中国国家利益与国际地位分析

中国国家利益与国际地位分析 浅议当代中国国家利益 摘要: 国家利益既是国际政治研究领域中一个富有争议的重要概念，也是一国制定对外政策的最重要的依据。它涉及政治、经济、文化、军事等不同领域，覆盖从地区到全球的不同范围。国家利益是一个国家在内部有利于人民生存发展，在外部能满足其国际需求的各种因素的综合。本文探讨了国家利益的内容与国家利益的维护，以寻找符合中国利益的发展之道。 关键词:国家利益 国际地位 当代中国 国家利益关系是国际关系中影响各个国家对外行为的最根本性要素，而国家利益则是在国际政治中发挥作用最持久、影响力最大的因素，是国家对外行为的最基本动因。冷战后，对中国国家认同对内的是:认同独立、统一、民主、富强的中国;对外，全面融入当代国际社会体系中，认同做国际社会体系内负责任的地区大国，同时积蓄力量为做国际社会体系的大国做准备。这种身份认同决定中国在国内要保持独立自主和稳定，实现国富民强;在国外维持和改进有国际秩序，维护国际的和平、稳定、繁荣与发展。 一、 国家利益的内涵及其作用 ,一, 国家利益的内涵与特性 1(所谓“国家利益”，从字面上理解就是国家所能得到的好处。它涉及政治、经济、文化、军事等不同领域，覆盖从地区到全球的不同范围。国际政治理论界的不同学派对于国家利益的界定也不尽相同。 现实主义学派从国内政治出发来认识国家利益，主张以权力来界定这一概念。摩根索就认为国家利益最根本的是本国的生存和安全，把国家利益等同于权力，而权力就是行使权力者对被行使者思想和行动的控制力量。他们认为国家利益包括认同利益、互补利益和冲突利益等。总体来看，现实主义对于国家利益的概念是物质主义至上的。自由主义则从国际 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 出发来界定国家利益。他们强调国际关系行为主体的多样性，认为国家必须用“国际体系为中心的利益”代 替“国家为中心的利益”，使国家利益不再作为一个整体出现。而建构主义学派主张以身份界定国家利益。温特认为建构主义是一种身份政治理论，正是身份变化导致国家利益的变化，而国家利益又是国家身份的动力。在国际政治现实中，各国都力图根据自身在国际体系中的地位与身份确定自己的国家利益。比如俄美之间的博弈其实就是在自身实力变化的前提下，不断确认自己新身份，调整国家利益追求的过程。 其实不管从哪种观点出发，国家利益的内容都应该是有利于国家发展和世界进步的。它是一个国家在内部有利于人民生存发展，在外部能满足其国际需求的各种因素的综合。它包括安全利益、经济利益、政治利益和文化利益以及一切能反映这个国家全体国民及各种利益集团需要与兴趣的利益。国家利益是指一个国家内有利于其大多数国民的共同生存与进一步发展的诸因素的综合。 2(国家利益的构成 国家利益的具体内容或国家利益的构成，即何为有利于绝大多数居民共同生存和进一步发展的诸因素，可以从各种不同的角度来认识。目前比较常用的方法是从国家的安全、经济、政治、文化利益四个方面来界定。 (1)(安全利益。安全利益是一国生存和发展的基本条件，是一国最核心的利益。安全利益包括两个方面:第一，保卫本国国土不受外来侵犯，维护国家主权独立和领土完整，保证国内政治、经济、科学和文化的和平发展，保证人民和平、安宁的生活。第二，维护国家的战略安全。战略安全包含两层含义，一是防止卷入军事冲突或战争，二是防止出现对自身不利的周边或国际环境。 (2)(经济利益。经济是一国生存和发展的物质力量。国家的经济利益是国家利益的基本内容，也是维护国家利益的重要方面。经济利益的范围很广，但主要包括内外两个方面:一方面，对内维护独立自主发展民族经济的主权，维护本国领土和领海资源、能源主权，保障国内经济发展的必要条件，推动社会经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，实现国富民强。另一方面，在对外经济交往中，维护国家在世界经济中的相应地位，保障对外贸易、投资、货币金融关系的稳定发展。 (3)(政治利益。国家的政治利益是国家利益不可缺少的组成部分，其主要内容是维护国家现有的社会制度和占统治地位的意识形态，并力争使其影响扩大 到更大的范围。其具体内容主要包括:维护主权独立和完整，防止任何外来势力的控制和干涉;维护国家在国际社会中的应有地位，在国际事务中发挥应有的作用。 (4)(文化利益。文化与利益虽然不属于同样的范畴，但是文化利益确是国家利益的重要组成部分。这种利益包括:意识形态的维护，历史文化传统的保持，民族认同感的确立和维系，与安全，经济，政治密切相关的各种文化现象。 3(国家利益的特点 许多国际关系理论家和政治家都信奉这样一种理念:国家之间没有永久的朋友，也没有永久的敌人，只有永久的利益。国家利益之所以成为理论家和政治家们所争论不休的问题，主要是由国家利益本身所具有的多种两重特性所决定。国家利益作为每个主权国家所追求的正当利益，具有以下特性: (1)(国家利益既客观具体，又主观抽象。国家利益的内容是具体实在且不以人的主观意志为转移的，它的客观性正是由其内容的客观存在所决定，并且其内容可以客观的得以实现。但是一个国家要追求什么样的国家利益以及追求的手段如何，还是取决于人的主观认识和时代背景的变迁。同时由于国家利益代表的是一个国家内各种利益体的综合诉求，所以它必须是这些共同利益的抽象表现。 (2)(国家利益是静态的也是动态的。国家利益必须在一个主权和领土完整的稳定静态环境下才有保证，而一个国家的位置、大小、人口、资源等也都是相对静态的。此外，民族国家的意识形态、民族精神、历史传统等传承下来的精神力同样具有稳定性。但是国家毕竟是个历史范畴，作为国家的衍生物，国家利益也必定在国家从无到有、再从有到无的过程中不断发生动态变化。在不同的历史时期国家利益的具体范围也不同，因此永恒不变的国家利益是不存在的。 (3)(国家利益有阶级性也有民族性。如果国家内部不存在阶级，那么国家利益当然代表所有国民的共同利益，但在有阶级对立的国家里，国家利益常常被体现为统治阶级的利益。但是，国家的社会性决定了国际利益决不仅仅是代表统治阶级的利益，它还是要满足广大人民的利益即社会公共利益的，也就是说国家利益也具有民族性。 (4)(国家利益兼有国内性和国际性。一个主权国家的国家利益应该包括两部分，即自利利益和共享利益。前者反映了一个国家维持其生存发展的诸多国内 因素，后者则体现出国家利益的国际性。过分强调前者会引发排斥与冲突，而追求后者则可激发更多的合作与和谐。其实随着全球化发展，国际合作加深，大部分的国家利益都在一国领土之外体现出来，国家利益的国际性因此表现的越来越强烈。 (二)国家利益的作用 1(制定对外政策的重要依据 在国际社会中，任何一个国家制定自己对外政策的首要依据，都是其国家利益。由于国家利益并不仅仅是统治阶级的利益，而是占人口绝大多数的居民的共同利益，因此在制定国家对外政策时，只有考虑到整个国家和民族的利益，才能更好地实现统治阶级的利益。中国领导人正是从这一点出发，才在中国的对外政策中坚持和平共处五项原则，坚持以经济建设为中心、对外开放的基本路线。邓小平在1979年就提出:“社会主义现代化建设是我们当前最大的政治，因为它代表着人民的最大利益、最根本的利益。”“我们的对外政策，就本国来说，是要寻求一个和平的环境来实现四个现代化”，因为这“符合中国人民的根本利益”。 2(调整国家对外行为的基本着眼点 在历史上，国际社会曾出现过各种调整国家对外行为的方式，如均势、集体安全、不结盟等。无论采取什么方式，各国都是从自身利益出发来进行调整的。英国长期奉行光荣孤立和均势战略，美国从孤立主义向全球主义的转变，中国从结盟到不结盟，都是随着国际形势的变化和对自身国家利益的判断而进行的对外行为方式的调整。20世纪70年代，中国对外奉行的是联美反苏的政策，目的是维护中国的国家安全。20世纪80年代以后，随着国际形势的变化，邓小平强调要把维护国家利益作为外交工作的根本，并在1982年指出:“任何外国不要指望中国做他们的附庸，不要指望中国会吞下顺害我国利益的苦果，中国人民有自己的民族自尊心和自豪感。”