测交 杂交 自交

测交 杂交 自交 1.正交和反交 基因型不同的两种个体甲和乙杂交，如果将甲作父本，乙作母本定为正交，那么以乙作父本，甲作母本为反交;反之，若乙作父本，甲作母本为正交，则甲作父本，乙作母本为反交。 在实践中，正反交常用于判断某性状的遗传方式是细胞核遗传还是细胞质遗传，在细胞核遗传中，也可利用正反交判断是常染色体遗传还是伴性遗传。具有相对性状的两个亲本杂交，若正交和反交的子代性状表现相同，则该性状属于细胞核遗传，由常染色体上的等位基因控制，例如高茎豌豆和矮茎豌豆杂交，正交和反交F1均为高茎;若正交和反交的结果不同，子代性状在雌雄性中的比例并不都是1:1，表现出交叉遗传的特点则该性状属于细胞核遗传，由X染色体上的等位基因控制，例如红眼果蝇和白眼果蝇正反交;若正交和反交的子代性状表现不相同，且子代总表现出母本性状，则该性状属于细胞质遗传，例如紫茉莉的正反交实验遗传。为了保证实验结果的可靠性，应该选择多对符合要求的亲本进行正反交。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 2.测交 测交的定义是孟德尔在验证自己对性状分离现象的解释是否正确时提出的，为了确定F1是杂合子还是纯合子，让F1代与隐性纯合子杂交，这就叫测交。但有时候即使已知某个个体是杂合子，该杂合子与隐性纯合子的交配也叫测交。同时教材上孟德尔在验证对两对性状重组现象的解释时，让F1与双隐个体进行测交，不少学生就误以为在研究两对相对性状时，只有亲本组合是双杂和双隐时，才叫测交，其实任何遗传规律都源于先对一对相对性状的观察。观察两对性状的遗传规律时，都是先单独观察的，所以只要保证每对性状都是测交，整个组合就是测交。 在实践中，测交往往用来鉴定某一显性个体的基因型和它形成的配子类型及其比例。在子代个体数量足够多的前提下，若所有子代均为显性个体，则F1是纯合子，若子代显性个体和隐性个体的数量接近1:1，则F1是杂合子。其原理是亲本中隐性纯合子只产生一种仅含隐性基因的配子，子代的性状种类和数量关系实际上体现了F1(显性亲本)所产生配子的种类和数量关系。例如，假设豌豆的高茎相对于矮茎是显性，现有一未知基因型的高茎豌豆，如何确定其基因型呢,可以用矮茎与之交配。如果后代全是高茎，则其为纯合体;如果后代既有高茎，又有矮茎，且两者比office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 例接近1:1，则其为杂合体，且其产生数目相等的两种配子。 3自交 自交是闭花授粉、自花授粉或同株授粉的植物的主要交配方式，如豌豆，玉米等。雌雄异株但基因型相同的植株之间交配也叫自交，但基因型相同的动物个体之间的交配一般不叫自交，通常称之为自由交配。 在实践中，自交主要用于鉴定某对相对性状的遗传是否遵循基因的分离定律，也可用于鉴定某种显性植株的基因型，若该个体自交，在子代数量足够多的情况下，子代出现性状分离，则该个体为杂合子，若子代不出现性状分离，则为纯合子。同时在杂交育种中，连续自交是获取能稳定遗传的纯种的主要方法。 与测交相比，自交不需人工去雄、套袋、人工授粉等操作，如果被鉴定者是纯合子，鉴定结束后，子代仍然是纯合子，而不象测交那样子代成为了杂合子，因此自交与测交相比更为简便易行。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 但是杂合体通过自交必然导致等位基因的纯合而使隐性有害性状表现出来，因而自交往往会产生生活力降低、体重减轻、繁殖力低、抵抗力弱和畸形等不良后代。大多数雌雄同花的植物，往往靠风媒、虫媒等进行异花传粉，或者雌雄蕊成熟期不同，以保证异花传粉。自交或近亲繁殖的后代，虽然会出现产量和品质下降等问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，但自花授粉作物由于在长期进化过程中已适应了自花授粉，所以一般来说不产生明显的自交衰退现象。 4杂交 杂交是一个比较宽泛的概念，包括个体水平，细胞水平和分子水平的杂交。 