欧洲文化名词解释集锦2

欧洲文化名词解释集锦2DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture1.Iliad(《伊利亚特》):1)ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.2)ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.3)TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.4)Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.4.Dialecticalmethod(辩证法):1)ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.2)Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.7(Stoics(斯多咯派):1)ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.2)Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.3)Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.4)ThechiefStoicwasZeno.8(DoricStyle(陶立克柱):1)ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.2)Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.3)Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.4)TheDoricstyle.ismonotonousandunadorned.9(PaxRomana(罗马和平)(北京市2001年自考真 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 名词解释):1)Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.2)Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.3)Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy-thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.4)ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknowasPaxRomana.10.Virgil(维吉尔):1)HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.2)Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.3)Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofarceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.DivisionTwoTheBibleandChristianity1.TheBible:1)TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrineofJesusChrist.2.TheOldTestament:1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.3.TheNewTestament:1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.4.Pentateuch(摩西五经):1)IntheOldTestament,theoldestandmostimportantarethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.2)Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis(创世记),Exodus(出埃及记),Leviticus(利未记),Numbers(民数记),Deuteronomy(申命记).5(Genesis:1)GenesisisthefirstoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchinOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.6.Exodus:1)ExodusisthesecondoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchintheOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgyptLedbyMoses.3)DuringtheperiodtheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.7.Noah’sArk(挪亚方舟):1)FormanyhundredyearsafterAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden,thefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth,buttheybecamemoreandmorecorrupt2)ThusGoddecidedtodestroyalllifeonearthinagreatflood.3)BecauseNoahalwayskepthisfaithinGod,GodspoketohimaboutHisintentionandtoldhimtobuildanarktoprotecthimandhiskinfromthewaters.4).NoahfollowedGod’sinstructions.5)For40daysitrained,thewholeearthwascoveredwithwater,thoseshelteredinthearkbeingtheonlysurvivals.8.TheProphets(先知):1)FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.2)Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.3)TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分为大小先知)9(TheBookofDaniel(《但以理书》):1)TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.2)ThebookappearedintheearlydaysofJews’revoltagainsttheSyrianKingAntiochusIV.3)Itisastorymixedwithvision,describinghowDanielandhisfriendsweretakenprisonertoBabylonafterthefallofJerusalemandhowtheyrefusedtocompromisetheirfaith.10(TheEdictofMilan(米兰赦令):1)RomanemperorConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattleforthethrone,soheissuedtheEdictofMilanin313.2)Itgrantedreligiousfreedomtoall,madeChristianitylegal.11(ThefouraccountsintheNewTestament(四福音书):1)ThefouraccountsarethefirstfourbooksintheNewTestament.2)TheywerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus’earlyfollowers.3)Theytellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.12(KingJames’versionofBible(钦定版本圣经):1)AsthemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBible,itisalsocalledthe“Authorized”version.2)Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames,andwaspublishedin1611.3)Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknowasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguage.DivisionThreeTheMiddleAges1(theMiddleages(中世纪)(北京市2002年自考真题名词解释):1)InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfromthe5thcenturyto15thcenturyfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2)Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.3)DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.4)Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople’slives.ThatiswhytheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.2(Feudalism(封建主义):1)FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.2)Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.3(Fiefs(封地，采邑):1)InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2)Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.4.vassals(诸侯):1)InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2)Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.3)Theownersofthefiefswcallvassals.5.CodeofChivalry(骑士 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ):1)IntheMiddleAgesofwesternEurope,asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.2)Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.6.dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式):Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrailsandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecialceremonytoawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.7.TheManor(庄园):1)Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.2)Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords.3)Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.8(TheCatholicChurch(天主教):1)Inthemedieval“ageoffaith”,almostallEuropeansbelongedtotheCatholicChurch.2)Theword“catholic”meant“universal”3)TheCatholicChurchwashighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganizationandthePopewastheheadoftheChurch.HenotonlyruledRomeandpartsofItalyasaking,hewasalsotheheadofallChristianchurchesinwesternEurope.ThosewhoopposedthePopelosttheirmembershipandtheirpoliticalright.4)TheChurchevensetupachurchcourt-theInquisitiontostampoutso-calledheresy.5)LatinwastheacceptedofficiallanguageintheRomanCatholicChurch.6)ThisChurchhadgreatinfluenceonpeople’sdailylifeandthewesternthinking.9(Monasticism(修道院制度):1)HeedingthespiritualmessageofChristianity,between300and500A.D.,manymenwithdrewfromworldlycontactstodesertsandlonelyplaces.2)Thismovementdevelopedintotheestablishmentofmonasteries(修道院)andconvents(女修道院)formonksandnuns.3)Someofthehermitsweregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”,whoseworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox..4)ThreerepresentativeswereSt.Jerome,AugustineofHippoandSt.Benedict.10.BenedictineRule(本尼迪克特教团):1)ItwasfoundedbySt.Benedict,agreatmonkin529A.D.2)ThemonkswhofollowedBenedict’srulepromisedtogiveupalltheirpossessionbeforeenteringthemonastery.3)woresimpleclothesandateonlycertainsimplefoods.4)Theycouldnotmarryandhadtoobeywithoutquestiontheordersoftheabbot.5)Theyhadtoattendserviceseventimesduringthedayandonceatmidnight.6)Inaddition,theywereexpectedtoworkfivehoursadayinthefieldssurroundingthemonastery.11.holycommunion(圣餐):1)Itisoneofmostimportantsacraments.2)IthelpstoremindpeoplethatChristhasdiedtoredeemman.12(TheCrusades(十字军东征)(北京市2001年自考真题名词解释):1)In1071PalestinefelltothearmiesoftheTurkishMoslemswhoattackedtheChristianpilgrims,killingmanyofthemandsoldmanyothersasslaves.2)NewsofthiskinkrousedgreatindignationamongChristiansinwesternEurope.3)TheresultwasaseriesofholywarscalledtheCrusadeswhichwentonabout200years.4)AllthesoldiersgoingtoPalestineworearedcrossonthetunicsasasymbolofobediencetoGod.5)TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusadesfrom1096to1291.6)AothoughtheCrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffectonthefutureofboththeEastandtheWest.TheybroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope.13.CarolingianRenaissance(加洛林复兴):1)Inearlymedievalperiod,theEmperoroftheRomans,Charlemagne,encouragedlearningbysettingupmonasteryschools,givingsupporttoscholarsandsettingscribestoworkcopyingvariousancientbooks.Becausethescribesperformedtheirtaskswell,fewoftheancientworksthathadsurviveduntilthattimewereeverlost.3)TheresultofCharlemagne’seffortsisusuallycalledthe“CarolingianRenaissance”.4)ThetermisderivedfromCharlemagne’snameinLatin,Carolus.5)ThemostinterestingsideofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacleofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilatetherichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.14.AlfredtheGreat(阿尔弗雷德大王)(北京市2003年自考真题名词解释):1)AstheruleroftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessex,hecontributedgreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture.2)HeworriedaboutthedisappearanceoflearningandmadeWessextheAnglo-Saxonculturalcentrebyintroducingteachersandscholars,foundingnewmonasteries,andpromotingtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.3)HealsoinspiredthecompilationoftheAngloSaxonChronicles.15(NationalEpic(民族史诗):1)TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedform.inancientliterature.2)“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.3)LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.4)ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.th16(Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》):1)ItisanAnglo-Saxonepicin8century.2)Itoriginatesfromthecollectiveeffortsoforalliterature.3)ThestoryissetinDenmarkorSwedenandtellshowthehero,Veowulf,defeatsthemonsterGrendelandGrendel’smother,aseamonster,buteventuallyreceiveshisowndeathinfightingwithafiredragon.4)ItmarksthebeginningofEnglishliterature.17.SongofRoland(《罗兰之歌》):1)Itisthemostwell-knownofagroupofFrenchepicsknownasLaChansondeGestes.2)IttellshowRoland,oneofCharlemagne’swarriors,fightsinSpainanddiesdefendingapassinthePyrenees.18.TheDivineComedy(《神曲》):1)ItwaswrittenbythegreatestpoetofItaly,Dante.2)Itisoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.3)ThepoemitselfisthegreatestChristianpoemwithaprofoundvisionofthemedievalChristianworld,andexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowedthespiritofRenaissance.4)ItwaswritteninItalianratherthaninLatin,whichinfluenceddecisivelytheevolutionofEuropeanliteratureawayfromitoriginsinLatinculturetoanewvariedexpression.19.TheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷故事集》):1)TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyEnglishpoetChaucer.2)Thebookcontainstwenty-fourtalesboldbyagroupofpilgrimsontheirjourneytoCanterbury.3)MostofthetalesarewritteninversewhichreflectsChaucer’sinnovationbyintroducingFrenchandItalywritingintotheEnglishnativealliterativeverse(头韵).4)TheCanterburyTalesisthebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish,pavingthewaytoModernEnglish.20.Gothic(哥特式建筑)(北京市2001自考真题名词解释):1)TheGothicstyle.startedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofwesternEurope.2)Itflourishedandlastedfromthethththmid-12totheendof15centuryand,insomeareas,intothe16.3)Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannertaninanyotherstyle.inhistory.4)TheGothicwasanoutgrowthoftheRomanesque,butitreflectedamuchmoreorderedfeudalsocietywithfullconfidence.5)Gothiccathedralssoaredhigh,theirwindows,archesandtowersreachingheavenward,flingingtheirpassionagainstthesky.Theweredecoratedwithbeautifulstainedglasswindowsandsculptures.