“of”的宾语。由于这里的“她”与主语的“她”是属于同一个人，因此不能用人称代词宾格作宾语，要用反身代词作宾语才对。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) Some people like watching the sports news, _____ prefer TV series.   A) the others    B) the other    C) others    D) another     在英语中，“一些……，另一些……”有两种译法：“Some …, the others …”是属于“非此即彼”的两部分情况，而“Some …, others …”是指有第三部分的情况存在。本题意为“一部分人喜欢看体育消息，而另一部分人比较欣赏电视剧”，显然还有其他人喜欢其他的内容，所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) The light in the room was too poor for _____ to see it clearly.   A) everyone    B) someone    C) anyone    D) none     英语中，“too … to”意为“太……而不能”，具有否定的含义。因此，“for sb.”中应该选运用在否定句中的“anyone”才对。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) _____ the fuel here is from foreign countries, so we must make full use of it.   A) Some    B) Much    C) The most of    D) Most of     带有定冠词“the”的名词前，应该用代词词组：“some of”（意为“其中一些”）、“much of”（意为“其中许多”）、“most of”（意为“其中大多数”）……等。“the mose of”（意为“其中最多的”）在本句中的译法欠妥，所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) Can you call on my mother on Saturday or Sunday?  I’m afraid _____ day is possible   A) either    B) each    C) both    D) neither     在英语中，有“两者”和“三者以上”的不同词语说法：“both”意为“两者都”、“all”意为“三者以上都”、“neither”意为“两者都不”、“none”或“no one”意为“三者以上都不”、“either”意为“两者之一”、“one”意为“三者以上之一”、“between”意为“两者之间”、“among”意为“三者以上之间”。根据本题句意，答句应该是说“我恐怕没有一天能行”， 所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) There are three bathrooms in the house. One is upstairs, _____ two are downstairs.   A) other    B) the other    C) others    D) the others     在英语中，“另两个”的译法有多种：“the other two”、“the others”、“the rest”。由于本句中讲到三间浴室，“另两间”的说法应该是“确指”的，因此，必须有定冠词“the”。又由于后句已经写了“two”，因此这里要选作形容词用的“other”。 所以本题答案应该选“B”。 (  ) The dishes on Table One are much fewer than _____ on Table Two.   A) that    B) those    C) dishes    D) /     要注意所比较的两个对象具有对称性：这句是“the dishes on Table One”（一桌上的菜）和“the dishes on Table Two”（二桌上的菜）作比较，因此后半句中的“菜”字不能省略。“that”与“those”是比较级句中的专用代词。由于该句中所比较的对象是复数，因此，要用“those”来代替前面的名词。所以本题答案应该选“B”。 (  ) There are more people in this room than _____ in that one.   A) that    B) those    C) people    D) /     要注意在“There is …”或“There are …”的比较级句型中，习惯上不用上题所讲到的专用代词。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 习题训练： Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. Show your watch ______ me. ______ is slow.   A) to, Mine          B) to, My            C) for, Mine          D) for, My (  ) 2. ______ do you like ______, the summer holidays or the winter holidays?   A) What, better          B) What, best        C) Which, better      D) Which, best (  ) 3. She wrote a letter and enclosed a photo of _____ taken in her housing estate.   A) herself    B) her    C) her’s    D) myself (  ) 4. She told Jack, Tom and me to _____ among _____.   A) talk it over, us        B) talk over it, us   C) talk it over, ourselves    D) talk over it, ourselves (  ) 5. I’ll do it by myself. I won’t need _____ help.   A) anyone’s else    B) anyone else’s    C) anyone others’    D) other anyone’s (  ) 6. I heard _____ until my friend told me about it.   A) everything    B) something    C) nothing    D) anything (  ) 7. Would you like _____ more bread, Jack?   A) any    B) another    C) little    D) a little (  ) 8. Only one student got the right answer. But _____ didn’t.   A) the other    B) another    C) others    D) the rest (  ) 9. He doesn't think _____ of them will go there with you.   A) none            B) some              C) many            D) much (  )10. The film is dull and _____ people like it.   A) a few              B) few            C) a little            D) little (  )11. Have you all _____?   A) got ready everything                    B) got everything ready for   C) got everything ready                  D) got ready for everything (  )12. Help _____ to some sweets, everyone.   A) yourselves            B) your own          C) yourself            D) by yourself (  )13. He has six uncles. Five of them are doctors and _____ is a driver.   A) another          B) the sixth          C) other              D) the other (  )14. Believe or not, I did it all by _______. A) me              B) us              C) myself          D) ourselves (  )15. A: Are these two books yours ?    B: No, _____ of them is mine.     A) either            B) none            C) both            D) neither (  )16. Neither of the twins _____ the toy train. A) like              B) likes              C) is like              D) are like 4、数词: 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。     数词有基数词和序数词之分：基数词表示数量概念；序数词表示顺序概念。首先要注意一些数词在写法上的变化，如：forty；ninth；twentieth更要注意它们在句子中的不同用法和变化。 例题解析: (  ) About _____ students went to the picture show that day.   A) hundreds of     B) two hundreds     C) two hundred of    D) two hundred     “about”意为“大约”，是指具体数量，因此，不能用表示不定数量的词语“hundreds of”（意为“成百个”）。在表示确定数量时，英语中的“hundred”不加“s”，即不变复数。再由于“students”前没有定冠词“the”，不是“其中”之意，因此，也不能加介词“of”。 所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) _____ of _____ Class Four students have joined the singing group.   A) Three-fifths, the     B) Three-fifth, the    C) Three-fifths, /     D) Three-fifth, /     英语中，“几分之几”的表达方式是分子用基数词、分母用序数词，中间用短横“–”连接。当分子大于“一”时，分母序数词要加“s”。再由于本题句中数量用的是“of”词组，即意为“其中的五分之三”，因此后面的名词“students”必定是“确指”的，要加定冠词“the”。 所以本题答案应该选“A”。在这里要特别注意的是：不要看到“students”前有修饰词“Class Four”就不敢加定冠词“the”，要懂得这里的“the”是修饰“students”的。同样，“the English language”词语的表达形式也类似于此种情况。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1.John has twelve coins and Joan has _____ ones, three times as many as John.   