动词不定式

动词不定式(一) 语法 复习 预应力混凝土预制梁农业生态学考研国际私法笔记专题二标点符号数据的收集与整理 :动词不定式(一):在许多动词如hope, like, want, wish, decide, begin ,start等动词后面所加的不定式做该动词的宾语,在宾语成分后面出现的动词不定式做该宾语的补足语如ask sb to do sth, tell sb to do sth, want sb to do sth, wish sb to do sth,etc. 在某些动词后面的不定式结构表示该动作的目的,如He left home to work in different cities./He stood there to wait for the bus to come. /She saved her pocket money to buy a CD player. 以上不定式结构可以用“Why ”提问其目的。 例解: 1、The man hoped ____ the last bus, but he was too late. A. catching B. to catch C. to caught D. caught 此题应该选用B项。从“The man hoped…”中可知需要用动词不定式来接句,表示希望的内容,做“hoped”的宾语,故应选用“to catch ”。 2、The mother told his teacher _____ the boy out of school. A. don’t take B. not take C. not to take D. don’t to take 此题应该选用C项。从“The mother told his teacher …”中可知需要用动词不定式来接句,表示告诉老师的内容,做“his teacher”的宾语不足语,而此处为否定的不定式,not to take 故应选用“not to take”。 3、I’m sorry I forgot _____ the letter to my uncle. It’s still in my desk. A. posting B. to post C. to be posted D. to posted 此题应该选用B项。从“It’s still in my desk.”中可知“信没有寄出去”,所以应该用“forget to do sth”结构连接,故应选用“to post” 动词不定式(二):动词不定式常用于修饰名词、不定代词,作定语,如“something to eat”,“much work to do /some letters to write”等。不定式还可以与疑问词连用,如“what to say/whom to ask/ how to say it ”等。 例解:1、He didn’t know ____________________. A. what to do B. how to do C. what should he do D. where to do 此题应该选用A项。从“He didn’t know…”中可知后面要么跟宾语从句,要么跟疑问词加不定式结构,而“what should he do”为疑问句结构,不可以作为宾语从句,所以应该用“what to do ”结构连接,但是“how与where”不能作为“do ”的宾语,故B项和D项是错误的。 2、If you have any questions _____ in class, put up your hands ,please. A. ask B. asking C. to ask D. to asking 此题应该选用C项。从“…any questions…”中可知后面要跟不定式结构,做“questions”的定语,故只能选用“to ask ”。 3、Jim has ______ to tell you all. Please stop talking. A. anything new B. something else C. else something D. else anything 此题应该选用B项。从“…to tell you all…”中可知前面要用不定代词something,而“else”是修饰“something ”的定语,故只能放在“something ”的后面构成“something else something ”。 动词不定式(三动词不定式作为句子中的主语常常因为较长而用形式主语It代替并后置为It……to do sth. ,不定式用作表语时则放在联系动词的后面。 例解: 1、_____ healthy is very important and necessary. A. Keep B. To keep C. Keeping D. Both B and C 此题应该选用D项。从整个句子结构中可以看出“保持健康”是句子中的主语成分,故应 该用动词不定式或分词短语构成,故应该选用“To keep和Keeping”。此句同样可以说“It is very important and necessary to keep healthy.” 1、It’s kind ____ you ____ so. A. for, to say B. of , to say C. for, saying D. to, to say 此题应该选用B项。从“It’s kind ”中可以看出是形式主语的句子结构,后面应该用动词不定式连接,而“you”应该是“kind ”的逻辑主语,即“You are kind to …”,故应该选用“of , to say ”。 2、My wish is _______ a great scientist in the future. A. becoming B. to become C. to be become D. become 此题应该选用B项。从“My wish is…”中可以看出是连系动词后面的表语成分. (1)have /has been to ~ have/has been in (2)主动语态和被动语态 (1)“have/has been to ”表示某人曾经去过某处,“have /has been in ”意为去某处多久了,常与一段时间连用。 1、The Smiths have _____ to London .They won’t return until next month. They’ve ____ there twice. A. gone, gone B. been, gone C. been, been D. gone, been 此题应该选用D项。从“They won’t return until next month..”中可知前面要用“gone ”表示“人不在此地了”,而“twice”表示他们曾经去过,故应该用“been ”表示。 2、She has _______ Beijing for a week. A. gone to B. been to C. been in D. been at 此题应该选用C项。从“…for a week.”中可知前面要用“been in ”表示“在北京一段时间了”,而“been at ”不适宜用在北京之前。 (2)主动语态与被动语态:语态是用来表示主语和谓语的关系的。主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的结构为Be + 实义动词的过去分词(PP)构成。后面常接“by sb ”等介词短语。 例解: 1、What’s this ______ in English ? –It’s a writing brush. A. calling B. called C. said D. told 此题应该选用B项。从“What’s this….”中可知前面要用“PP”表示“被动语态结构”,而“It’s a writing brush.”意思为“这样东西(被)叫做毛笔”,可以知道前面应该用“called”才是正确的。 