英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读 1.Background Information 家庭和社区介入治疗可以帮助每个家庭成员认识和解决家庭中的问题，促进相互理解、相互帮助，避免患者在治疗后又回到一个病态家庭中去;也可以帮助患者摆脱依赖，同时也消除患者给家庭成员造成的心理创伤。 When the cure is not worth the cost Thanks to research by the National Institutes of Health and academic scientists during the last three decades, we now have proven treatments for depression, addiction and other mental disorders. But all too often clinicians do not use them. Without financial incentives to provide treatments that are known to work, many mental health professionals stick with what they know, or pick up on the latest fad, or even introduce their own untested innovations--which in turn are spread by testimonials and credulous news media coverage. Similarly, one of the most common approaches to alcoholism treatment involves having counselors and fellow alcoholics confront patients and force them to identify themselves as alcoholics. But research finds that the more a counselor confronts, the more a patient drinks and the more likely he is to drop out of treatment. And no association between accepting the label "alcoholic" and quitting drinking has been found. Counselor empathy---not confrontation-is connected with recovery. According to a review by the Institute of Medicine in 2006, only 10.5 percent of alcoholics received "care consistent with scientific knowledge" of the disorder; similarly, 43 percent of children in psychiatric hospitals are given antipsychotic medication despite not suffering from psychosis. Tough boot camps for troubled teenagers--which have been proven to be ineffective and potentially harmful--thrive, while "multi-systemic family therapy," which effectively treats teenagers at home, is available only through the juvenile justice system. Take the well-known approach featured on the cable TV reality show "Intervention" aimed at getting addicts and alcoholics into treatment. Here, the family and sometimes the employer gather with a counselor, confront the addict and threaten to shun him or fire him if he doesn't enter a rehabilitation center. A 1999 study compared this style of intervention ---which can backfire and lead to broken families---to a less confrontational approach known as "community reinforcement and family training," which is aimed at helping the family nurture the addict's own motivation. More than twice as many families succeeded in getting their loved ones into treatment ( 64 percent) with the gentler approach than with standard intervention (30 percent). But no reality shows push the less dramatic method, and it is difficult to find clinicians who use it. If we want to provide genuine help for the 33 million Americans with mental health and drug problems, giving more no-strings-attached money to providers via insurance mandates is not the answer. It is dangerous to blindly bolster useless and even harmful treatments while failing to support proven therapies. Coverage must be tied to outcomes and evidence. And payment should be dependent, at least in part, on health improvements, not just services received. We need parity in evidence-based treatment, not just in coverage. 核心词汇 thanks to 由于，因为(后常接短语) ;depression 沮丧，萧条，忧郁症;addiction 上瘾，成瘾;be addicted to 对…上瘾;mental disorders 精神失常，精神紊乱;clinician 临床医生;clinic 诊所;incentives 鼓励，动力，优惠措施;professionals 职业工作者，amateur 业余工作者;pick up 捡起来，接人，学会;fad 时尚，潮流;in turn 反过来;testimonial 证明书，奖状;credulous 容易相信别人的，易信的;news media coverage 新闻媒体报导;approach n. 方法，方式 v. 靠近，走近，接近;intervention 干预;aimed at 目的在于;addicts 上瘾的人;alcoholics 酗酒者;shun 躲开，躲避，避开;rehabilitation 康复，修复;nurture 培育，培养，教育;identify…as…. 把….看作是 ….;drop out of 退出;empathy;consistent with 与…一致;psychiatric 精神病的;psychosis 精神病;mandate 指令，要求，命令;bolster n. 垫子v. 支持;be tied to 与…相联系;be dependent on 依靠，取决于;at least 至少，in part 部分地;not just 不仅仅 核心词汇:depression n. ?沮丧，消沉;?(经济)萧条，不景气 Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression ( ? ) controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.,2003年阅读4, 髋骨不行了可以更换，临床忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。 Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression (?) years.,1998年阅读4, 即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4%，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 最低的增长率。 credulous adj. 轻信的，易受骗的 intervention n. 干涉 In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.,00翻译, 无论如何，所有这些干预都非常依赖于科学的建议，也依赖于各类科技人才的力量。 therapy n. 治疗，理疗 The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.,2002年阅读4, 医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 。 参考译文: 治疗与花费之间的不等 由于国家健康研究所和学院科学家们在过去三十年所作的研究，现在我们拥有可以治疗抑郁症、上瘾症以及一些其他精神失常症状的方法。