A) thirteen    B) fifteen    C) thirty-six    D) forty-eight (  ) 2.The post code used in our neighbourhood is _____.   A) 56348574    B) 200333    C) a quarter    D) a dozen (  ) 3.Today is her brother’s birthday. _____ is on _____.   A) She, fifth of May  B) She, May fifth    C) Hers, May fifth    D) Hers, May the fifth (  ) 4. _____ of the students go to school by bike.   A) Two-three           B) Two-thirds          C) Two-threes           D) Two-third (  ) 5.There are about _____ seats in the hall.   A) two hundreds        B) two hundred        C) hundreds of          D) two hundred of (  ) 6. A: How often should we publish the paper?    B: _____.   A) In one week’s time    B) Once a month    C) After two weeks    D) For half a month (  ) 7. About _____ the students went to the Science Museum last Thursday.   A) hundreds of     B) two hundred      C) two hundred of  D) two hundreds 五、介词:     介词是一种虚词，它不能单独使用，后面要跟名词、人称代词宾格或动名词。同一个动词，搭配不同的介词，可以衍变出各种不同含义的词组来，而且在不同场合所用介词也各不相同。因此，介词的用法是比较复杂的，要求我们去逐个记住。只有在看懂、理解整个句意的前提下，才能选对正确的介词。 例题解析: (  ) Mr. Brown flew to Washington _____ the night before last.     A) in    B) on    C) at    D) /     在表达某一天的具体时间时，应该用介词“on”。但是本句是表达“在前天的夜里”，与“在前天”(the day before yesterday）相仿，前面不该用任何介词，所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) The school gate is ______ the north of the classroom building.   A) in                B) to            C) on    D) at     在英语中，表达“东、南、西、北”的方位介词常见有三个：表示在方位区域的内部时，用介词“in”。如：The playground is in the south of the school.（操场在学校的南面。）表示在与方位区域连壤的外部时，应该用介词“on”。如：Room 203 is on the west of Room 205.（203室在205室的西面。）表示在与方位区域不连壤的外部时，应该用介词“to”。如：Shanghai is to the east of Nanjing.（上海在南京的东面。）本题的“校门”在“教学大楼”的北面，应该用介词“to”，所以答案应该选“B”。 (  ) You’ll get one thousand dollars _____.   A) after all    B) at all    C) in all     D) all together     “after all”意为“到底”、“毕竟”、“终于”；“at all”通常与“not”连用，意为“完全不”、“一点也不”；“in all”通常用于数量词后面，意为“总共”，同义词是“altogether”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) This bus can run _____ 70 miles an hour.   A) for    B) with    C) at    D) in     在表示“速度”、“温度”、“价格”意思时，应该用介词“at”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) It’s said he stayed there quietly _____ two o’clock that afternoon.     A) on    B) at    C) until    D) by     “at two o’clock that afternoon”意为“在昨天下午两点钟”，时态通常用“过去进行时”；“by two o’clock that afternoon”意为“在昨天下午两点钟前”， 时态通常用“过去完成时”；“until two o’clock that afternoon”意为“直到昨天下午两点钟”， 时态通常用“一般过去时”。本句中“stay”是延续动词，因此可用“until”句型；如果句中谓语是瞬间动词的话，就应该用“not …until”句型了。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) Tom didn’t attend the lecture yesterday evening _____ his illness.   A) as    B) for    C) because     D)because of     在本句中，“因为生病”是一个词语，而不是原因状语从句，因此，不能选连词“as”、“for”或“because”来连接，而要用介词词组“because of”。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) Now it’s quite important _____ us to make full use of time.   A) for    B) to    C) of    D) with     “It’s important to sb.”（ 意为“它对某人来说很重要”）是词语搭配，“It’s … for sb. to do …”（意为“做某事对某人来说是怎样的”）是句型。当两者交叉、重叠使用时，词语要让位于句型。所以本题答案应该选“A”。同样，“I like it so much that …”句型中用“so”、而不用“very”，也属于这种类型的表达方式。 (  ) It’s nice _____ you to get the ticket _____ F1. It’s said the car-race is very exciting.   A) of, for    B) for, for    C) of, of    D) for, of     这句是“It’s … of sb. to do”句型，意为“某人真是怎么样，做了某事”。后半句中“ticket for”是固定词语，意为“什么内容的票子”。 所以本题答案应该选“A”。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. You can draw it ______ paints and brushes.   A) by                B) with              C) in                D) use (  ) 2. What did you have ______ breakfast?   A) as                B) with              C) about            D) for (  ) 3. The police _____ helping to make our city a safe place to live and work _____.   A) is, in             B) are, in              C) is, /             D) are, / (  ) 4. I’ve got three question _____ you to think about.   A) of                B) for              C) give            D) to show (  ) 5. We can ask people _____ the Festival to do the quiz.   A) in                B) on              C) at                D) for (  ) 6. What happens when we put some sugar _____ a glass of warm water?   A) on                 B) off               C) out                D) into (  ) 7. _____ they arrived at the village after all.   A) At the end    B) In the end    C) Last    D) Attentively (  ) 8. The class teacher was sent _____ Christmas cards _____ some of the students.   A) to, by    B) / , by    C) to, from    D) / , to (  ) 9. Q: What is that film _____?  A: It’s a science film.   A) like    B) about    C) on    D) for (  )10. Why not ask your friend _____ some advice if you’re really in trouble?   A) offer    B) to give    C) to    D) for (  )11. The beautiful house is _____ sale. But it won’t be _____ sale.   A) on, for    B) for, on    C) with, for    D) with, on (  )12. The weather here was _____ cold last week.   A) a kind        B) a kind of    C) kind of    D) kinds of (  )13. The singing group is made _____ four handsome lads.   A) of    B) from    C) up of    D) up from (  )14. Something _____ wrong _____ my watch, I'm afraid.   A) is, with          B) is, in            C) are, with        D) are, in (  )15. There _____ a man and two women _____ the picture.   A) is, on                B) are, in            C) are, on          D) is, in (  )16. Mary doesn’t know what lies ahead. _____ , she’s only 12.   A) At all            B) In all            C) After all        D) For all (  )17. Should we _____ the postage _____ the parcel by ourselves?   