正是在邓小平这一思想的指导下，党的十二大 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 提出:“我们是爱国主义者，绝不容忍中国的民族尊严和民族利益受到任何侵犯，中国决不依附任何大国或者国家集团，决不屈服任何大国的压力。” 3(解释和证明国家对外政策合理性的重要工具 在错综复杂的国际社会中，以何种标准，采取什么方法来检验、解释和证明国家对外政策和对外行为的合理性，一直是国际政治学者关注的问题。在确定和 评判国家对外政策时，必须首先确定什么试自己的国家利益，然后要区分国家利益的不同层次和实现国家利益的标准，明确实现国家利益的目标和手段，最后，依据国家利益的实现程度来判别政策和行为的效用。当然，出于某种特定的政治需要，一些国家常常把实现国家利益作为证明其对外政策和对外行为合理性的借口，如美国就经常以世界上任何地区发生的事件都与美国的国家利益相关为名，为其霸权主义行径辩护。 二、现阶段中国的国家利益 中国的国家利益是不断变化的。今天讨论中国的国家利益，有着不可低估的意义。建国初期，面对国力弱小、西方孤立等内忧外患，我国的利益追求主要是巩固社会主义政权，防止敌对势力颠覆。改革开放初期，经济发展是最大问题，所以我们的利益点是摆脱贫困和社会危机，大力刺激经济发展，实现基本温饱。而在市场经济快速发展，全球化浪潮席卷的今天，国内问题跨国化以及国际问题国内化等等使得国家利益范围不断扩大，对中国利益又必须要有新的认识。 (一)安全利益 安全利益是一国生存和发展的基本条件，是最核心的利益。主要表现为维护我国领土主权完整、保证和平与稳定。从国内来看，一个国家认同的载体在于国家的领土、人口等物质性因素，但建国50多年来，中国还没有完成国家统一，台湾还孤悬海外，并且冷战后台独势力的扩展使得台湾与大陆“渐行渐远”，台湾当局在岛内推行“去中国化”策略，在国际上扩大生存空间，和平走向分裂的危险增大，就是说台湾还不认同中国这个概念。南中国海还是名义上的中国领土，并且日益受到邻国的侵蚀，资源不断被开采。再从地缘政治来考虑，我们就发现，台湾是中国出入太平洋，实现其海权利益的东海前沿基地。统一台湾，中国就彻底突破了自冷战以来美国在西太平洋构建的意在封锁中国的环岛锁链，其意义远比美国获得夏威夷的意义巨大。另外，中国的统一进程还与中国的海权实现进程相一致，这决定了统一台湾是中国发展不可绕行的门坎。台湾不回，南沙则不保。如果说南中国海地缘政治的关键是马六甲海峡，那么，对中国而言，中国主权范围内的南沙诸岛则是中国实现南中国海海权利益的关键。如果钓鱼岛和台湾回归祖国，则中国在东北亚和东南亚的安全利益就有保障。 其次，“藏独”、“疆独”同境外敌对势力勾结，对我边境地区领土安全构成 威胁。这是对在长期历史发展过程中形成的中国国家认同的严重挑战，也是对中国生存能力的考验。以上说明中国国内安全核心认同还在于领土安全，真正实现中国的领土主权的统一与完整。没有这个载体，中国还奢谈什么经济战略和大国战略。 再次，非传统安全问题的重要性日益突出。冷战后，全球化不仅导致国家的经济安全利益越来越重要，而且使得科技安全、信息安全、生态安全等成为安全利益的新内容，还有有组织的国际犯罪、恐怖主义、走私、贩毒、非法移民等非传统安全问题对中国的影响呈现增大之势。“国家安全”的概念应该是“安全边界”和“边界安全”两个概念的统一。“安全边界”是国家利益边界，利益走向哪里，国家的安全边界就应该在哪里。自从中国建立市场经济体制后，中国的国家利益就与世界利益发生了不可分割的联系，中国己从一个封闭和自守家门的国家转变为一个开放的和世界性的国家。这时的中国国家利益边界的扩展就是一个世界性的过程，从安全角度看，国家利益的边界就是国家的安全边界。领土对任何国家而言都是相对固定的，因此，它与“安全边界”不同，它的边界是有限的。对一个国家而言，安全边界与边界安全是相互影响的:安全边界离领土边界越远，领土边界安全度就越高;安全边界与边界安全如果重合，则是国家安全已到了不可退却的底线。