但很多时候临床医师却不使用这些方法。 没有金钱动力让他们提供有明确疗效的治疗方法，很多精神健康职业工作者坚持使用他们所知道的方法，或采用最新潮的方法，甚至使用未经检验过的自创方法，而这些方法却通过证明信和误导人的新闻媒体报道流传开来。 同样的，治疗酗酒最为普遍的一种方法就是让咨询师和其他酗酒者与病人面对面，强迫这些病人承认自己是酗酒者。但研究表明越是和咨询师接触，病人反而饮酒量越多，而且退出治疗的可能性越大。而且并未发现接受酗酒者的标签与戒酒有任何联系。咨询师的同情，而非与其接触，和恢复正常有关联。 根据一份2006年医药协会的评论，只有10.5%的酗酒者得到结合精神失调相关的科学知识的照顾和治疗。同样，精神病院中43%的儿童获得不受精神病困扰的治疗方法。严厉的青少年劳教营，已证明其对帮助问题青少年没有疗效甚至有潜在危险，却时兴起来;相反，有效的在家中治疗青少年的"多系统家庭治疗法" 却只能在青少年司法体系中使用。 以有线电视真实现场秀"intervention(干预)"中提供的著名方法来说，这个方法是为了让瘾君子和酗酒者接受治疗。节目中，家人有时是公司雇主和咨询师一起面对上瘾者，威胁说如果他不参加康复治疗中心就赶走或开除他。一项1999年的调查把这种干预方法和比较温和的名为"社区强化和家庭训练"的方法进行比较，后者是为了帮助家庭来培养上瘾者自己戒掉不良嗜好的动力，而前者可能会后院起火从而导致家庭破裂。 64%的家庭采用温和方法成功使得他们所爱的家人接受治疗，这是采用常规干预方法成功的家庭(30%)的两倍多。但没有任何真实秀节目推广这种温和的方法，也很难找到临床医师使用这种方法。 如果我们想为三千三百万有精神困扰和毒品困扰的美国人提供真正帮助的话，通过保险授权给予更多的金钱并非是答案。盲目的改善无用甚至有害的治疗方法却无法推广有效的治疗方法是很危险的。保险条款应与结果和证据紧密联系。保险支付至少有一部分应当依据治疗效果而不仅是接受的服务来付出。我们需要与所付报酬等价的治疗，这种治疗是建立在医学证据之上而不仅仅是保险条款。 2. Background Information 背景常识介绍 统计数字显示17岁以下的青少年中一半以上的人每周至少上网发送一封电子邮件或是一条即时信息。微软和索尼两家视频游戏机巨头最近双双推出了升级版的互联网游戏服务来争夺价值300亿美元的市场。 Microsoft brings instant chat to TV screen, through games Microsoft planned to announce today that it will make its Windows Live Messenger service available on its Xbox 360 game consoles, bringing instant messaging from the computer to the television. The move was meant to help Microsoft stay ahead of Sony, its chief rival in the electronic games business, in delivering the richest online experience for game players. It is also an element of Microsoft's overall strategy to connect people across PCs, televisions and mobile devices like cell-phones. More than 200 million people use Windows Live Messenger to chat with friends, family members and colleagues. Separately, more than six million Xbox 360 owners are connected to the company's Xbox Live online community, an enhancement that lets people with broadband Internet connections communicate with one another. In the second week of May, those two worlds will begin to converge. Xbox Live members will be able to link their "gamer-tag" , the online identity they use within the Xbox community, to an existing Windows Live Messenger account. Players will then be able to chat with their instant-messaging contacts using a virtual on-screen keyboard or a USB keyboard plugged into the game machine. Microsoft executives said they hoped to offer voice chat between Xbox and Live Messenger users later this year. "We feel this is a huge step in driving social networking further into the family room by allowing Xbox 360 users to IM directly from their couch," said John Rodman, Microsoft's group manager for the Xbox 360, in a telephone interview last week. "Now you don't have to manage two separate groups of friends online." Microsoft and Sony are battling to dominate the high end of the console gaming market. (Nintendo, by contrast, is appealing largely to families and more budget-conscious players.) In years past, game consoles stood out from one another mostly by their game offerings. But now it appears that top game publishers like Electronic Arts will release most of their biggest games for both the Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3. As a result, Microsoft and Sony are attempting to differentiate their game machines with other features, like film playback capabilities and online services. Microsoft has been ahead of Sony in online console game-playing, but last month Sony announced that it was developing a new Internet service called PlayStation Home that could surpass some elements of Xbox Live. The instant-messaging feature appears to be one part of Microsoft's response. 核心词汇 available a. 可以得到的，可以用的;console v. 安慰，慰藉 n. 操纵台，控制台;instant a. 立即的，即时的，instant noodles 方便面; move n. 行动，举措;be meant to do=be intended to 旨在;stay ahead of 领先于;rival 对手;online community 在线社区 converge v. 聚合，合并，联合;virtual a. 虚拟的，实际的;link…to… 把…链接到…;enhancement n. 增进, 增加 account n. ? 账(目，户);? 叙述，说明;? 价值，地位;v.(for)? 说明，解释;? 占;?(take into~)考虑;顾及 (71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account (n. ? ) of human rights, which is something the world does not have.,1997年翻译, 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。 Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account (n. ?) in his society? ,2006年翻译, 是否美国的知识分子在社会中真的被排斥并被认为毫不重要, Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account (v. ?), in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.,1996年阅读5, 肯切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的理论为何明确而有说服力。 Multinational corporations accounted (v. ?) for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.,2001年阅读4, 跨国公司在1982年只占国际贸易不到20%的份额。而现在，这个数字上升到25%，并且还在迅速上升。 Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account (v. ?).,2006年阅读3, Myers博士和 Worm博士认为他们的研究给出了正确的基准线，今后的管理工作必须要把这一基准线考虑在内。 budget n. 预算;v. 做预算 "We know that," the men from the budget (n.) office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" [1999年阅读5, 预算部门的人说:"这点我们知道，但你的意见如何,你觉得值得做下去吗,你觉得我们可以期待什么呢," surpass v. 超过，胜过 参考译文 微软，将即时聊天服务通过游戏带入电视荧屏 今天，微软公司按 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 将宣布为他的Xbox360游戏机的控制器提供窗口即时通服务，将即时信息服务从电脑带入电视。 此举措寓意在于帮助微软领先索尼--这个在电子游戏商业领域主要的竞争对手--带给游戏玩家最丰富的在线体验。这也是微软公司将通过个人电脑、电视、移动设备比如手机把人们联系起来的整体战略的一个方面。 全球有两亿多人使用windows的即时通和朋友、家人、还有同事聊天。另外，还有6百多万Xbox游戏机的拥有者和公司的Xbox Live在线社区连接起来，这又促使拥有宽带连接的用户通过网络彼此交流。 从5月的第二周开始，Windows 即时通和Xbox Live在线社区将合并在一起，Xbox Live的用户可以把他们的玩家代号和他们现有的Windows 即时通账号连接起来。这样，游戏玩家就可以通过虚拟的屏幕键盘或者是插入游戏机的USB键盘随意的聊天了。 微软的主管人员表示他们希望能在今年的下半年为Xbox玩家和即时通的用户提供语音聊天服务。微软的Xbox360小组经理John Rodman在上一周的电话采访中表示:"我们认为，通过使Xbox360的玩家们躺在自家的沙发上就能获得I.M.(即时通信)服务，这样就把社会网络更进一步的带入家庭，这是巨大的进步。现在，你完全不必在线管理两组分开的朋友。" 微软和索尼为占领游戏市场的高控制终端正展开激战。(相比之下，Nintendo正在极力吸引家庭和更多的有预算头脑的玩家。)在过去的几年中，游戏的控制台程序大部分都是由生产商提供的。但是，现在，似乎像Electronic Arts这样的顶级游戏发行商把大部分的大游戏的控制台程序让渡给了Xbox360和索尼PlayStation3自己做。 因此，微软和索尼都在尝试着用其它特色的东西以使其游戏机与众不同，比如，电影回放功能以及诸多在线服务。 微软已经在在线玩游戏的控制台程序上领先索尼，但是，上个月，索尼宣布他们已经发布一种叫做PlayStation Home的新的Internet服务，此项服务能在某些功能上超过Xbox Live。而微软的即时通服务似乎是其对这一举动做出回应的一部分。 经济类文章 Background Information 美元持续走低，意味着美国经济存在缺陷，但是否就意味着地球上其他国家也将遭受劫难,答案是否定的。世界经济将从美元的逐步下滑中受益。这将有助于缓解全球流动资金失衡状况，并且通过将生产转移到美国可贸易领域，缓冲房地产泡沫破灭给美国经济带来的震荡。诚然，美元的下滑将影响欧洲及亚洲的出口，但如果这些地区的央行现有的利率走低，进而促进内需---这也正是全球经济达到重新平衡所需要的局面----那么这种影响将会被抵消。现今欧洲及亚洲的强势增长也将有助于防止美国经济的低迷蔓延至整个世界。 The Falling Dollar THE dollar's tumble this week was attended by predictable shrinks from the markets; but as it fell to a 20-month low of $1.32 against the euro, the only real surprise was that it had not slipped sooner. Indeed, there are good reasons to expect its slide to continue, dragging it below the record low of $1.36 against the euro that it hit in December 2004. The recent decline was triggered by nasty news about the American economy. New figures this week suggested that the housing market's troubles are having a wider impact on the economy. Consumer confidence and durable-goods orders both fell more sharply than expected. In contrast, German business confidence has risen to a 15-year high. There are also mounting concerns that central banks in China and elsewhere, which have been piling up dollars assiduously for years, may start selling. So, contrary to popular perceptions, America's economy has not significantly outperformed Europe's in recent years. Since 2000 its structural budget deficit (after adjusting for the impact of the economic cycle) has widened sharply, while American households' saving rate has plunged, causing the current-account deficit to swell. Over the same period, the euro-area economies saw no fiscal stimulus and household saving barely budged. Yet cyclical factors only partly explain why the dollar has been strong. At bottom, its attractiveness is based more on structural factors---or, more accurately, on an illusion about structural differences between the American and European economies. The main reason for the dollar's strength has been the widespread belief that the American economy vastly outperformed the world's other rich country economies in recent years. But the figures do not support the hypothesis. Sure, America's GDP growth has been faster than Europe's, but that is mostly because its population has grown more quickly too. Official figures of productivity growth, which should in theory be an important factor driving currency movement, exaggerate America's lead. If the two are measured on a comparable basis, productivity growth over the past decade has been almost the same in the euro area as it has in America. Even more important, the latest figures suggest that, whereas productivity growth is now slowing in America, it is accelerating in the euro zone. America's growth, thus, has been driven by consumer spending. That spending, supported by dwindling saving and increased borrowing, is clearly unsustainable; and the consequent economic and financial imbalances must inevitably unwind. As that happens, the country could face a prolonged period of slower growth. As for Europe, the old continent is hobbled by inflexible product and labor markets. But that, paradoxically, is an advantage: it means the place has a lot of scope for improvement. Some European countries are beginning to contemplate (and, to a limited extent, undertake) economic reforms. If they push ahead, their growth could actually speed up over the coming years. Once investors spot this, they are likely to conclude that the euro is a better bet than the dollar. 