A) pay, on    B) pay, of    C) pay for, on    D) pay for, of (  )18. Alice _____ her service to the public.   A) was awarded the prize for    B) was deserved to get the prize for   C) was proud for        D) was pleased for 六.动词:     动词八种时态、语态和几种变化形式             八种时态                        主动语态        被动语态 一般现在时 (经常,反复,爱好,特点,条件,真理)    do; does      am;is;are done 一般过去时 (过去发生的事,不强调现在的结果)  did; -ed        was;were done 一般将来时 (将要发生的事)                    will do        will be done 现在进行时 (现在正在发生的事)            am;is;are doing  am;is;are being done 过去进行时 (当时正在发生的事)            was;were doing  was;were being done 现在完成时 (过去发生的事,强调现在的结果)  have;has done  have;has been done 过去完成时 (过去完成的事；过去以前发生的事)  had done      had been done 过去将来时 (过去将要发生的事)              would do      would be done 不定式:  do; not do; to do; not to do      命令式: do; don't do 现在分词:  doing          动名词:  doing        过去分词:  done 例题解析: (  ) Look. Mary _____ a nice dog. She _____ it just now.   A) has drawn, drew    B) drew, has drawn    C) is drawing, drew    D) is drawing, has drawn 在“Look”、“It’s evening”、“Where is sb. …?”等句子后面，可能要用“现在进行时”，也有可能要用“现在完成时”。反正，要根据具体情况来具体分析，考虑问题一定要从整体情况着眼。本题后半句“just now”意为“刚才”，很明显要用“一般过去时”，因此前句如用“现在进行时”就不妥，造成句意逻辑上的错误。前句用“现在完成时”才对。所以本题答案应该选“A”。 (  ) This kind of fridge _____ very well.   A) sell            B) sells            C) are sold            D) is sold 在英语中，表达某物销路不错，要用表示“特点”的“一般现在时”形式，而不能用“被卖”这种被动语态形式来表示。由于本句主语“this kind of fridge”是单数第三人称，所以本题答案应该选“B”。 (  ) What _____ Mr. Smith? He looks worried so much.   A) happens with    B) happens to    C) happened with    D) happened to 在英语中，“发生”通常可译为“happened”或“took place”，要注意它不能变“被动语态”。本题之意是“史密斯先生发生了什么事？他显得很焦虑。”因此，“发生”不能用表示经常行为的“一般现在时”形式，应该用“一般过去时”的“happened to sb.”固定词组来表达。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) Mary: Shall I tell Michael about the news?     Jack: No, you __________. He’s already known it.   A) can’t              B)    mustn’t             C) needn’t          D) don’t     本题是考核情态动词句型的正确回答。在“Must I do …?”、“Shall I do …?”、“Would you like me to do …?”问句后面都可以用“No, you needn’t.”(不必要)来回答。本题根据后句的句意应该选此回答为妥。所以答案应该选“C”。在“May I …?”问句后面，通常有以下几种否定回答：1. No, you mustn’t. 2.No, you may not. 3. Sorry, you can’t. 4.I’m afraid you can’t. 5. No, you can’t. (  ) _____ clothes are usually _____ near a fire in winter.   A) Washed, hung    B) Washed, hanged    C) Washing, hung    D) Washing, hanged     “washed”意为“被洗过的”，可以修饰“衣服”；“washing”意为“正在洗的”，它该修饰人、不该修饰“衣服”。后句意为“被挂在火炉旁”，该用过去分词“hung”才对。“hanged”也是“hang”的过去分词，但是它的意思是“被绞死”。所以本题答案应该选“A”。 (  ) The book _____ by me. I _____ it to a friend of mine.   A) is written, sent        B) is written, have sent   C) was written, sent        D) was written, have sent     “书是被某人写的”、“书是在某地方被写的”都是表示发生在以前的动作，该用一般过去时被动语态。如过说“书是被用英语写的”，那就是指书的特点了，就该用一般现在时被动语态了。后半句意为“我把它寄给朋友了”是强调现在书不在我这里。不是强调过去寄的，不该用一般过去时，而该用现在完成时。这种类型的时态，学生最容易错，千万要注意。英语中有许多动作是以前发生的、但没有时间状语的句子都用“现在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) Mr. Jackson _____ the city quite well since he _____ in the city for a couple of years.   A) knows, was    B) has known, was    C) knows, has been    D) has known, has been     本句中的“since”不是“自从”之意，因此，前半句与后半句用“现在完成时”和“一般现在时”的形式做是错误的。本句中的“since”意为“由于”，与“as”近义。根据句意，“熟悉城市”是表示杰克逊先生的“特点”，要用“一般现在时”表达；“他来到这个城市有两、三年了”是表示到现在为止的结果情况，要用“现在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) Could you tell me _____?   A) how to do it        B) why do it          C) how to do           D) what to do it     由于“do”通常用作及物动词，因此要注意它有否宾语。要避免“C”的没有宾语和“D”的重叠宾语的错误。“B”是不定式遗漏了“to”，所以本题答案应该选“A”。关于“do”的这种特点很重要，为了熟记它，可以背一句口诀：“how to do it, what to do”。 (  ) English is his favourite subject. He can _____ it very fluently.   A) say    B) talk    C) speak    D) tell     由于后句“it”指的是“English”，因此要用动词“speak”才对。所以本题答案应该选“C”。“talk”是不及物动词，后面不跟宾语。“speak”既可作不及物动词用，也可作及物动词，宾语只能是语言。“tell”的宾语有限；有“a story”、“the difference”、“the truth”、“a lie”、“the time”等。“say”可跟的宾语最多，不再一一例举。由此句我们得到启示；即我们在做习题时不要被单词的表面现象所迷惑，一定要看清楚它的内涵，即注意到它的真正含义是什么。再举两个例子来说明注意内涵的重要性：例1. A recorder is used to learn English in our class. 例2. His spoken English is poor. He only speaks a word of it. (  ) Mr. Black is the manager of this company. He _____ this company.   A) takes charge of    B) is responsible to    C) is in the charge of    D) has the duty from     在英语中，“他负责这家公司”有多种说法，如：1. He is in charge of this company. 2. His job is to be in charge of this company. 3. This company is in the charge of him. 4. He is responsible for this company. 5. He has the duty of this company. 6. He takes charge of this company. 在这里要注意动词与介词的搭配关系，不要记错了。本题答案应该选“A”。 (  )10. Please _____ the city map before you go sightseeing.   A) look at    B) have a look    C) watch    D) read     在英语中，“看”在不同场合有不同的译法。“look at”意为“粗略地看”；“have a look”意为“看一下”，其后不能跟宾语；“watch”意为“注视、仔细地看”，虽然可以跟“地图”搭配，但是，它只是表示一种“看”的状态，没有“查看路线”之意。“看书”、“看地图”都要用动词“read”，意为“阅读”、“查看”。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. They _____ any food. They’ve got plenty of _____ for the picnic.   A) needn’t, it          B) needn’t, them        C) don’t need, it      D) don’t need, them (  ) 2. His favourite _____ is _____ a taxi driver.   A) job, to be          B) job, /             C) work, to be          D) work, / (  ) 3. Why does _____ like _____ this uniform?   A) he not, wearing      B) not he, wearing    C) he not, wear      D) not he, wear (  ) 4. You can not only learn _____ make the delicious drink, you can also _____ it.   A) to , eat               B) to, eat            C) how to, enjoy      D) how to, enjoy (  ) 5. Have you all _____ your pens yet?   