格赛尔爬梯实验（Gesell´s ladder experiment）

格赛尔爬梯实验（Gesell´s ladder experiment） 格赛尔爬梯实验(Gesell's ladder experiment) ? ? Gesell and his twin ladder experiments Dr. Arnold Gessel (Arnold, Lucius, Gesell, June 21, 1880 - May 29, 1961) is an American psychologist and pediatrician, and a pioneer in the field of child development research. Gesell was born in Alma, wisconsin. He is the eldest son of 5 children in his family. His parents are photographers and teachers, and they are interested in education. Watching the learning and growth of his younger brother helps him build his interest in children. After graduating from middle school in 1896, Gesell plans to become a teacher, Stevens Point entered the normal school, where his colleague Edgar James, graduated from Clark University Swift hurt Gesell is interested in the psychology of self-esteem. He temporarily served as secondary school teachers, and then entered the University of Wisconsin Madison learning psychology course teaching learning Turner Jackson Frederick and Joseph Jastrow in the history there, the latter at the University of Wisconsin created a psychology experiment. In 1903, Gesell received a bachelor's degree in philosophy from University of Wisconsin. He was a teacher and high school principal, and then continued his education at the Clark University, which was strongly influenced by Stanley Holzer, a junior psychology leader, who founded the children's research movement. In 1906, Gesell received a doctorate in philosophy from Clark. Some of his educational facilities work in New York city and Wisconsin, then Clark's classmate Lewis Terman to help him get a professorship at the Losangeles state normal school, where he met his colleague Beatrice Chandler, they got married, they later gave birth to a daughter and a son. He spent many years at school with mental disabilities, such as the New Jersey vineyard school at Henry H. Goddard, and developed an interest in the study of mentally disabled children. Gesell was determined to become a doctor, to study at the University of Wisconsin School of medicine and later to become an assistant professor of medicine at the Yale University. He developed a children's development clinic. He received his doctorate in medicine in 1915. Eventually he became a full time professor at the Yale University. He also served as an educational psychologist at the school board in Connecticut. Gesell uses the latest technology in his research. He studied many children, including his Kamala. He also studies young animals, including monkeys. As a psychologist, Gesell recognized that both nature and education were important, and he warned others not to be too quick to blame psychological disabilities for special reasons. He believes that many aspects of human behavior, such as handedness and temperament, are inherited. He understands that children are good for their parents, and they are suitable for each other. He believes that a national kindergarten system will benefit the United states. Twin ladder experiment In education psychology, there was a very famous experiment done by an American psychologist named Gesell. The experiment, called "twin climbing ladder test," studies twins (twins) who learn to climb stairs at different times and results. Gesell chose twins, who were of the same height, weight and health. Let your brother start climbing stairs forty-eighth weeks after birth, The child was just 48 weeks to stand, or only reluctantly walked unsteadily, gossel training every day the child 15 minutes, the middle has experienced many falls, crying, climb up the process, finally, the child after 6 weeks of hard training, it is time to children 54 weeks, he finally can you climb the stairs independently. Twin brother, based with brother exactly the same, but the lattice Purcell let him in the 52 week exercise began to climb the stairs, then the children basic walking posture have been relatively stable, while leg muscle strength than his brother started to practice more powerful, and every day he looked at his brother training. Has been eager to the training intensity and the same content, he took only two weeks to climb the stairs independently, and also want to talk with my brother more than one level. One started at the 48 week, practiced for 6 weeks, and in the 54 week learned to climb the stairs; the other started at the beginning of the 52 week, practiced for 2 weeks, and learned in the 54 week. I though with a short time, but the effect is not bad, but also has a stronger willingness to continue learning. Gesell thought it was just a coincidence, so he changed another pair of twins. The result was similar. Hundreds of comparative trials were done repeatedly, and the result was the same. That is, the children had the best effect of climbing stairs in 52 weeks or so, and could achieve the best training results in the shortest possible time. After a few years, Gesell and the other age groups in other areas of study for tests, such as literacy, clothing, use knives and forks, and even extended to the field of adult learning process test, have reached similar conclusions, namely any training or education in specific training objects and have a "best education during the period of existence"! Mature force theory The Gesell school is generally considered to belong to genetic determinism. Gesell according to their long-term clinical experience and a great deal of research, put forward a basic proposition, namely the individual physical and mental development, maturity depends on the individual, and the individual depends on the maturity of the provisions of the order of gene. Maturity is the main driving force for children's development. Without enough maturity, there is no real change. Out of mature conditions, learning does not in itself promote development. This is Gesell's basic point of departure in dealing with the two relations between heredity and learning. Obviously, Gesell believes that learning is not important for children's development, but when the individual is not mature enough, the effect of learning is limited. Gesell's classic experiment, "twins climb the stairs", is a strong argument for this view. Twins T and C, 48 weeks training T climbing stairs, do not train C, and by the fifty-second week, T can climb 5 stairs, while T will not climb at one level. At the beginning of the 53 week, the same training C climb the stairs, and by the 55 week, both T and C can climb stairs skillfully. (number of weeks refers to the age of the baby.) What we need to say is that we call the twin stair climbing experiment a classic experiment by Gesell, not that Gesell's whole theoretical system is based on this experiment. In fact， Gesell and his colleagues accumulated a large number of long-term experimental data and clinical experience, and fully realized the role of genetic controlled maturity in individual development, and formed their own theoretical system.