核心词汇: tumble v. ?(使)摔倒;? 打滚，翻腾;n. 摔跤，跌倒;shrink n. v. 萎缩，减少; [同义词]dwindle ;euro 欧元 slip v. ?滑，滑倒;? 滑落，滑掉;? 溜走;n. 疏忽，小错，口误，笔误 Step outside and you could break a leg, slipping on your doormat.,1999年阅读1, 如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。 trigger n. 扳机，触发器;v. 触发，引发，引起 nasty a. 肮脏的，污秽的，下流的，恶意的 housing market 住房市场 durable-goods 耐用品 in /by contrast 相比之下，on the contrary 相反; mount v. (由名词mountain变来) 爬上去，增长，上升 pile up 堆积，囤积 assiduously 勤勉地，勤恳地cyclical 循环的，周期性的;recycle 循环，再利用;recyclable 可回收的;illusion 幻觉，错觉;illusory 幻觉的，虚幻的;allusion 典故;outperform v. 表现好于，超额完成;胜过;over the past decade 在过去的十年里 whereas=while 而，尽管 accelerate 加速，加快;contrary to与…相反;perception 观念，理念;art perception 艺术理念;deficit 赤字;plunge 垂直下降;fiscal=financial 财政的;budge v. 编预算;dwindle 缩小，萎缩;unsustainable 不能维持下去;consequent 随后的，后来的;imbalances 不平衡;inevitably 不可避免地 prolonged 延长的，长期的;inflexible 不灵活的;paradoxically 自相矛盾的是，似是而非的是;contemplate 考虑，沉思;to a limited extent 在一定的程度上;spot n. 地点，v. 发现 参考译文: 下跌的美元 本周，由于可预见的市场萎缩，美元继续保持下降的趋势。随着美元兑欧元下降到二十个月来的最低点(1.32美元兑1欧元)，唯一可以算得上令人惊讶的事情是这种局面不会更快地下滑。的确，有充分的理由相信美元的下降趋势将继续下去，甚至打破2004年12月创造的1.36美元:1欧元的历史最低点。 近期关于美国经济的大量负面新闻触发了美元的持续贬值。这一周来的新数据显示，美国房市的问题对经济带来了更广泛的影响。消费者信心和耐用品订单量都比预期的下滑还要更严重。相比之下，德国商业信心创下了15年来的历史新高，同样也出现了越来越多的担忧，那就是中国或其它地方的央行几年来一直努力囤积美元，而现在却开始抛售美元。 因此，和流行的观念恰恰相反，美国经济近几年的经济整体表现并不明显强于欧洲的同期表现。自2000年以来，美国的结构性财政赤字显著提高(对经济周期对财政状况的影响进行修正后)。同时，随着美国家庭储蓄率持续下降，使得美国的流动资金赤字迅速增长。而在同一时期，欧元区的各经济体的财政状况良好，而家庭储蓄也基本保持不变。 但是，周期性因素只能片面地解释美元为什么一直强势。美元对投资者的吸引力根本上更多地基于经济结构要素---或者更准确地说，基于投资者对于美国和欧洲的经济结构差别所产生的一种错觉。 美元过去强势的主要原因是普遍存在的这种观点:近几年，相对世界其它富裕国家，美国经济的整体表现十分出众。但数据并不支持这一假设。的确，美国的国民生产总值增长速度要高于欧洲国家，但是这主要归功于美国快速增长的人口总量。生产力增长的官方数据，虽然在理论上是影响货币汇率走向的重要因素，但实际上却夸大了美国的领先地位。如果将欧美放在同一指标上进行比较，那么在过去十年里，欧美的经济表现基本上是一样的。更重要的是，最新的数据显示，当前美国的生产力增长正在放缓，而欧元区的生产力增长则在加速。 因此，美国的经济增长一直靠消费增长所拉动。而消费增长则是建立在储蓄下降和负债增多的基础上，很明显，这种形式的经济增长是无法持久的，而因此造成的经济以及财政的不平衡的后果也将不可避免的出现。随着这种消费主因的经济增长的消退，国家将可能面临长时间的经济增长放缓。 就欧洲而言，这块年迈的大陆被缺乏弹性的产品和劳工市场拖得步履艰难。但是，虽然听起来有些荒谬，这种状况相对来说可能是一种优势:它意味着欧洲人有很大的空间去改善他们的经济状况。一些欧洲国家开始慎重考虑(并在小范围内试行)他们的经济改革。如果这些改革成功，他们的经济增长将在未来显著加快。一旦投资者发现这点，他们很可能认为欧元相比美元将是更加有利的选择。 3.Background Information "医学之父"希波克拉底说过:"让食物变成你的药，让药变成你的食物。"作为一个生于公元前五世纪的希腊人，他的智慧远远超越了他所处的时代。如今，我们知道低脂肪而富含全麦、水果和蔬菜的饮食结构能增强我们的免疫力，并能减少癌症、心脏病和中风的发病率。 但是，这些还不完全。新的证据显示食品可能会影响健康人的思考和感觉方式。如果希波克拉底今天还在世的话，他也许会回顾他吃过的最后一顿饭，解释他兴奋(或忧伤)的心情。他可能还会改变自己的饮食习惯，使自己变得更幸福或更聪明。 Can milk make you happy? Can fish make you smart? Picture yourself lying in bed, your mind in turmoil. You toss and turn, but sleep won't come. Maybe a bedtime snack would help. What should you choose? If you think first of toaster waffles or popcorn, some experts would say you're on the right track. Foods high in complex carbohydrates---such as cereals, potatoes, pasta, crackers, or rice cakes---make many people relaxed and drowsy. Missed that one? Try again. Suppose the weather's rotten, you forgot your homework, and your best friend's mad at you. What's good medicine when you're feeling low? A sugary cola or candy may give you a quick lift, but you'll crash just as quickly. Better choices may be Brazil nuts (for selenium), skim milk (for calcium), or a spinach salad (for folic acid). In research studies, all three of those nutrients have been shown to lift spirits and battle the blues. Try one more. You have a math test coming up in the afternoon. You want to be sharp, but you usually feel sleepy after lunch. Is your best choice an energy fix of fries and a shake or a broiled chicken breast and low-fat yogurt? If you pick the high-fat fries and shake, you may feel sluggish and blow that test. The protein-rich chicken and yogurt are better choices. Protein foods energize, some experts say. How does food affect mood and mind? The answer may lie in the chemistry of the brain and nervous system. Molecules called neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They carry a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules from one neuron and their attachment to receptor sites on another keep a nerve impulse moving. Nerve impulses carry messages from the environment to the brain, for example, the pain you feel when you stub your toe. They also carry messages in the other direction, from the brain to the muscles. That's why you back away from the obstacle that initiated the pain signal and exclaim, "Ouch!" "Many neurotransmitters are built from the foods we eat," says neuroscientist Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. Too little or too much of a particular nutrient in the diet can affect their production, Chudler