A) prepared          B) prepared for        C) preparation          D) preparation for (  ) 6. Danny practises _____ twice _____ week.   A) to swim, a          B) to swim, every     C) swimming, a      D) swimming, every (  ) 7. You must _____ to catch fish here near the pond.   A) not try               B) try not            C) not to try          D) to try not (  ) 8. When we _____ on the air-conditioner in summer, we feel more comfortable.   A) sit                  B) put                C) turn              D) open (  ) 9. Would you mind _____ the window ?   A) my closing        B) my close          C) to close            D) for close (  )10. The teacher kept the pupils ______ for five hours.   A) waiting            B) to wait            C) to waiting           D) waits (  )11. Mr. Green _____ China for six years.   A) has been in        B) has been to         C) has come to       D) has gone to (  )12. They could hardly understand what the engineer said, ______?   A) couldn't they       B) didn't they          C) could they           D) did they (  )13. Tell him _____ afraid of dogs.   A) not be            B) not to be          C) don't be          D) won't be (  )14. If he _____ here tomorrow, please tell him when his uncle _____.   A) will come, comes  B) comes, comes    C) comes, will come  D) will come, will come (  )15. The postage on the parcel _____ me a lot of money.   A) took              B) spend              C) paid                D) cost (  )16. Have you _____ who took away your key ?   A) found            B) found out        C) looked for        D) got (  )17. Paris isn't the capital of Britain, is it ? _____.   A) Yes, it is          B) No, it isn't          C) Yes, it isn't      D) No, it is (  )18. The boss made the workers _____ for hours.   A) work            B) to work        C) working          D) works (  )19. My hope is _____ an engineer in 10 years' time.   A) become          B) to become      C) becoming        D) became (  )20. We will go to the factory to work for _____.   A) sometimes        B) some time          C) some times           D) sometime (  )21. Which subject do you _____, English or maths ?   A) like best          B) prefer best          C) like most           D) prefer (  )22. If it is true, it _____ many interesting questions.   A) is raised              B) rose            C) raises            D) rises (  )23. Please       your hands if you’ve got the answer.   A) put up            B) set up          C) get up            D) make up (  )24. By the age of ten, the little girl     her first collection of poems. She’s now very famous.   A) has published      B) had published    C) published        D) would publish (  )25. Mary should _____ at once. A) operate on        B) be operated      C) be operated on    D) operate (  )26. Do you mind my using your dictionary for a while?    _____. A) Of course not    B) Yes, please      C) It doesn't matter    D) Yes, here you are (  )27. Where _____?  To the teachers' office. A) have you gone      B) has he gone         C) is he going to      D) have you been to (  )28. Please _____ make the same mistake again, Tom.   A) don’t try to    B) try don’t to    C) try to not      D) try not to (  )29. Q: _____ you _____ Jim this morning?  A: Yes. I _____ him just now.   A) Have…seen, saw        B) Did…see, saw   C) Have…seen, have seen    D) Did…see, have seen (  )30. English is the language _____ in Australia, isn’t it?   A) using    B) used    C) speaking    D) is spoken (  )31. When you go out, don’t forget to keep the windows _____.   A) open    B) opening    C) opened    D) to open (  )32. We _____ the lady was good at skiing.   A) told    B) wondered    C) were asked    D) were told (  )33. Sorry, I _____ understand the business letter. Because it _____ written in English.   A) don’t, is    B) don’t, was    C) didn’t, is    D) didn’t, was (  )34. Some boys were seen _____ into the hospital.   A) going    B) entering    C) taking    D) to send (  )35. He, with another policewoman, _____ the streets in City Centre.   A) walk on              B) walk around        C) walks on          D) walks around (  )36. The soup bowl _____. _____ it _____ yesterday?   A) was broken, Was…broken    B) is broken, Was…broken   C) was broken, Did…break    D) is broken, Has…broken (  )37. Unluckily, they were _____ with a big storm halfway.   A) caught    B) come across    C) met    D) happened (  )38. He is poor at spoken English. He can’t even _____ a word of it.   A) say    B) talk    C) speak    D)tell (  )39. Jack _____ be absent today. I saw him playing in the playground a moment ago.     A) mustn’t     B) needn’t    C) isn’t able to     D) can’t (  )40. You should go on _____ the text until you _____ able to recite it.   A) reading, are    B) reading, were    C) to read, will be    D) to read, were (  )41. Q: Must we do eye exercises every day, Miss Liu?    A: I’m afraid _____.   A) you mustn’t    B) you must    C) you needn’t    D) you can’t (  )42. We may _____ each other somewhere before.   A) meet    B) met    C) have met    D) to meet (  )43. He doesn’t know _____ next.   A) how to do    B) what to do it    C) when to do    D) where to go (  )44. The lady thinks she is too fat, and she is planning _____ now.   A) to keep fit    B) reduce his weight    C) to go on a diet    D) stop her from eating (  )45. The house is on fire. Let’s go and _____ the fire together.   