中国目前的情况是，利益边界扩展很远，但没有保障;主权利益，比如台湾、南沙、钓鱼岛等边界安全实际上是虚化、萎缩和后退了。从国外来看，美国、日本等外部势力始终未停止对台湾问题的干预，特别是美国布什政府提升美台关系，对台军售加大，台海引发军事冲突的可能性加大。 中国目前是地区性大国身份，那么这种身份的载体是保持领土和主权完整的中国，以上的国内外事件正在考验我们的生存能力，深化我们对国内安全利益的认知，这决定目前我们应当坚持一切政治、经济、文化等各种手段促共识，将以最小的代价完成国家统一，同时采取一切必要手段打击“疆独”、“藏独”，防止新疆和西藏地区任何形式的分裂，维护国家主权领土的完整与统一。 从国际来看，中国地区安全利益是指中国周边安全利益。中国作为地区大国的国家决定了其周边安全利益的核心是，保证中国周遍地区的和平和稳定，为中国的改革开放提供和平稳定的地区国际环境。这种安全利益观念突出表现在，进入新世纪，中国国际战略开始由主要为自己的发展利益服务的和平环境战略转向 与世界谋求共同发展与安全的战略，这一战略转变以经济主义和区域主义为基点，积极参与国际事务，加强国际合作为途径，以拓展国家战略利益，发挥负责任大国作用为目标。 现阶段来看周边不存在大规模全面战争的现实危险，这同冷战前的斗争求安全利益的方式已不具备合法形式。周边地区将继续保持相对和平与稳定的基本态势，安全形势的交流是对话合作，但各种关系因素也在逐渐增多，这就需要我们以更加积极进取的姿态巩固和加强周边安全。这与中国认同国际社会规范和制度，采用温和方式融入国际社会体系的整体国家认同是相一致的。为了有效维护周边地区的安全利益，需要我们开展安全合作，建立地区安全框架，通过中国与周边国家的安全互动，加强双边或多边的认同感，并且通过建立安全框架不断深化这种认同感，逐步走向共同安全。 (二)经济利益 我国目前经济利益就是保持国内经济的持续、稳定、健康发展，实现国家繁荣与富强，做21世纪的经济强国。中国的地区经济核心利益是促进地区经济的繁荣与发展，保证国内经济可持续发展所必需的战略资源的获得，保证我国进入地区国际市场的权利和确保资源通道的畅通。 随着经济全球化的发展以及中国经济融入地区经济不断深化，尤其是亚洲金融危机的影响，使中国意识到自己不可能在区域经济风险中独善其身。由于各国难以单独应对这方面的挑战，我们主张“亚洲各国应积极参与区域经济合作，密切相互之间的协作配合，加强风险防范措施。”以共同抵御各种经济冲击，出于这样考虑，我国积极参与“10+3”的金融和货币合作，“10+1”的自由贸易区，在《清迈倡议》下，中国已分别与泰国、日本、韩国和马来西亚签署了双边货币互换 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 ，并正和其他东盟国家开始进行磋商或接触，通过这些规范和制度，中国与周边国家加强了抵御经济风险的能力，发挥了地区经济大国的作用和责任，增强了地区经济大国的认同。并且中国这种在亚洲经济地区大国身份正得到中国周边国家的认同，例如，1999年时任马来西亚总理的马哈蒂尔访问北京时对中国付出代价助协东亚国家渡过金融危机之举表示了感激。以上这些认识和实践活动在不断深化着中国自我认知的地区经济大国的身份，同时中国周边国家也在不断确认这种身份。这使中国表现出更多的利他行为，这些行为反过来又维护了地 区经济繁荣与稳定，中国又从这种繁荣和稳定中获得自己的利益。这样一个实践与被赞赏的过程，逐步构成了中国作为一个“地区性负责任大国”的形象和身份认同，反过来又强化了中国对周边地区经济利益的建构，全力维护周边经济的繁荣和稳定。 经济全球化的深化和区域一体化的发展，使一国经济发展越来越容易受到外来因素的影响和冲击，经济安全成为经济稳定和发展的主要组成部分，成为国家安全的核心内容之一。建立实力雄厚的国内经济是保障经济安全的基本条件，进一步参与国际经济合作是保证经济安全的外在途径，而加强国内的有效控制是保证经济安全的内在要求。 (三)政治利益 我国国内政治利益的核心是国家独立自主，包括我们选择的政治制度、政治体制、生活方式和意识形态等，其次是政治稳定。中国做为地区大国的身份认同决定中国在地区上的政治利益是:促进中国与周边国家的合作与对话，保证和平的周边国际环境，服务于中国发展的总体规划，促进中国的国际化进程，为中国成为国际社会中负责任的大国创造条件，实现中华民族崛起的夙愿。中国要做世界性负责任大国首先就要做地区负责任大国，尤其是亚太地区负责任大国，而这种国家身份认同不是中国主观臆造出来的，而是中国国内发展和国际社会互动共同作用的结果。 从国内来看，要维护中国领土和主权的完整，完成国家统一，就需要有一个和平稳定的周边环境，这就要求中国要处理好睦邻关系，要用国际规范和国际制度构建起一个稳定的周边关系网。这与冷战前中国作为国际体系挑战国的文化完全不同，冷战后中国全面认同国际社会体系，全面融入国家社会，做国际社会体系内负责任地区大国，这种国家身份认同决定中国在维护地区政治利益时，主要使用国际规范、国际制度、国际法、国际惯例等手段，并用这种手段来处理与周边国家关系。这突出表现在1997年3月，我们在东盟地区论坛会议上，正式提出了新安全观:互信、互利、平等、协作，其宗旨是超越差异和分歧，通过对话增进互信，通过谈判解决争端，通过合作促进安全。中国共产党十六大提出了“与邻为善，以邻为伴”的周边外交方针，这实际上也是对新时期中国周边安全政策的根本描述，为切实贯彻这一方针，我们提出了“睦邻、安邻、富邻”的政策， 积极加强与周边各国的协调与合作，以实际促进周边的稳定与繁荣，走一条和平发展的道路。 从中国周边国家来看，冷战后中国周边相对来说也处于较为有利时期。俄罗斯衰落，日本右翼虽然不断挑衅，但中日之间主流还是合作大于争论，东南亚诸国与中国经济贸易联系日益加强，中印进入21世纪以来关系也直线上升。等等这些条件和因素使中国认识到除了双边对话机制外，还有必要进行多边对话，并且提出了很多较为具体的设想和建议，并符诸实施。比如2001年中俄签署的《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》，2005年中巴签署的《中国巴基斯坦睦邻友好合作条约》，由1996年建立的“上海五国”到2001年成立的“上海合作组织”，积极倡导六方会谈解决朝核问题，等等。中国正是通过参加这些地区国际机制和制度，来取信邻国，并且证明中国试图成为一个建设性地区大国，而不是一个威胁。这种地区认同因为这些机制和制度的创建而使中国国家地区利益得到很好维护，进而鼓励中国以更加积极姿态参与地区秩序建设，同时这些机制和制度也体现了周边国家对中国日益成长的地区大国身份的认同，这使中国和邻国形成良性的合作文化。 (四)文化利益 冷战结束后一个国家的“硬权力”如军事力量、自然资源和其他有形力量在国家间竞争中的地位在下降，而以文化、知识体系、意识形态等要素组成的“软权力”的地位在明显上升。一个国家经济实力可以遥遥领先，科技水平可以迅速提高，军事能力可以急剧膨胀，但其文化感召力和对政治经济的支撑力则是难以在短期取得的，它不但需要丰富深厚的文化传统与思想底蕴，同时也需要文化的历史魅力和现实的说服力。因此，在经济、科技和军事实力既定的条件下，文化对于一个地区性大国以至上升为全球性大国具有特别重要意义。 中国国家文化利益的核心所在就是为其它利益提供精神与智力支持。文化是一个民族在长期的历史过程中综合民族经验、政治经济演变、地理环境诸因素而在民族心理和民族思想中积累沉淀的产物，是民族最核心最牢固的特质。一个国家的文化利益主要在于政治经济发展提供支撑和在对外维护文化主权，同时能兼收并蓄，吸收世界先进文明成果。实际上，文化利益是一个长期进程，这是一个学习、创造、再学习、再创造的过程。一个国家倘若要维持持久和健康的经济发 展和政治利益，必须强化其社会道德与思想信仰体系的政治功能，必须挖掘和弘扬民族文化中的合理和精华成分，以增强民族的认同感和凝聚力，为现代化提供文化底蕴和精神和智力支持。 