says. For example, tryptophan from foods such as yogurt, milk, bananas, and eggs is required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Phenylalanine from beets, almonds, eggs, meat, and grains goes into making the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dozens of neurotransmitters are known; hundreds may exist. Their effects depend on their amounts and where they work in the brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin, for example, is thought to produce feelings of calmness, relaxation, and contentment. Drugs that prevent its reuptake (into the neuron that released it) are prescribed to treat depression. In at least some healthy, non-depressed people, carbohydrate foods seem to enhance serotonin production and produce similar effects. "It is the balance between different neurotransmitters that helps regulate mood," Chudler says. Proper nutrition may also enhance brainpower. Chorine is a substance similar to the B vitamins. It's found in egg yolks, whole wheat, peanuts, milk, green peas, liver, beans, seafood, and soybeans. The brain uses it to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. To test the effects of chorine on memory and learning, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave memory tests to college students before increasing the amount of chorine in their subjects’ diets. Later, they retested. On the average, memories were better, and the students learned a list of unrelated words more easily. 核心词汇 picture v. 想象，设想; (常后接介词as) ，相当于imagine;turmoil n. 骚动，混乱(disorder=mess);snack n. 小吃，零食; on the right track(在合适或正确的小路或轨道上)，比喻为:做某事情是对的。;drowsy a. 昏昏欲睡的，催眠的，沉寂的;动词:drowse=doze off=sleep;rotten a. 腐烂的，腐朽的;比喻为:糟糕的，坏的;give sb. a lift=make you refreshed 给某人提神;crash v. 崩溃，撞碎，垮台 skim n. 脱脂 v. 撇去，去除;浏览，略读;spirits(用做复数时，表示“情绪，心情”的意思，如be in high spirits情绪高涨, be in low spirits 情绪低落，它还有“酒，酒精”的意思，如果是“精神”，就只用作单数。) battle 战斗，斗争，用做动词，就是:与…做斗争，抑制;blues 忧虑，悲伤。;sluggish a. 懒散的，懒惰的;blow the test 直译为:吹打考试，可以理解为:考砸了;energize v. (ize是常用的动词后缀)，能源化，提供能量 lie in=consist in 存在于，lie with(后面常接表示人的单词);nervous system(医学词汇) 神经系统;nerves 神经 attachment 依附，附属于;爱恋，依恋(后常接介词to);形容词短语:be attached to附属于，爱上某人;receptor 接收器;感觉感官 impulse 冲动，萌动;脉冲 back away 后退，躲开 obstacle 障碍物，阻碍物obstacle n. 障碍，妨碍，干扰;The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. 成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遇到新情况或意外困难时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。 initiate 开始，创始，启动 signal 信号;sign n. 招牌，迹象;v. 签字，签名; exclaim 呼喊，大叫 diet 饮食;dietary 饮食的，be/go on a diet节食 depend on/upon=rely on=count on=rest on/upon=hinge on/upon(注意动词后接介词on和upon的意思是一样的)依靠，取决于 be thought to 被认为是 relaxation n. 放松，松弛，娱乐，休闲 enhance v. 提高，增强; enhance living standards 提高生活水平 regulate=control=manipulate=supervise 控制，制约 subject 实验对象，科目，主题，主语;v. 使…受到(subject…to); 形容词短语be subject to 受到…影响 on the average 总体说来 参考译文 喝牛奶能让你快乐吗,吃鱼能使你变聪明吗, 设想一下你躺在床上，脑子里却一片混乱。你辗转反侧，但总也睡不着。也许在睡觉时吃点零食会对你有帮助。你应当选择吃些什么呢,如果你的首选是威化饼或爆米花，那么一些专家就会说你选对了。富含复合碳水化合物的食品，比如麦片、土豆、面食、饼干或米糕，会使许多人感到放松和困倦。 你选错了吗,再试一次。假如天气糟糕，你忘了做家庭作业，同时你的好朋友又对你大发雷霆。在你情绪低落之时，什么对你来说是一剂良药呢,一杯甜可乐或一块糖果可能会使你情绪很快高涨，但你的情绪又会很快崩溃。也许更好的选择是吃些巴西胡桃(获得更多的硒)，脱脂牛奶(获得更多的钙)，或菠菜沙拉(获得更多的叶酸)。研究表明，上述三种营养素都会使人们情绪高涨，抑制忧虑。 再试一次吧。下午你将参加数学考试。你想要精力充沛，可你总是在午饭后感到昏昏欲睡。能使你精神饱满的最佳选择是薯条和奶昔，还是鸡胸肉和低脂酸奶,如果你选中了高脂肪的薯条和奶昔，你就会感到非常懒散，很可能考砸了。高蛋白的鸡肉和酸奶是较好的选择。有些专家说蛋白质食品给人们提供能量。 食物是怎样影响人的情绪和思维的呢,答案可能存在于人的大脑和神经系统的化学结构。被称为神经递质的分子是化学信使。它们(这些信使)把携带神经脉冲穿过神经细胞之间的空隙。神经递质分子从一个神经元释放后，会附着到另一个接受感官上，从而令神经脉冲不断地运动。 神经脉冲能够把周边环境的信息传输到大脑中，例如，当你脚趾被绊了一下时，你就会感到疼。神经脉冲也能从相反的方向传递信息，比如说从大脑到肌肉。这就是为什么当障碍物产生疼痛的信号时，你就会躲开障碍物，并且大喊:"哎哟!" 华盛顿大学的神经科学家埃里克•查德勒说:"许多神经递质是靠我们所吃的食物形成的。" 查德勒指出，过多或过少地通过饮食摄入一种营养素可以影响这些神经递质的形成。例如，来自诸如酸奶、牛奶、香蕉和鸡蛋的色氨酸会产生神经递质的血清素。来自甜菜、杏仁、鸡蛋、肉和谷物中的苯基丙胺酸会形成神经递质的多巴胺。 已知的神经递质有数十种，但实际存在的可能有几百种。它们产生的效果取决于本身的数量和它们在大脑中运转的位置。例如，神经递质血清素被认为会产生平静、放松和满足的感觉。治疗情绪低落时，大夫就开出一些能够防止它返回(即进入到释放出它的神经元中)的药。至少在一些健康和情绪不低落的人当中，碳水化合物食物似乎能够促进血清素的生成并能产生类似效应。查德勒说:"不同神经递质之间的平衡帮助调节人的情绪。" 恰当的营养能提高人的脑力。胆碱是一种类似于维生素B的物质。它存在于蛋黄、全麦、花生、牛奶、菜豆、肝、蚕豆、海鲜和黄豆中。大脑利用这种物质生成神经递质的乙酰胆碱。为了检测胆碱对记忆和学习的影响，麻省理工学院的研究者们对大学生进行了记忆测验。随后，他们在试验对象的饮食中增加胆碱的量，随后又重新实验。从总体上来看，学生的记忆力有所提高，他们能够更加容易地学会一系列不相关的单词。 4.篇章结构分析 本文的主题是有关美国的非法移民问题。第一段引出非法移民这一矛盾的问题，即美国人不喜欢非法移民，但又依靠非法移民来做事情。第二、三段讲述了参议院最近对非法移民问题的讨论，及可能出台的法律措施。第四段提到了移民的支持者已在美国一些大城市开始采取激烈的行动来维护自己的利益。第五段继续论述了新法案通过的困难性。末段提出足够的签证有可能解决美国非法移民这一问题。 