A) put off    B) put out    C) put down    D) put away (  )46. It’s _____ these days. You’d better _____ your greatcoat before you go out.     A) snowing, in    B) snowy, wear    C) snowing, have on    D) snowy, put on (  )47. His family used to _____ in the past.   A) go hungry    B) be hungry    C) going hungry    D) being hungry (  )48. Never forget _____ “Excuse me” when you trouble someone.     A) to speak    B) to say    C) speaking    D) saying (  )49. The music _____ so wonderful that I liked it very much.   A) looked            B) heard              C) listened            D) sounded (  )50. The flat _____ him nearly all his money.   A) cost                B) took            C) spent              D) paid (  )51. You may _____ the book for another week.   A) borrow              B) lend                C) keep            D) hold (  )52. He _____ go to work by bike but now he _____ taking a bus   A) is used to, is used to                     B) used to, used to   C) is used to, used to                      D) used to, is used to (  )53. The music is nice. But it's too loud. Please _____ the radio.   A) turn down        B) turn up            C) turn on              D) turn off (  )54. A: _____ I play football now?    B: No, you mustn't.   A) Need            B) Must            C) May              D) Will (  )55.What _____ you _____ I'm a teacher?   A) makes, to think       B) make, to think        C) makes, think       D) make, think (  )56. What did you _____ at the meeting?   A) talk              B) speak            C) tell                D) say (  )57. Let's go for a walk after supper, _____?   A) will you          B) don’t we          C) shan’t we        D) shall we (  )58. Neither he nor I _____ good at drawing.   A) am                  B) is                C) are                D) don't (  )59. A: What's in the box?        B: _____ in it.   A) There are letters      B) It is a letter      C) They are letters      D) There is a letter (  )60. It _____ me half an hour to get there.   A) spends              B) pays                C) takes              D) costs 七、形容词和副词: 英语中，形容词和副词有级的变化。在两个范围内，应该用比较级，它的修饰词有这样几个：much, far, a lot(得多); a little(一点); even(甚至于还要); still(更加)。在三个以上范围内，应该用最高级，它常伴随的词语有这样几个：in﹢sp.(表达地点范围)；of、among﹢数词、代词或复数名词(表达个数范围)；… that I ever seen(表达整体范围)。但是有不少单词仍要求用原级，它们是：very …；so …；quite …；too …；… enough；as … as等；此外在感叹句中也应该用原级。     在连系动词后，通常要用形容词作表语，不能用副词。英语中的连系动词分三大类：1.be动词 2.意为“变”的动词，如：turn green；change fatter；get warmer；become smaller等 3.感官动词，如：look worried；sound true；taste delicious；smell terrible；feel hot。此外，还有个别行为动词也可作连系动词用，如：grow taller(长高)；go hungry(挨饿)……等。不过还应该注意到，有些副词是可以修饰be动词的，如：possibly；probably；still；nearly；indeed …等。 例题解析: (  ) The knife is _____ enough for you to cut the meat.   A) blunt    B) cheap    C) sharp    D) fast     本题意为“刀够快，你可以切肉”。本句中的“快”意为“锋利”，该用“sharp”。“blunt”意为“钝”，是“sharp”的反义词；“cheap”意为“便宜”，用在这里不妥；“fast”也译作“快”，但是，它所表示的是“速度”的程度。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  )16. Grandmother wakes up early. She _____ gets up late, does she?   A) few    B) little    C) seldom    D) usually 应该用副词来修饰行为动词“get up”。“few”与“little”是形容词，都不能用在句子中。副词“usually”虽可用于修饰“get up”，但是，它的反意疑问句该用“doesn’t she”来反问。“seldom”与“not”、“no”、“never”、“nothing”、“nobody”、“none”、“little”、“few”、“hardly”、“scarcely”、“rarely”相仿，在语法上有否定的特点；即它们在位的句子在语法上都属于否定句，因此，它的反意疑问句该用“does she”来反问。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) If you want to learn a language well, you must use it as _____ as possible.   A) hard    B) long    C) often    D)soon     本句的关键词是“use”(使用)，与“hard”(努力)不宜搭配。“as long as possible”意为“尽可能长久”，“as soon as possible”意为“尽快”，都不宜与“使用英语”搭配；与“学好语言”之意不符。只有“as often as possible”(尽可能经常)与“使用英语”搭配才贴切。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) This is really a large amount of money. But it is _____ than we need.     A) much fewer    B) less much    C) far more    D) far less     “but”是表示“意思转折”的连词，因此，这里不能说“多得多”，要说“少得多”。“多”(many, much)的比较级都是“more”；但是“少”(few, little)的比较级有可数(fewer)与不可数(less)之分，平时学生往往会忽略“fewer”的用法。本句的意思是“这确实是一大笔钱，但是要比我们所需要的数量少得多。”这里指的是数量，而在英语中数量的表达是属于不可数的。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) Glad you’re much better now. But you have to stay in bed for _____ two weeks.     A) other    B) more    C) again    D) another     “再卧床两星期”可译为“stay in bed for another two weeks”或“stay in bed for two more weeks”，所以本题答案应该选“D”。要特别注意第二种说法中“more”的位置；它要放在数词的后面、名词的前面。 (  ) It was said that he was _____ at the meeting yesterday afternoon.   A) attended    B) joined     C) present    D) absent     在英语中，“出席会议”可译为“attend the meeting”或“be present at the meeting”；“缺席会议”可译为“be absent from the meeting”。“join”意为“加入”，后面可以跟表示人群或组织的名词作宾语，它不能用“会议”作宾语。所以本题答案应该选“C”。“present”除了有形容词“出席的”意思外，还有名词“礼物”(gift) 和“目前”的意思，如：at the present(当前；即nowadays)。 (  ) Look. The _____ baby hasn’t woken up yet.   A) sleeping    B) sleepy        C) asleep    D) slept     “sleepy”意为“睡眼惺忪的”，没有“睡着”之意。“slept”(睡着)是“sleep”的过去式或过去分词，它不能用作“baby”的定语。“asleep”(睡着的)在英语中只能用作表语，即后面不能跟名词，如：fall asleep。“sleeping”(睡着的)在英语中可作定语、表语，还可以作为动名词用作主语、宾语或作为现在分词用在分词短语中。本题意为“你看，那个睡着的婴儿还没醒来”，只能用“sleeping”来修饰名词“baby”，所以答案应该选“A”。 (  ) A child may feel _____ if he has no sister or brother in his family.   A) lone    B) lonely    C) alone    D) along     “lone”(孤单的)表示状态，通常用作定语；“alone”(孤单的)也表示状态，通常用作表语，它还可以用作副词，意为“单独”（by oneself; without anyone’s help）；“lonely”(孤单的) 表示心情，通常与“feel”连用；“along”作介词有“沿着”之意，作副词时可替换“on”。本句之意是“如果在家里没有弟妹，孩子会感到孤单”，所以答案应该选“B”。