目前，中国成功地加入了WTO，但要切实达到WTO对我国的种种要求，必须建立完善的市场经济体系。法制体系的漏洞、信用体系的缺位以及民主环境的差距，己经提出了一个深层次的文化支撑问题。入世只能是整体性入世，是中国社会主义现代化的全景转换。目前，我们道德体系与信仰体系的失落已危及政权的合法性、民族的凝聚力、社会稳定和对外政治独立，所以从长远看，一个以文化为中轴的民族国家进行现代化需相应的文化支持。 三、中国国家利益的实现 要实现中国的国家利益，中国就得积极地融入现有国际体系，处理好与各国的结构性矛盾，重视影响国家利益的内生因素。当然，还有许多需要进一步思考和研究的问题，使中国的国家利益最大化。 首先，要积极融入现有国际体系。中国没有能力也不需要在世界体系之外另外建立一个体系，这样对中国的安全和国家利益不利。这是因为西方国家会以中国为敌，联合起来维护它们的既得利益，那样中国的现代化建设就会受到影响。尽管现行国际体制有许多不合理的地方，中国从20世纪80年代以来就一直在积极融入国际社会，参与的多边国际组织越来越多，逐渐由现行国际体制的反对者，逐渐成为参与者和改造者。要融入国际体系，首先要认清当前的国际形势:第一，和平与发展仍是当今时代的主题。维护和平促进发展，事关各国人民的福祉，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可阻挡的潮流。第二，世界多极化和经济全球化的发展，给世界的和平与发展带来了机遇和有利条件。第三，新的世界大战在可预见的时期内打不起来。争取较长时期的和平国际环境和良好周边环境是可以实现的。 要正确对待现有国际体系的不合理因素。当前的国际体系是西方发达国家一手缔造的，主要维护的是西方发达国家的利益，包括中国在内的广大发展中国家在体系中处于不利地位。中国只有成为一些国际组织的成员，按照国际组织的制度，在和平共处五项原则的基础上，以促进各国的共同利益为目标，以国际社会广大成员国特别是与西方发达国家协商、谈判为方式，不是要推翻现有的所有国 际体系的规则，而是对不合理的国际政治、经济旧秩序作一些修正，以此为契机来建立国际政治、经济新秩序和胡锦涛同志提出的构建和谐世界。 其次，改善与世界主要大国和国家集团关系。中国在处理与其他国家的关系中，提出了大国是首要、周边是关键、发展中国家是基础的战略。中美之间是最复杂的一对大国关系，双方不可避免地存在许多结构性矛盾。这些结构性矛盾集中体现在台湾问题、传统安全威胁、人权问题、经济贸易和非传统安全威胁问题。台湾问题是中美之间最敏感的问题，而且是最可能导致武装冲突的导火线。另外，中美之间也存在大量结构性共同利益，两国都致力于打击国际恐怖主义，防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散，制止台湾方面单方面改变现状，维护地区和平与稳定，促进世界的发展与繁荣。中国不会去挑战美国的霸权地位，以空间来换取发展的时间;建立两国高级领导人定期会话和磋商机制，把两国间的矛盾和冲突消灭在萌芽状态，避免冲突升级为军事对抗甚至战争;处理好与世界上其他国家的关系，特别是与美国的盟国的关系，防止美国与其盟国结成统一战线共同对抗中国。 再次，重视实现国家利益的内部因素。根据辩证唯物主义的内因是事物变化的根本原因，中国应该重视影响国家利益实现的内生因素。社会生产方式产生良性影响必须提高科学技术水平，真正践行邓小平同志倡导的“科学技术是第一生产力”的方针政策;全面改善人民的水平，使人民过上幸福安康的生活;真正做到效率优先，兼顾公平，缩小收入差距;进一步办好经济特区，扩大对外开放，在西部大开发的过程中促进中部崛起，使东、中、西部协调发展，缩小地区差距;打破城乡二元结构，着力解决好“三农问题”、“下岗职工再就业问题”、“农村子女的教育问题”，朝着城乡一体化的方向发展;处理好贫富差距问题，打击非法收入，调节过高收入，帮助较低收入，先富带动后富，最终达到共同富裕。当前，要在推进社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明发展的历史进程中，扎扎实实做好构建社会主义和谐社会的各项工作。