核心词汇记忆 no less than 与… 一样 depend on 取决于:依靠 such…as… 像…一样 bring up 抚养:教育 give priority to 给…优先考虑 contribute to 有助于:导致 call for 要求:需要 regardless of 不管 In the neighborhoods of Los Angeles, white kids occasionally shout to each other in Spanish. They learn their first words from Mexican nannies who are often working illegally, just like the maids who scrub floors and the gardeners who cut their lawns, which helps to explain why fixing America's broken immigration system is proving so difficult. Californians, no less than the residents of other states, find illegal immigration distasteful. Yet they depend on immigrants for even such intimate tasks as bringing up their children. This week the Senate was trying again to reconcile these contradictory problems. It seemed close to the promise of legalization for the nation's roughly 12 m illegals, some 2.5 m of them in California alone. But their cases will not be considered until the border is deemed to have been made more secure and the current stockpile of legal immigrants is cleared—something that will take at least eight years. Worse, from the immigrants' point of view, they will probably have to leave the country and then implore to return, in what is known as “touch-back”. If it becomes law, the Senate bill will transform America's immigration system. Following the lead of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Britain, America would adopt a points system that will give priority to the sort of young, employable immigrants who are most likely to contribute to the economy. Family ties, essential in deciding immigration claims since the 1960s, would become less important. Immigrant advocates have become more militant. Last year huge, mostly orderly crowds gathered on the streets of Los Angeles, Chicago and other cities to protest against a bill, passed by the House of Representatives that would have criminalised illegal immigrants. Many carried American flags. Rallies earlier this month, by contrast, were dominated by professional protesters. In Los Angeles a small and occasionally angry crowd clashed with police. Protesters have called for another rally next month in Hollywood. Although the pressure for reform appears overwhelming, it is not clear that a deal can be done this year. Compromise may prove more elusive in the House of Representatives. Because of the way that congressional districts are drawn, many politicians represent constituencies with large numbers of ethnic minorities or hardly any at all. Nor is it clear that the Senate plan would bring illegal immigrants out of the shadows. Those who have American children (up to 40% of those in California) will be reluctant to “touch-back”. Much will also depend on how many visas are made available to unskilled workers. If there are too few, the supply of immigrant labour will surely continue to meet the demand for it, regardless of what the law says. 参考译文 在美国洛杉矶的一些邻近地区，白人孩子偶尔会用西班牙语彼此叫嚷。他们从墨西哥奶妈那里学到了最早的词汇，而那些奶妈通常都是非法打工者，就像那些擦地板的女仆和整理草坪的园艺工一样，这就解释了为什么要修补好美国已经受到破坏的移民 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 是如此艰难。加州人也和其他各州的居民一样，觉得非法移民令人生厌，然而他们却又依赖移民来承担甚至像抚育孩子这样亲密的任务。 本周参议院正试图重新解决这些令人感到矛盾的问题。现在看起来这个国家中大约1千2百万的非法移民很有希望可以合法化，其中仅在加州就有大约250万非法移民。但是只有在边境变得更加安全、以及当前的合法移民问题得到充分解决之后(这需要至少8年的时间才能解决)，非法移民的问题才会得以考虑。更遭糕的是，从移民们的观点来看，他们有可能不得不先离开这个国家，然后再申请回来，这就是所谓的“touch-back”。 如果有关非法移民的问题得以立法，那么参议院的这一法案将改变美国的移民制度。美国将学加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和英国的做法，采用一个积分制度，并优先考虑那类年轻且有工作能力的移民，因为他们更有可能为美国经济作贡献。自从上世纪60年代以来，对移民申请极为重要的家庭关系，在将来会变得不再那么重要。 移民的支持者已经采取越来越激烈的行动。去年，大量移民有组织地来到洛杉矶、芝加哥以及其它城市的大街上游行来抗议众议院通过的一项将非法移民犯罪化的法案。他们中的许多人都挥舞着美国国旗。而这个月早些时候这些游行队伍则由职业抗议者们所领导。在洛杉矶，一小部分愤怒的人群偶尔会与警察发生冲突。现在抗议者们正在号召下个月在好莱坞举行另一次集会。 尽管改革的压力显得非常大，但是目前不清楚在今年法案是否能够通过。妥协在众议院会证明更加难以令人置信。因为国会采取分区的方式，所以很多政治家代表的是有很多人口的少数民族或者根本不代表任何少数民族。 现在参议院的计划是否能够使非法移民走出阴影仍然是个谜团。许多人的孩子都是美国公民(其中高达40%的在加州)，他们都不会愿意“touch-back”。这也将大大取决于有多少签证能够发放给没有特殊技能的工人。如果签证太少，那么不管法律制定了什么标准，对移民劳动力的供应还将一定继续来满足对移民劳动力的需求。 Several years ago, at the height of the dotcom boom, it was widely assumed that a publishing revolution, in which the printed word would be supplanted by the computer screen, was just around the corner. It wasn’t: for many, there is still little to match the joy of reading a printed book and settling down for one hour. But recently some big technology companies, including Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Yahoo, contend that the dream of bringing books online is still very much alive. The digitizing of thousands of volumes of print is not without controversy. On Thursday, Google, the world’s most popular search engine, posted a first installment of books on Google Print. This collaborative effort between Google and several world’s leading research libraries aims to make books available to be searched and read online free of charge. Although the books included so far are not covered by copyright, the plan has attracted the rage of publishers. Five