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. Stay with us. ______ we will have Lantern Festival.   A) Now            B) Then                C) Quickly          D) Soon (  ) 2. You’d better wear scarves and gloves. Then you’ll be ______.   A) warm enough    B) warmer enough        C) enough warm      D) enough warmer (  ) 3. It’s ______ here ______ Qing Ming Festival.   A) raining, on        B) raining, at            C) rainy, on          D) rainy, at (  ) 4. You are ______ as my cousin, I think.   A) as healthy        B) so healthy            C) healthier          D) less healthy (  ) 5. Mr. Ling had an unhealthy diet and did ______ exercise.   A) never            B) not                C) no              D) a little (  ) 6. He does a lot of different things _____.   A) either            B) also                 C) as well              D) so (  ) 7. There was usually a jam because of the _____ traffic.   A) big                B) busy                C) heavy              D) much (  ) 8. Joe is _____. He never makes his bed or tidies his room.   A) bright          B) safe    C) delicious    D) lazy (  ) 9. The driver was tired and almost immediately fell _____.   A) sleepy    B) sleeping    C) asleep    D) sleep (  )10. She liked the white cat _____ much that she kept _____ it there for a long time.   A) so, watching    B) very, watching    C) so, to watch    D) very, to watch (  )11. _____ my opinion, the bear is still _____.   A) To, alive    B) To, living    C) In, alive    D) To, living (  )12. Mrs. Blue is _____ at home. I saw her _____ the gate just now.   A) probably, entering    B) probably, enter    C) possibly, entering    D) possible, enter (  )13. It’s not easy to learn English well, we need to practise as _____ as possible.   A) soon    B) more    C) much    D) harder (  )14. This morning I got up earlier _____.   A) than usually    B) than usual    C) than usually do    D) than I usually (  )15. Water can be turned into ice if the temperature is _____ enough.   A) little    B) cold    C) cool    D) low (  )16. Jack did it more carefully than _____ in the team.   A) any boy    B) any other girl    C) any other boys    D) any of the other boys (  )17. He never smokes. _____ does his father.   A) So              B) Neither          C) Also            D) Too (  )18. People _____ over there don't speak English.   A)  /              B) is              C) live              D) are (  )19. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower is _____ TV tower in Asia.   A) the higher          B) higher            C) highest          D) a very high (  )20. We believe that Tim can run _____ to win the first prize.   A) too fast            B) so fast          C) fast enough       D) enough fast (  )21. Most of us like to buy these Teddy Bears. They look so _______.   A) nicely            B) well            C) beautifully      D) lovely (  )22. Jerry is a CEO of a famous company. He is as  _____ as a bee.   A) busy            B) brave          C) blind            D) bright (  )23. Mary was still _____, so she had one more cake.   A) thirsty            B) cold            C) hungry          D) angry (  )24. － Do you mind if I turn       the TV a bit?         －Yes, I do. I’m busy with my homework now.   A)  on              B) up            C) down            D) off 八、宾语从句: 整个句子是一个动词或一个介词的宾语，这样的句子就叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是整个复合句的一部分，因此它的变化必然会受到前面主句的影响。在一般情况下，主句的时态如果是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态也必须作相应的调整，即由“一般现在时”变为“一般过去时”、 由“现在进行时”变为“过去进行时”、 由“现在完成时”变为“过去完成时”、 由“一般将来时”变为“过去将来时”。此外，还要根据句意，对其他各种词语作相应的调整，如：you → he；ago → before；next week → the next week，… 等。 但是，也有例外；即带有真理性质的“一般现在时”不变。“真理”通常有以下几种表达形式：1.宇宙、自然界的规律活动 2.类似于光速比音速快的固定法则 3.没有时间概念的词义或句意，如：He asked me what this word means.     “疑问句”作宾语从句时，要注意把词序作必要的调整，即要象肯定句和否定句那样，先写主语、后写谓语动词。因此，在宾语从句中不该有表示倒叙形式的助动词“do”、“does”、“did”。 例题解析: (  ) Please tell me _____ this afternoon.     A) that it rains     B) that it will rain    C) if it rains    D) if it will rain     前句“Please tell me”带有疑问色彩，因此关联词要用疑问代词或疑问副词，或用也带有疑问色彩的从属连词“if”(是否)，不能选不带疑问色彩的从属连词“that”。再根据“this afternoon”(今天下午)之意，选表示经常下雨的“it rains”词语是不妥的。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) I don’t think you will pass the history examination, _____?   A) do I    B) don’t I    C) will you    D) won’t you     这是一句特殊的反意疑问句。因为按照语法说成“do I”是毫无意义和违背常情的，因此该句要根据从句中的动词来进行反问才合乎逻辑。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) We haven’t discussed _____ we should do like that.   A) about if    B) about how    C) whether    D) if     “discuss”是及物动词，与动词“serve”相仿，后面要直接跟宾语。“讨论关于……”是汉语中的习惯说法，学生往往会错误地选用“about”回答。因此，我们在学英语时，要特别注意汉语思路的干扰。“whether”、“if”都有“是否”之意，一般情况下可以通用。但是，在以下几种情况下都应该用“whether”：1.在句首作主语从句时。2. 与“… or not”连用成词组时。3.作介词后的宾语从句时。 4. 在“discuss”后作宾语从句时。 5. 跟不定式“to do…”时。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) Could you tell me _____?   A) what was the matter with him    B) what the matter was with him   C) what’s the matter with him    D) what the matter is with him     这是句主谓语不需要调整的特殊的“宾语从句”，因此，只要注意时态的变化就可以了。由于“Could you …?”句型与“Would you …?”句型相仿，它是口语中表示客套的一种虚拟语气，不表达“过去时”，因此，后面从句中的动词不需要作调整，整个从句跟原来的疑问句的说法完全相同。所以本题答案应该选“C”。在英语中，这种特殊的“宾语从句”为数不多，再记一句“Which is the way to …?”与它相仿即可。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. Miss Blue wanted to know _____ during the summer holidays.   A) where I had gone    B) where I had been    C) where had I gone    D) where had I been (  ) 2. Would you please tell _____?   