在国家政体形态方面，要坚定不移地走社会主义道路，坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想;积极推进社会主义民主、法制建设，健全社会保障制度，关心弱势群体的利益;增加政府的透明度，建设法治型和服务型政府;处理好改革、发展和稳定三者的关系。改革是动力，发展是目的，稳定是前提。邓小平同志认为:“中国的问题，压倒一切的是稳定。没有稳定的环境，什么都搞 不成，已经取得的成果也会失掉。”中国只有把国内的事情做好，才能为迎来中华民族的伟大复兴打下坚实的基础，树立国家在国际社会的良好形象。实现中国国家利益的方式是一个动态的过程，以上列举的措施也不是孤立的，而是一个有机的整体。当然，国家利益方面还有许多值得我们进一步研究的问题，如国家之间的利益发生冲突时的危机管理;怎样牺牲国家的次要利益来获取根本利益;全球化的发展是否弱化了一国对国家利益的追求。只要国家还没有消亡，就不会放弃对国家利益的追求。 国家利益是一个整体，其中经济利益、安全利益、政治利益、文化利益都是核心的国家战略利益，它们相辅相成，互相影响，在不同的时段、不同的国内国际背景下有不同的作用。对达成中国的国际战略目标而言，以上几个方面缺一不可，他们之间不仅仅是相加关系，也存在着某种乘积关系。当然，不同利益之间存在着一定的矛盾冲突，在协调他们之间的关系时，需要统筹考虑国内、国际因素和影响，从全局着眼，从长远利益出发，灵活处置。国家利益的维护，重在根本战略利益和长远战略利益，中国国家战略利益的维护，应该体现出大国眼光、大国气魄、大国风度。 参考文献: 【l】艾伦?片尔森.建立新的国际政治结构理论[J].欧洲，2001(3) 【2】陈玉刚、陈志敏.构建主义:新现实主义和新自由主义之后[J].世界经济与政治，1999(8) 【3】程又中.对“中国加入国际社会”的阐释[J].教学与研究，2004(1) 【4】范菊华.对建构主义的解析[J].世界经济与政治，2003(7) 【5】方长平.国家利益分析的建构主义视角[J].教学与研究，2002(6) 【6】方长平.建构主义:创新、意义及问题[J].世界经济与政治，2004(7) 【7】方长平.国家利益建构的国内层次研究[J].欧洲，2002(3) 【8】方长平、冯秀珍.国家利益研究的范式之争:新现实主义、新自由主义和建构主义[J].国际论坛，2002(3) 【9】方长平.国家利益的建构主义分析[M].北京:当代世界出版社，2002 【10】刘鸣.国际体系:历史演进与理论的解读[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社，2006 【11】[美]玛莎?费丽莫，衰正清译.国际社会中的国家利益[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社，2001 【12】倪世雄等.当代西方国际关系理论[M].上海:复旦大学出版社，2001 【13】秦亚青.权力?制度?文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社，2。。5 【14】王杰主编.国际机制论[M].北京:新华出版社，2002 【15】美l亚历山大?温特，秦亚青译.国际政治的社会理论[M].上海:上海人民出版社，2000 【16】阎学通.中国国家利益分析[M].天津:天津人民出版社，1996 【17】[美]J伊丽莎白?埃克诺米和米歇尔?奥克森伯格著，华宏勋等译.中国参与世界[M].北京:新华出版社，2001 【18】衰正清.国际政治理论的社会学转向:建构主义研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社，2005 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.