large book firms are suing Google for violating copyright on material that it has scanned and, although out of print, is still protected by law. Google has said that it will only publish short extracts from material under copyright unless given express permission to publish more, but publishers are unconvinced. Ironically, many publishers are collaborating with Google Print Publisher, which aims to give readers an online taste of books that are commercially available. The searchable collection of extracts and book information is intended to tempt readers to buy the complete books online or in print form. Amazon, the world’s largest online retailer, has made plans to enter the mass e-book market by selling a vast array of goods. Given that Google should impinge upon its central territory, Amazon revealed that it would introduce two new services. Amazon Pages will allow customers to search for key terms in selected books and then buy and read online whatever part they wish. Amazon Upgrade will give customers online access to books they have already purchased as hard copies. Customers are likely to have to pay five cents a page, with the bulk going to the publisher. Microsoft has also joined the online-book trend. In October, the software giant said it would spend around $ 200m to digitize texts, starting with 150,000 that are in the public domain, to avoid legal problems. It will do so in collaboration with the Open Content Alliance. And on Thursday, coincidentally the same day as Google and Amazon announced their initiatives, Microsoft released details of a deal with the British Library, the country’s main reference library, to digitize some 25m pages; these will be made available through MSN Book Search, which will be launched next year. 5.篇章结构分析 本文是一篇说明文，通过两项研究来阐述了黑猩猩的语言能力，以及它们的手势和面部表情的一些特点。前两段介绍了卡德勒夫妇的研究成果并引出后两位学者对黑猩猩的其它特征的研究;第三、四段分别介绍了两位学者所提出的研究假设及其研究的结果;末段进一步阐述了手势对于人类大脑语言能力的进化作用。 核心词组记忆 attribute n. 属性, 品质, 特征 sophistication n. 复杂，精致 hard-wired adj. 天生的 adept adj. 熟练的, 拿手 render vt. 致使，导致 successor n. 继承者, 接任者 end in v. 以 … 而结束 be incapable of adj. 不能够 be equivalent to 相当于，类似于 no doubt 毫无疑问 be confined to v. 局限在，限制在 to some extent 在某种程度上 by contrast 相比之下 come up with 提出，想出 vary with 因… 而不同/变化 be built on 以…为基础，指望，依靠 Previous attempts to teach chimpanzees to talk had ended in failure and the matter was considered by most people to be closed. But the Gardners realized that speech and language are not the same thing. Many deaf people, for example, are unable to speak but are perfectly able to communicate by gestures that have all the attributes and sophistication of spoken language. So the Gardners suspected that previous experiments had failed because chimps are physically incapable of speech. They therefore decided to try teaching a chimpanzee to sign in the way that deaf people do. And their chosen subject, a female chimp named Washoe, proved an adept pupil. Though there is still debate about whether what Washoe learned was really equivalent to human language, there is no doubt that she now has a vocabulary of about 200. All of this, however, raises a second question. If Washoe and her successors can learn a complex and arbitrary vocabulary of gestures from people, do they have such vocabularies naturally? To examine that possibility, Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal have looked at gestures and expressions in chimpanzees. Signaling by facial and vocal expression is present among primates. Signaling by gesture is confined to the great apes. The researchers' hypothesis was that the meaning of expressions has been hard-wired by evolution whereas the meaning of gestures is learnt and, at least to some extent, is arbitrary. If that were true, particular sorts of facial and vocal expression would occur only in particular contexts, and this would be consistent across groups and even species. The same gestures, by contrast, would be used in different contexts. The researchers found exactly what they expected. Expressions (“silent bared teeth”, “relaxed open mouth”, etc) almost always occurred in the same contexts in different groups and different species. Gestures (“hard touch”, “reach outside”, etc) did not. Half of the gestures Dr. Pollick and Dr. de Waal regularly observed seemed to have completely different meanings in the two species. Moreover, even within a single group, the meaning of a gesture could vary with context, almost as tone of voice can vary the meaning of a human's spoken word. It is also worth remembering that gesture is still a crucial part of human language, even for those with normal hearing. Evolution does not come up with complicated structures in a single leap. They are built up step by step. This study suggests that the step of speech may have been built on mental attributes that were acquired millions of years ago when the ancestors of apes and men began to wave meaningfully at each other. 