2、Workers are _____ paper in the factory. A. made B. making C. made of D. making of 此题应该选用B项。从“Workers are ….”中可知前面的主语是“make动作的执行者”,而“不是make动作的承受者”,故应该用“making ”才是正确的。 3、Helen Keller is ____ as a famous writer in America A. knowing B. knew C. known D. know 此题应该选用C项。从“…as a famous writer in America.”中可知前面的主语是“著名的美国作家”,而“Helen Keller is…”,不可能“自己正在知道”,所以应该是“被人知道”,故应该选用“known”。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 被动语态的“Be ”动词形式必须与时态信号保持一致。因此“Be ”的形式可以是多样的。而过去分词有规则与不规则之分。规则变化是动词词未加“ed”构成,不规则变化则要通过背诵记忆来获得。在不强调动作执行者或者说执行者显而易见的情况下“by sb ”短语常被省略, 例解1、These eggs ______ in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists. A. are founded B. were founded C. found D. were found 此题应该选用D项。从“These eggs…”中可知前面的主语是“find”动词的承受者,而“…by a group of scientists.”更加证明了这一点,“were founded”意思为“被成立”,故应该选用“were found”。 2、I _____ a present by my father on my birthday every year. A. give B. was given C. will be given D. am given 此题应该选用D项。从“by my father ”中可知前面的主语是“give”动词的承受者,而“…. every year”证明了要用现在时态的被动语态结构,故应该选用“am given”。 3、He was _________ in the open air just now . A. hearing singing B. heard sing C. heard to sing D. hearing sing 此题应该选用C项。从“He was…”中可知前面的主语是“hear ”动词的承受者,而动词不定式当中的“hear sb do sth”在被动语态中要加“to ”,故应该选用“heard to sing”。 4、Several man-made satellites ________ by China in the last few years. A. have been sent up B. have sent up C. are sent up D. were sent up 此题应该选用A项。从“…by China in the last few years. ”中可知前面的主语是“send up”动词的承受者,而“in the last few years.”意思为“在过去的几年中”,应该用完成时态,而不是过去时态,故应该选用“have been sent up”。 5、Another new road ______in our home town next year. A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. has been built 此题应该选用C项。从“…next year. ”中可知是将来时态,而前面的主语是“Another new road”是“build”动词的承受者,故应该选用“will be built”。 情态动词can, may, must, need, have to后面的被动语态中,“be”动词不作改变,再加上动词的过去分词构成,而现在进行时态的被动语态中只要在一般现在时态的am/is/are和P. P 之间加上“being”就可以表示“正在”的意思了,“being”是没有单复数变化的一个“常数项”。例解: 1、All your work must ______before you get back home. A. be doing B. be finishing C. be done D. finish 此题应该选用C项。从“All your work must…”中可知主语是动词“finish ”的承受者,故应该选用“be done ”。 2、Today too many trees ______ in the whole world. A. are still cutting down B. still cut down C. are still being cut down D. have still cut down 此题应该选用C项。从“Today too many trees ”中可知主语是动词“cut down ”的承受者,而“Today”中可以知道应该用现在进行时态的被动语态结构,故应该选用“are still being cut down ”。 3、Can my bike _____ here in half an hour ? A. mend B. be mended C. be mending D. mended 此题应该选用B项。从“…my bike ”和动词“mend”中可知主语是动词“mend”的承受者,故应该选用“be mended ”。 过去将来时态表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句之中。其时态结构为:should / would /was/were going to + V 原形构成,个别趋向性动词(come, go, leave, start, arrive, die, begin)等也可以用was/ were+ doing 构成。例解: 1、Lily said that there _______ a concert that evening. A. will be B. would be C. would going to be D. is 此题应该选用B项。从“Lily said that…”中可知主句是过去时态结构,故宾语从句应该是“相应的过去时态”,故应该选用“would be”。 2、He said that he was ___________ to see me that weekend. A. going to go B. coming C. leaving D. being 此题应该选用B项。从“He said that…”中可知主句是过去时态结构,故宾语从句应该是“相应的过去时态”,而A项“coming ”不妥,C项句意错误,故应该选用“coming”,表示“他将要来看望我。 3、She wanted to know if there ______ two English classes the next week. A. would have B. were going to be C. was D. was going to be 此题应该选用B项。从“She wanted…two English classes the next week.”中可知前面的主句是过去时态,故宾语从句应该用相应的过去将来时态结构,但是A项不符合“there be ”结构,D项是单复数错误,故应该选用“were going to be ”。 过去完成时态表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始一直延续到这一过去时间为止。简称为“过去的过去”,句中大多有一个明确的过去时间点或时间状语从句来表示过去时间。