A) which is the way to the Park Hotel    B) which the way is to the Park Hotel   C) which the way to the Park Hotel is    D) which way to the Park Hotel is (  ) 3. I asked her _____.   A) which he liked best one                C) which one did she like best   C) which one does she like best              D) which one she liked best (  ) 4. The teacher asked us _____.   A) why didn't we tell him about it earlier    B) when I have finished my work   C) what we were interested in            D) where are we going to have our lunch (  ) 5. I’d be interested to know ____ come before 9:00 a.m..   A) that he will      B) that he would      C) if he will        D) whether he would (  ) 6. The teacher told us that ____.   A) the earth turns round the sun.          B) the earth turned round the sun.   C) the sun turns round the earth.          D) the sun turned round the earth. (  ) 7. As a matter of fact, I really didn’t know ____.   A) that he meant.    B) what he meant    C) that did he mean  D) what did he mean 九、并列连词:     并列连词用于两个并列的简单句中。表示“承上启下”概念的有“and”(并且)、“so”(所以)……等。表示“两者取一”概念的有“or”(或者)、“otherwise”(否则)……等。表示“彼此矛盾”概念的有“but”(但是)、“while”(而)……等。 例题解析: (  ) It’s said Yang Liwei will come here tonight, _____ I’m not sure.   A) and    B) however    C) but    D) so   后半句“I’m not sure”(我不信)与前句的句意有转折的意思，应该用表示具有转折意思的并列连词“but”才对。“and”是具有“承上启下”意思的并列连词；“so”是具有因果关系的并列连词。“however”(然而)也有转折意思，但是它是副词，用时要用逗号“，”撇开。 (  ) The boy is too short to reach _____ the book _____ the magazine on the shelf.     A) both, and    B) either, or    C) neither, nor    D) not, but “both … and”通常用于表示肯定意思的句型，“not … but”意为“不是……而是”，用在这里都不妥。该句中句型“too … to”(太……而不能)本身带有否定含义，因而不能再选带有否定意思的“neither … nor”(既不……也不)了。所以本题答案应该选“B”，意为“男孩太矮，他既拿不到书架上的书，也拿不到书架上的杂志”。 (  ) _____ Tom _____ Mary is busy. You’d better play with others.   A) Both, and    B) Neither, nor    C) Either, or    D) Not only, but also     根据后句“You’d better play with others”(你最好跟别人玩)的意思，前句应该说两人都忙着。因此，该句不能选“Neither … nor”(表示两人都不忙)或“Either … or”(表示有一人忙)。由于该句中动词用的是单三形式“is”，因此不能选要求动词用复数形式的句型“both … and”。 所以本题答案应该选“D”。 句型“Not only … but also”与句型“Either … or”和“Neither … nor”相仿；要求动词跟后面一个人称变化。 (  ) Nobody else _____ I likes to watch it.   A) and    B) or    C) but    D) nor     该句用的是“not … but”句型，所以本题答案应该选“C”。要注意句中的动词是根据前面人称“Nobody”变化的。此外，“together with”和“as well as”句型中的动词也是根据前面人称变化的。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. Don’t worry. You can say it _____ in English _____ in Chinese.   A) both, and           B) either, or          C) not only, also      D) not, also (  ) 2. In fact, _____ but I is keen on the fierce dinosaur in the film.   A) somebody    B) nobody    C) everybody    D) anybody (  ) 3. The wall was pulled to the ground, _____ the noise brought many people running there.   A) so    B) but    C) while    D) and (  ) 4. You’d better call a taxi, _____ you won’t be able _____ catch the plane.   A) then, /    B) and, to    C) or, /    D) or, to (  ) 5. Though he is very young, _____ he is the manager here.   A) but    B) however    C) while    D) / (  ) 6. Physics is too difficult to me,     it’s interesting and useful.   A) so              B) or                  C) and            D) but (  ) 7.       she is over sixty, she is still learning computer skills.   A) Since            B) If              C) Although        D) Unless 十、关联词:     关联词用于主从复合句中。关联词有：从属连词“that”、“if”、“whether”、“although”；疑问代词“who”、“what”、“which”；疑问副词“when”、“why”……等。 例题解析: (  ) I will like everything _____ you are willing to buy for me.   A) that    B) what    C) if    D) whether     “if”(假如、是否)和“whether”(是否)都不宜用在该句。该句的主句已有一个宾语“everything”，而从句却少了个宾语，要用关联词“that”才对。只有当主、从句都缺少宾语时，才该用关联词“what”。因此“what”意为“something that”、“all that”、“the word that”……等。所以本题答案应该选“A”。 (  ) Although they are young, _____ they know how to serve _____ the customers.   A) but, /    B) but, for    C) / , /    D) / , for 在英语中,“although”、“but”分别有“虽然……但是”的意思，在一句中不能重叠使用。与此相仿，“because”、“so”也分别有“因为……所以”之意，在一句中也不能重叠使用。后半句的“为那些顾客服务”不能加介词“for”；因为“serve”(服务于) 是及物动词，它应该直接跟宾语“the customers”(那些顾客)。所以本题答案应该选“C”。 (  ) I wonder _____ he will come before 9:00 p.m..   A) what    B) that    C) when    D) if   主句“I wonder”(我想知道)带有疑问色彩，因此，答案不能选不带疑问意思的关联词“that”。又由于后半句宾语从句对时间已有所交代，而且用的“come”是不及物动词，不宜跟宾语，因此，该句选“if”(是否)才对。所以本题答案应该选“D”。 (  ) It’s _____ that I’d like to buy it.   A) so nice doll    B) such nice doll    C) such nice a doll    D) so nice a doll   “so … that”和“such .. that”句型是由“that”作关联词的结果状语从句。“so”(那样地)是副词，用于修饰后面的副词或形容词；“such”(那样的)是形容词，用于修饰后面的名词。因此，“那样漂亮的一个洋娃娃”可译为“such a nice doll”或“so nice a doll”。 所以本题答案应该选“D”。同理，感叹句“他是多聪明的孩子啊！”可译为“What a clever child he is!”、“How clever the child is!”、“How clever a child he is!”。 习题训练: Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): (  ) 1. The doctor left the temple _____ the operation was over.   A) until    B) after    C) before    D) if (  ) 2. I’ll tell you where he comes from _____ who he is _____.   A) or, either    B) or, too    C) and, or so    D) and, as well (  ) 3. “All the other boys can manage _____ you can’t.” shouted Father.   A) and    B) or    C) while    D) so (  ) 4. It’s said _____ he used to tell a lie, so they didn’t believe him.   A) for    B) as    C) because    D) / (  ) 5. I really don’t know _____ I should do with the used bottles.   A) how     B) where    C) what    D) that (  ) 6. The children didn’t go to bed _____ their mother came back home.   A) before    B) when    C) until    D) while (  ) 7. I had _____ on me at that time that I could not pay for the Christmas card.   