参考译文 以前曾试图教黑猩猩说话的尝试最后都以失败而告终，大多数人认为这项研究就此结束了。但是卡德勒夫妇意识到说话和语言是两码事。比如说，许多聋哑人不能说话，但是却能熟练地用手势进行交流，这些手势都包含了人类语言的那些特点和复杂度。因此卡德勒夫妇认为前人研究的失败是因为黑猩猩生理上就不能说话。 因此，他们决定试着教一只黑猩猩掌握使用聋哑人的手势。他们选择的研究对象是一只名叫Washoe的雌性黑猩猩，结果这只黑猩猩成了一个能熟练使用手势的“学生”。尽管人们对Washoe学会的单词到底算不算人类语言存在争议，但毫无疑问她现在已掌握了约200个单词的词汇量。所有这一切又提出了第二个问题。如果Washoe和她的后代能够从人类那里学会复杂和任意性的词汇，那么他们是不是天生就拥有这些词汇呢,为了验证这种可能性，爱米?波利克和弗朗斯?德瓦尔对一些黑猩猩的手势和表情进行了研究。 通过面部表情和声音来发送信号在灵长类动物中很普遍。但只有大猩猩才能用手势发送信号。研究者的假设是，表情的意义是通过进化天生而成的，而手势的意义是后天学成的，至少在一定程度上是任意的。如果这个假设成立，那么特别的面部表情和声音就只会在特殊的情境下才能发生，而且在种群甚至是物种之间都是一致的。相反，同样的手势却能够在不同的情境下使用。 研究结果正如研究者所料。不同种群以及不同物种之间几乎都会在相同的情境下使用一些表情(比如“不出声地露齿”、“放松地张嘴”等)，但它们不会用相同的手势(比如“硬碰”、“向外伸手”等)。波利克和德瓦尔博士定期观察到，两个物种有一半手势在意义上完全不同。此外，即使是在同一物种内部，一个手势的意义可能会随情境的不同而变化，几乎就像人类说话时用不同的声调可以表示不同的意义那样。 值得我们记住的是，手势仍然是人类语言中一个至关重要的组成部分，即使是对那些没有正常听力的人而言。进化并不是一步就能达到其复杂结构的，而是一步一步累积起来的。这项研究说明了，数百万年前，当我们的猿人和人类祖先开始有意义地彼此挥手的时候，语言能力就在已获得的这种脑力特征上不断地向前发展。 At the World Bank in Washington, officials have posted some new “help wanted” signs. The bank is looking for a few good specialists to focus on adapting to global warming. It’s a small start, perhaps. Still, the ads represent one signal that adaptation is emerging from the political doghouse to take its place among the front-rank options for dealing with climate change. At least in the developed world, the idea that people should start figuring out how to deal with the projected effects of warming has been overshadowed by calls to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions. Some environmentalists have viewed adaptation either as a white flag on the issue or as a refuge of contrarians who despise the broad consensus that human activity is warming the climate. But last week’s release of a report on the science of global warming----with its projections of warming based on emissions already in the air, as well as on potential future emissions trends----has helped underscore the need. “Climate change is here and now,” notes Ian Noble, a senior climate-change specialist at the World Bank. “We have to adapt.” In some cases, adaptation can be politically wrenching. Australia, for example, is facing the worst drought in a century. The drought’s length and severity is consistent with some projections of global warming, several scientists note. The national government has proposed a controversial, $ 2.5-billion (Australian) plan to wrest control of the withering Murray-Darling river basin----the country’s largest river system---from the four states in eastern Australia that draw water from it. Meanwhile, Queensland has adopted regulations that since last March have required each new home in the state to draw nearly 40 percent less water than pre-2006 homes. In some towns, building codes specify the installation of large holding tanks to capture and store rain for use in the gardens and to flush toilets. If Australia represents the dry end of the adaptation spectrum in the develop world, New Orleans and the Gulf Coast may well represent the wet end. The region is still struggling to recover from hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. The tragedy surrounding those two storms underline just how maladapted major population centers in the region are to today’s conditions, let alone those that might hold in 2050 or 2100, experts say. “The reality is that we should be adapting ” and tackling carbon-dioxide emissions at the same time, notes Roger Pielke Jr., a science-policy specialist at the University of Colorado at Boulder. 华盛顿世界银行的官员们发布了新的“紧急招募令”。他们正在寻找几位可以胜任的专家来重点研究顺应全球变暖的问题。 也许这只是个小小的开端。然而，这则招聘启事还透露出一个信息:应对全球气候变化的各种对策中，顺应变化已经成为政界的优先之选。 至于在发达国家，对于人类应开始设法应对气候变暖的突出影响的呼吁，已经被减少二氧化碳排放的呼声所压倒。一些环境保护论者认为，顺应变化要么意味着对全球变暖问题举白旗，要么就是反对派的权宜之计，他们蔑视人类活动引起了气候变暖这种广泛共识。 然而，上周发布的一份全球变暖科学报告基于已排入大气的二氧化碳数量及未来可能的排放量对气候变暖作出预测，突出了顺应变化的必要性。世行高级气候变化专家Ian Noble说:“气候变化是个迫在眉睫的问题，我们不得不去顺应变化。” 一些情况下，顺应变化可能意味着政策上的重大转变。例如，澳大利亚，该国正在遭遇百年不遇的特大旱灾。一些科学家指出，此次旱灾的持续时间及强度与一些关于全球变暖的预测相一致。澳大利亚政府已经提出一个具争议性的、耗资25亿澳元的方案，以求从自墨累—达令河取水的澳大利亚东部四州那里夺回流域控制权，挽救这一该国最大河系，使其避免干涸的命运。同时，昆士兰州已经下达细则，从去年3月起，要求该州新建住宅用水量比2006年前住宅减少约40%。一些城镇的建筑规范明确规定建筑物需设有大型储水槽来收集和储存雨水，用于灌溉园林和冲洗抽水马桶。 如果说澳大利亚是发达国家中顺应气候变化的干旱区的代表，那么新奥而良与墨西哥湾岸地区则算得上涝灾区的典型。这个地区依然未能从2005年的“卡特里娜”与“丽塔”飓风中完全恢复。专家称，从那两场灾难就可以看出该地区主要人口密集区与当前环境的强烈不适，更不用说，2050年或2100年可能出现的状况了。 位于博尔得的科罗拉多大学科学政策专家小罗杰派而克指出:“现实情况就是我们应该顺应变化”，在此同时也需要去处理二氧化碳排放问题。