常见的时间点(从句)有:By the end of last term, By the time, when we got there, before…, he said that…, etc. 例解: 1、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school. A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was 此题应该选用C项。从“…since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态,但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态,,故应该选用“had been”。 2、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______. A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start 此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态,但是从“When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态,故应该选用“had started ”。 3、By the end of last term we ____ two thousand English words. A. had learnt B. has learnt C. learnt D. would learn 此题应该选用A项。从“By the end of last term ”中可知是“到过去某一时间点为止,”而不是到现在为止,故应该选用“had learnt”。 过去完成时态表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始一直延续到这一过去时间为止。简称为“过去的过去”,句中大多有一个明确的过去时间点或时间状语从句来表示过去时间。有时侯也可能通过上下文的理解推导而得出该时态的结构。例解: 1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels. A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read 此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中 可知是过去完成时态,而从“Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容,故应该选用“had read”。 2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station. A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away 此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动 词连接,而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情,应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。 3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line. A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering 此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的 前后关系,应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”,故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。 (一)词汇复习Revision of the words and phrases learnt in Unit Seventeen, dictation of some main words and phrases learnt in this unit(此环节也可根据中考词汇表顺序进行听写检在复合句中,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which, who, whom, whose等.当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,该关系代词常被省略。that可以代人代物,which而只能代物,介词后面只能用which,the only…, one of the most …, something …,the first…后面都应该加that. 例解: 1、This is the doctor _____ saved the girl’s life. A. that B. which C. who D. both A and C 此题应该选用D项。从“This is the doctor…”中可以看出先行词是sb,后面应该用who/ that 连接,故应该选用“both A and C ”。 2、The man ____ they wanted to visit is a scientist. A./ B. which C. whom D. both A and C 此题应该选用D项。从“The man …”中可以看出先行词是sb,后面应该用whom连接,而“whom”作为宾语是可以省略不填的,故应该选用“both A and C ”。 3、I know a woman ____ husband is a Nobel Prize winner. A. his B. which C. whose D. that 此题应该选用C项。从“a woman…”中可以看出先行词是sb,与后面的“husband”产生了“所有关系”,故应该选用“whose”。 4、Weihua is the most diligent student ___ I’ve ever seen. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 此题应该选用B项。从“the most diligent student…”中可以看出先行词是sb,但却是是最高级的名词结构,故应该选用“that ”,不可以用“whom”。 在复合句中,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.引导定语从句的关系副词有where, when, why等.关系副词在定语从句中不可以被省略。 例解: 1、I will never forget the moment ___ I joined the party. A. that B. which C. who D. when 此题应该选用D项。从“I will never forget the moment…”中可以看出先行词是时间,故应该选用“when”。 1、Everyone wants to visit the place ____ Lu Xun onced lived. A. which B. where C. when D. that 此题应该选用B项。从“visit the place…”中可以看出先行词是地点,故应该选用“where”。 2、We don’t know the reason ____ she was late for school this morning. A. why B. that C. which for that 此题应该选用A项。从“the reason…”中可以看出先行词是理由,故应该选用“why