A) so little a money    B) such little money    C) so little money    D) such little a money (  ) 8. You ought not to believe ____ just now.   A) what he said           B) that he said          C) in what he said       D) in that he said 主 谓 一 致 就近原则：either……or……    neither……nor……    not only…….but also…… There / Here be +并列主语. 二、意义一致原则： 1.集体名词 （ class, family等 ）做主语时，可根据意义判断。 His family has moved into a new house.      His family were having supper then. 主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。 2.主语+ as well as /  with / together with / like / but / except + 动词单数。 Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall. Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow. 3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each,  either,  neither,  something, anything,  somebody,    anybody等。 4.The + 形容词 / 过去分词 + 动词复数　The wounded were looked after well in the hospital. The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world. 5. glasses,  trousers, shoes, scissors等单独做主语时，动词用复数，但当它们与a　pair of 连用时，动词与pair的数保持一致。  The pair of glasses fits you well. 句      子 （一） 根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句 一、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。根据句子的结构， 又可分为五种：1、 S + V.  主语 + 不及物动词。  2、S + V + O.  主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语。 3、S + V + P.    主语 + 连系动词 + 表语。 4、S + V + IO + DO. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。可以转换成：   主语 + 直接宾语 +  for 或 to ＋　间接宾语。 常见的这类动词有： buy,  bring,  make ,  choose,  get  sth. for sb.    teach,  give,  pass,  hand(传递),  show,  offer,  sell,  lend,  take,  send  sth to sb. 5、S + V + O + C.  主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。 二、并列句：常由or,  but, and,  so  for等词将两个简单句连接，表示转折，递进等关系。 三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。 1、宾语从句    掌握以下内容：* 引导宾语从句的引导词； * 掌握宾语从句的语序；             *掌握宾语从句的时态一致 2、状语从句 （1）时间状语从句的连词有：when,  while,  before,  after,  until (till),  since,  as soon as等。 时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 注意下列几个词的区别： when: *当……的时候  指一点时间,表示短暂性动作  *指一段时间,表示持续性的动作     *什么时候  引导宾语从句 while:*表示持续性的动作或状态    *具有对比的含义, 意为 “然而” as: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用. “一边…一边…” 随着..   As we walked, we talked.        As time went by, we knew each other better and better. （2）原因状语从句 because(因为),  since(既然),  as (由于),  for(因为) （3）条件状语从句if(如果)  unless(除非)   在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时. （4）结果状语从句so + 形容词 / 副词 + that + 句子    such + 名词 + that…     ＊such + a (an) + 形容词+ 名词= so + 形容词+ a (an) + 名词 （5）目的状语从句so that,  in order that,    (in order to do sth.  so as to do sth) （6）比较状语从句as…as…    than,    not as / so … as…  （7）让步状语从句though,    although,  even though… 3、定语从句: 修饰名词或代词的从句, 放在名词或代词的后面.   通常:  名词(人) + who / whom / that + 句子        名词(物) + which / that + 句子 （1）引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用 which 指物, 不用 that.   I have lost my bag, which I like very much. （2）关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.   Do you know the man who is standing against the door? （3）下列几种情况只能用 that 引导宾语从句:   *先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:   All that we have to do is to practise more.        There is nothing that I can do for you.   *先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.   *先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时,如:   I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.    （4）由when, where, why 引导的定语从句   I don’t know the reason why he was late.    This is the place where I have lived for five years.   I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.   先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用that (which), 如果动词不及物,就用where引导.    This is the house that he has lived in for five years.                                 This is the house where he has lived for five years.         句      子(二) 根据句子的功能，可以把句子分为四类：陈述句（肯定句和否定句）；疑问句（一般疑问句， 特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句）；祈使句和感叹句。 一、陈述句：  1、肯定句  　2、否定句：（1） 加 not 构成的否定句 （2）由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few等构成的否定句 两者的全部否定用neither或nor，部分否定用both + not; 三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many, every加not构成。 （3）否定前置，常见的动词有：think,  believe,  suppose 二、疑问句  1．一般疑问句：用 yes 或 no 回答   2．特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why 以及 它们构成的一些短语）提问的句子。   3. 选择疑问句：一般疑问句 + or + 选择对象    不能用 yes 或 no 回答   4.反意疑问句： 陈述句 + 简略的一般疑问句。  陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、 否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容：   （1）简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持一致，只能用人称代词（there除外），简略问句的动词也 和陈述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用缩写形式。如： Jin isn’t a student, is he?        There are some books in it, aren’t there?     (2)陈述部分是I’m…结构，疑问部分一般用aren’t you， 如：  I’m late, aren’t I?   （3）陈述部分有little, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等词表示否定时，疑问部分用肯定。   （4）祈使句的反意疑问句：  祈使句，will you？        Let’s…, shall we?   （5）宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose时， 疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。I don’t think he knows it, does he? 三、祈使句：表示命令、请求或建议。肯定形式用动词原形. 否定形式用 “Don’t / Never + 动词原形.” 四、感叹句：常由what 或 how开头 What + 形容词 +名词 + 主语+ 动词.    What a nice house it is!    What fine weather! How + 形容词 + 主语 + 连系动词。  How happy they look!    How interesting the story is! How + 副词 + 主语 + 实义动词。  How happy they are laughing!    How + 主语 + 动词    How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!