高考考点英语状语用法

高考 地理事物空间分布特征语文高考下定义高考日语答题卡模板高考688高频词汇高考文言文120个实词 考点英语状语用法 湖北省红安县大赵家高中祝运华韩先祥吴丹 联系电话:134******** E-mail:569854473@qq.com 邮编:438400 (一)概叙 定义:英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。状 语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情状,时间,处所, 方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。 状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语的分类:状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为九大类——时间状语,地点 状语,条件状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,让步状语,比较状语 和方式(伴随)状语。 状语的构成:状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。 状语的位置:状语一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的状语个数一般 比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些.其中副 词的位置较为灵活,副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。请看下面例句: 1.副词一般在句子中做状语. He speaks English very well. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you. 3.介词短语 My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past. 4.从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. 5.分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。(现 在分词) Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词) 另外要注意英语一般状语和句首状语的区别,状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是 在主语之后,谓语中心之前,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的, 这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称"句首状语"。 (二)详细讲解 (1)状语从句的分类及其连接词的选择 1 状语从句(Adverbial Clause):状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语,它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。状语的位置比较灵活,可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。 状语从句的时态特点: 一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。 As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. If he comes back, please let me know. 状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下: 1.时间状语从句 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until. 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2.地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place) 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere. Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。 You should have put the book where you found it. Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated. 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。而wherever 本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。 Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen. 3.原因状语从句 常用引导词:because, since, as, for. 特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 4.目的状语从句 常用引导词:so that, in order that. 特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that∕for the purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5.结果状语从句 常用引导词:so … that, such … that, 特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that. To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6.条件状语从句 常用引导词:if, unless. 特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7.让步状语从句 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though. 特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever. Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 8.比较状语从句 常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较). 特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 9.方式状语从句 常用引导词:as, as if, how. 特殊引导词:the way. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 10. 状语从句的简化 状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致,或从句主语为it;②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。 When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . 另外,比较状语从句经常省略。 The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行"简化"。状语从句的"简化"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。 状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till 等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。 (1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。 If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. (2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形: a.连词+形容词 Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret. b.连词+名词 While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others. c.连词+现在分词 As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. d.连词+过去分词 He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited. e.连词+不定式 He stood up as if (he were) to say something. f. 连词+介词短语 She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble. 注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用 独立主格结构来表达。 When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room. (=The meeting over,…) (2)非谓语动词作状语用法 作状语用的非谓语动词都具有副词的特征。一般来说,三者都可以改写为与其意思相当的状语从句。 1. 不定式作状语时,可以表示目的、原因、结果和条件等。 ( 1 )表示目的。 She stood up to be seen better. ( = … so that she could be seen better. ) 注:如果不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,则需要用 for 将不定式的逻辑主语引出,置于不定式之前。 The hostess opened the door for the guests to come in. 如果强调目的状语,也可用 in order to be seen better, so as to be seen better 来代替前面例句中的 to be seen better 。 He left early so as not to miss the first bus. ( 2 )表示结果。 He opened the door only to find two strangers. (=… so that he found two strangers. ) ( 3 )表示原因。 I'm delighted to know that you have found a good job. ( = as I know that you have found a good job …) 注:不定式表示原因时,通常与 lucky, delighted, surprised 或 glad 等表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词连用。 ( 4 )表示条件。 He is very hard to get on with. 2. - ing 分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随状况,对句子中的谓语动词加以修饰或说明。 ( 1 )表示时间 A. -ing 分词表示的动作与句子谓语动词所表示的动作同时或紧接着发生时,用 -ing 分词的一般式。 Climbing to the top of the tower (= When we climbed to the top of the tower ) , we saw a beautiful view. 有时为了强调时间概念,可把连词 when 或 while 放在- ing 分词之前。 When rushing out of the room, ( = When he rushed out of the room ) the boy was knocked down by a car. B. - ing 分词表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前时,用- ing 分词的完成式。 Having done his homework, ( = After he had done his homework ) the boy went out to play with other boys. ( 2 )表示原因。 Having been there many times ( = As he had been there many times ), he offered to introduce the country. ( 3 )表示条件。 Not working hard (= If you don't work hard ), you won't pass the examination. ( 4 )表示让步。 Having much money ( = Though he has much money ) , he feels lonely. ( 5 )表示结果。 Her husband died, leaving her with five children. (=… so that he left her with five children ) 说明: -ing 分词(短语)作状语时,其前常有 so, thus 等表示结果 意义的词。 ( 6 )表示伴随状况和行为方式。 He came to my house, asking for help. ( = … and asked for help ) 用 -ing 分词(短语)作状语时必须注意两点: 1. -ing 分词(短语)的 逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 2. 若 -ing 分词(短语)所表示的动作与句子中 谓语动词所表示的动作同时或紧接着发生,则用 -ing 分词的一般式;若发生在 谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用 -ing 分词的完成式。 3. -ed 分词(过去分词)作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步和 伴随状况,对句子中谓语动词加以修饰或说明。 ( 1 )表示时间。 Seen from the top of the hill ( = When it is seen from the top of the hill ) , our city looks very beautiful. 说明:( 1 )为了强调时间概念,有时可把意义相当的连词放在 -ed 分 词短语之前,如上句可改写成: When seen from the top of the hill, our city looks very beautiful. ( 2 ) -ed 分词短语的位置不一定都置于句首,有时也可置于句中或句末。 The dictionary, once published, will be very popular. ( 2 )表示原因。 Greatly moved by the teacher's words ( = As he was greatly moved by the teacher's words ) , the boy helped other students from then on. ( 3 )表示条件。 Compared with your progress (= If my progress is compared with yours ) , mine is nothing. ( 4 )表示让步。 Treated badly (= Though he was treated badly ) , the servant still worked for his owner. ( 5 )表示伴随状况和行为方式。 He came back, extremely exhausted. (=… and he was extremely exhausted ) 说明: -ed 分词短语作伴随状语时,没有状语从句与之相对应,但可以将这种状语改写成“ and +分句”。 总结:从意义上看,不定式短语、 -ing 分词短语和 -ed 分词短语的逻辑 主语都是句子的主语。从时态、语态上看,不定式和 -ing 分词短语有一般式、完成式、主动式和被动式,而 -ed 分词短语却只有一种形式。 (3)形容词作状语 英语形容词或形容词短语在句中最常见的用法是作定语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。但除此之外,英语形容词以及形容词短语在句中还有一个特殊用法,即作状语,在句中往往可以起到并列分句或状语从句的功能。形容词作状语用时,在结构上可以是单个形容词,也可以是形容词短语,通常要用逗号将其和句子的其他部分分开;若单个形容词直接位于动词后面作方式状语,则不需用逗号。作状语的形容词或短语在句中位置比较灵活,通常位于句子主语前或句子主 语后,有时位于句末,单个形容词作方式状语时还可直接位于动词后面。当形容词或短语位于主语之前或句末时,通常具有较强的强调意义。作状语的形容词或短语在句中主要用来补充说明句子中的主语、宾语、谓语或整个句子的内容,表示时间、原因、让步、结果、伴随状态或方式状语等。 1.作时间状语 Ripe, these apples are sweet. 2.作原因状语 Weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem able to do anything right. 此句相当于:Because I was weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem a ble to do anything right. 3.作让步状语 Large or small, all countries are equal. 此句相当于:Whether they are large or small, all countries are eq ual. 4.作结果状语 He sat down beside Christina, propping his feet up on the railing, feeling the warmth of the sun against his face, able to relax for the first time in days. 此句相当于:He sat down beside Christina, propping his feet up on the railing, feeling the warmth of the sun against his face, and as a result he was able to relax for the first time in days. 5.作伴随性状语 They started the experiment, hopeful for success. 此句相当于:They started the experiment and they were hopeful for success. 6.作方式状语 The horses are running wild all over the field. 此句相当于:The horses are running fast all over the field as if they are wild. 形容词或形容词短语在句中作状语时,起到并列分句或状语从句的功能,因此,这种结构通常具有自己的逻辑主语,即句子中的主语。然而,当这种结构中含有其他的句子成分,其逻辑主语也有可能不是句子的主语,而是句子中的其他名词或代词,通常是句子的宾语。此外,这种结构的逻辑主语也可能是整个句子。 (4)伴随状语用法 伴随状语定义:伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生,它的特点是:它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。 ①He sat in th e armchair,reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 ②All night long he lay awake,thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着,思考着那个问题。 伴随状语出现的条件: 是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态,或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语,伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。 伴随状语几种表示方法: 一、使用分词形式 The dog entered the room, following his master. The master entered the room,followed by his dog. 二、用with复合结构 The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red. 三、用独立主格结构 The little boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day. 四、用形容词 Crusoe went home, full of fear. Confident of the victory the players are fighting hard. The match will be broadcast live. He left home young and came back old. 五、用名词 He went away a beggar but retumed a millionaire. 六、用介词短语 The girl came back to her mother in tears. I went home out of breath. 伴随状语的判断 The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语(现在分词表主动过去表被动)前有逗号的是伴随状语。 巩固练习: 一、多项选择题 1.---- had I arrived home ,---- it began to rain.Which one is wr ong? A. No sooner … than B. Hardly …when C. Scarcely … when D.The moment…when 2. You should have put the book ----you found it. A.where B.how C.when D.if 3. His friends don’t like him---- he is handsome and successful. A.since B.for C.because D.as 4. The teacher raised his voice---- the students in the back could hear more clearly. Which one is wrong? A. so that B.for fear that C. in order that D.in the hope that 5. ----was he excited ----he couldn’t sleep last night. A.such a …that B. To such a degree …that C. so … that D. such … that 6.---- there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.which one is wrong? A. providing that B.provided that C. as/so long as D. unless 7. He won’t listen ----you may say. A. whatever B. whenever C.however D.whichever 8. She is as----as her mother. A.more beautiful B.much beautiful C.beautiful D.beautifuler 9. She behaves ----she were the boss. A. how B. the way C. as D. as if 10. ----(she is) free, she often goes shopping. A. Whenever B. after C.although D. though 二、完成句子 1.He went back home in a hurry,--------------------------------(被告知)that his mother had passed away.(tell) 2.The heavy rain has been raining for a week,------------------------------(引发了一场洪水).(cause) 3.------------------------------------(从山顶上看) , our school looks very beautiful.(see) 4.--------------------------(饥渴交加), I didn’t seem able to do anyt hing right.(thirsty,hungry) 5.I will ----------------------------(把你们平安地送到)in Liverpool. (land) 参考 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 : 多项选择题:1-10DACBB/DACDA 完成句子:1.(only)to be told 2.causing a flood 3.seen from the top of the hill 4.Thirsty and hungry 5.land you safe