推理错误
21. The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
“This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid”这句话当中包含的推理结构是什么?
第一步:描述推理
The author claims that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid, based on the assertion that Dr. Field’s conclusion is wrong.
The author claims that (premise), and then infers that (conclusion). 第二步:构造反例
As we all know, one research is far from enough to systematically disprove a methodology. Perhaps Dr. Karp did not use the observation-centered method well, but that does not mean that the whole observation-centered approach is wrong.
第三步:讨论反例的作用
If this is true, then the author cannot rashly claim the downfall of the observation-centered method.
第四步:指出错误的影响
This in turn probably renders unfounded the author’s prediction about her graduate students’ research.
Even if the children are indeed are raised by their parents, it does
not entail/necessarily mean that Dr. Field’s conclusion was wrong. Have the customs and conventions on Tertia Island changed during the past twenty years?
Perhaps the customs and conventions on Tertia Island have changed significantly within the past twenty years.
If yes, perhaps children were actually raised by a whole village twenty years ago, while it was during the last two decades that the convention was abandoned. Therefore, the author needs to provide further evidence to rule out such alternative possibility, such as the information regarding custom changes in the past years on the island, or else she cannot legitimately assume that Dr. Field was wrong.
This in turn probably means that the author’s claim about the invalidity of the observation-centered approach is unwarranted.
适合四类要求的方式
其它可能性:
指出假设:
找出证据:
提出问
题
快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
:
描述推理的常用句型:
引导反例的常用词:
讨论反例作用及错误影响的常用句型:
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