4.1生物个体间的杂交 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 基因型不同的个体之间的交配方式叫做杂交。通过杂交把双亲的优良性状综合到杂种后代中，再经选育而成新品种，这是目前培育新品种的重要方法。 通过杂交，杂种子一代会表现出杂种优势，在农业生产上是提高产量、改进品质的重要措施之一。两种遗传组成不同的亲本杂交产生的杂种子一代，在生活力、繁殖力、抗性、产量和品质等方面，往往具有比双亲优越的性状，这叫杂种优势。例如，驴和马杂交产生的杂种是骡。骡比它的双亲耐粗饲、耐劳、适应性强，不易生病等优点。再如:杂交水稻在生长势表现为根强、茎粗、株高等;在抗逆性上表现为抗病、抗旱、抗寒等;在产量和品质上表现为穗多、穗大 粒多和蛋白质含量高等。杂种优势是许多性状优势的综合表现，而不是某一个性状的突出表现。杂种优势程度的大小，大多取决于双亲性状间的相对差异、程度以及外界环境条件的影响等 在实践中，杂交主要用于判断性状的显隐性关系。如具有一对相对性状的纯种亲本杂交，子代所表现出来的性状就是显性性状，未表现出来的性状为隐性性状。 正确选择亲本杂交，可根据子代的性状表现和数量比例判断该性状的遗传特点。 4.2体细胞杂交 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 植物体细胞杂交是指用两个来自不同植物的体细胞融合成一个杂种细胞，并且把杂种细胞培育成新的植物体的方法。植物体细胞杂交的第一步是去掉细胞壁，分离出有活力的原生质体。去除细胞壁的常用方法是酶解法，即用纤维素酶和果胶酶等分解植物细胞的细胞壁。第二步是将两个具有活力的原生质体放在一起，通过一定的技术手段进行人工诱导实现原生质体的融合。常用的诱导方法有两大类:物理法和化学法。物理法是利用离心、振动、电刺激等促使原生质体融合。化学法是用聚乙二醇(PEG)等试剂作为诱导剂诱导融合。第三步是将诱导融合得到的杂种细胞，以适当的技术进行杂种细胞的分检和培养和植物组织培养的方法进行培育，就可以得到杂种植株。植物体细胞杂交的最大优点是可以克服植物远缘杂交不亲和的障碍，大大扩大了可用于杂交的亲本基因组合的范围。 4.3分子杂交 分子杂交技术是基因工程中使用频率很高的一项技术，主要用于检测和鉴定。常用的技术有: Southern杂交??DNA和DNA分子之间的杂交。目的基因是否整合到受体生物的染色体DNA中，这在真核生物中是目的基因可否稳定存在和遗传的关键。如何证明这一点，就需要通过Southern杂交技术。基本做法是:第一步，将受体生物DNAoffice, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage 提取出来，经过适当的酶切后，通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳，将不同大小的片段分开;第二步，将凝胶上的DNA片段转移到硝酸纤维素膜上;第三步，用标记了放射性同位素的目的DNA片段作为探针与硝酸纤维素膜上的DNA进行杂交;第四步，将X光底片压在硝酸纤维素膜上，在暗处使底片感光;第五步，将X光底片冲洗，如果在底片上出现黑色条带，则表明受体植物染色体DNA上有目的基因。 Northern杂交??DNA和RNA分子之间的杂交。它是检测目的基因是否转录出mRNA的方法，具体做法与Southern杂交相同，只是第一步从受体植物中提取的是mRNA而不是DNA，杂交带的显现也与Southern杂交相同。 核酸分子杂交作为一项基本技术,已应用于核酸结构与功能研究的各个方面。在医学上,目前已用于多种遗传性疾病的基因诊断,恶性肿瘤的基因 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ,传染病病原体的检测等领域中,其成果大大促进了现代医学的进步和发展。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage