高中英语素材单选题解题技巧一：如何做名词从句和定语从句

高中英语素材单选 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 解题技巧一：如何做名词从句和定语从句 单选题的技巧一:如何做名词从句和定语从句 ——献给2010届高考考生 2010年的高考即将来临，经过对历年高考单选题的研究，本人总结了一些常考的基本题型，现介绍如下。 第一节 首先，考生们要清楚单选题一般都是考某些语法知识，只是题目的语境很贴近现实生活，有时代气息。暂不管题目的意思是什么，它主要还是考语法结构方面的知识，这是其一。其二就是先看单选题的ABCD四个选项(注意是选项不是题目)，由选项判断考什么知识，这一点尤其重要。 附常考知识:复合句(2-3题)，非谓语动词(1-2题)，情态动词虚拟语气(1题)，时态语态(1-2题)，特殊句式(1-3题)，交际用语(1题)，常用单词的意思:名词，动词，动词短语，形容词副词，代词，介词，冠词(4-5题) 其次，复合句和非谓语动词这两个题型，考生需要有最基本的保证，那就是要清楚简单句的五种基本句型，如下: 1.主系表结构(SVP) = 主语+连系动词+表语 2.主谓结构(SV) = 主语+谓语动词 3.主谓宾结构(SVO) =主语+谓语+宾语 4.主谓双宾结构(SVOiOd)=主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物体、事物) 5.主谓宾宾补结构(SVOC)=主语+谓语+宾语(人)+宾语的补足语(动作) 上面这五个基本句型您都会判断吗,赶紧去了解了解，不然会吃亏。 可以这样理解:既然是简单句，就是只有一个动词的句子，这个动词就是主要的谓语动词。(但考题中肯定不止一个动词～～～)所以考生一定要先把动词找出来哦。 只要你理解三类动词 一:be动词:主要形式有is,am,are,was,were等。就把它们就叫做连系动词吧。I am a boy 二:及物动词:可以直接加人或物体的动词。例如“做事情的做---do，did，does。。。”，“访问---visit,”“花费---spent、cost，take”。 I visit Xiamen , I spent money 三:不及物动词:不可以直接加人或物体的动词。例如“死亡-die”“工作—work”“同意-agree” She works ， The man died 请看: ?动词前为 主语。 ?连系动词后为 表语。 ?及物动词和介词后为 宾语。(特此说明:双宾是动词后有一个人和一个物。宾补是动词后先一个人/物，然后再加一个动作do，doing，to do，done，也可以是形容词等) I spent money (spent后是money，那money是宾语) He gives me a book (give后是me和book，一个人一个物,me是间接宾语，book直接宾语，合在一起双宾) He asked me to visit him (ask后是me，还有一个动作to visit him，me是宾语，to visit him是补 用心 爱心 专心 充me的，做补语,可以构成--,I visit him) ?不及物动词后用 状语 修饰 ?名词和代词前后用 定语 修饰。 第二节 在第一节的基础上理解了五个基本结构，接下来我们再了解一个概念:什么是复合句(从 句) 可以这样理解: 复合句(从句)是由简单句构成的，简单句只有一个动词，复合句就是有两个或以上的 动词构成的句子。 就是说题目中有好多个动词。还有一个条件要满足: 在某个动词的前面还必需有连接词/关系词。 什么是连接词/关系词呢: 请看: 名词从句:(主语、宾语、表语从句) *同位语从句高考不考，状语从句的就不列了。 连接词 What Which Who Whom When Where How Why If Whether That It形式 定语从句: 关系词 Which Who Whom Whose When Where Why 用心 爱心 专心 That As 上面框框里的就是连接词/关系词了。 我们再理解一遍:从句就是由“连接词/关系词”开始+动词 一起构成的那个句子。 分类: 1.如果 连接词/关系词 后只有一个动词了，一般连接词/关系词后面都是从句 2.如果 连接词/关系词 后有两个动词，一般从句就是连接词/关系词开始到第二个动词前的句子 看例句: 1. He said that the text was important. 两个动词，一是said二是was ，在was 前有连接词或关系词that 因此从句是that the text was important 2. What we need is more time 在这句话中有动词“need”和be动词“is”，need动词前有连接词或关系词“what”因此从句就是what开始到第二个动词is前的句子 即:what we need 是从句。 不知道此时你会不会找从句了, 单选题的设置就是要我们选出合适的 连接词或关系词 嘛。因此你看到ABCD是连接词或关系词的，那就是考从句的题咯。 从句在哪呢，就是横线后的那个句子嘛。 到此我们就认清了从句的位置了，鼓掌一下。 第三节 继续 从句有好多啊，主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，定语从句。怎么才能知道是考什么从句呢, 这个时候我们先找到从句的位置第二节知识(横线后的那个句子)，把那个句子当作一个整体，再看看这个整体是放在哪的。要用到第一节的知识了。 还是一样: ?动词前为 主语从句 ?连系动词be后为 表语从句 ?及物动词和介词后为 宾语从句 ?不及物动词后用 状语从句 修饰， ?名词和代词后 定语从句 修饰 例句1:That we should learn English is important 句子中That we should learn English放在动词is前是吧 因此就叫做主语从句。可以把它变成It做形式主语的句子，因为主语太长了:It is important that we should learn English 其实此处It就等于That we should learn English. 例句2:He said that the text was important. 两个动词，一是said二是was ，在was 前有that 用心 爱心 专心 因此从句是that the text was important.，放在及物动词said后做宾语，that the text was important.是宾语从句。 例句3:He gave me what he had 两个动词，一是gave二是had(有)，在had前有what 因此从句是what he had，放在及物动词gave后做宾语，what he had.是宾语从句。 例句4:The question is who can win the game 两个动词，一是is二是win，在win前有who， 因此从句是who can win the game，放在is后做表语，who can win the game是表语从句 例句5:The animal that is lost is a panda.两个动词，一是is 而是is 在第一个is前有that， 因此从句就是that is lost放在名词anima后，修饰animal。that is lost是定语从句。 会判断是什么从句了吧。提醒一点不管什么从句都是 主语加谓语的陈述语序 That we should learn English we 主语， learn动词 that the text was important the text 主语， was 动词 who can win the game who主语，win动词 第四节 怎么解题呢, 解题指导 解题步骤:1.先判断从句是什么从句 2.再分析从句本身的那个动词缺少什么成分，缺什么补什么。 如果你知道从句是考:主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，那就用下面的方法做。 主要找横线后的动词，如果动词: 1.缺主语:选 what(指什么事物，) who (指谁)which(指哪个事物) 2.缺宾语:选 what(指什么事物，) whom(指谁)which(指哪个事物) 3.如果从句中不缺任何成分，而且句子意思也很完整。选 that (起连接作用，没有意思，不做成分) 4.如果从句中主语和宾语都有，但句子意思还不通顺。选 when(何时)where(何地)why(为什么)how(怎样)if ，whether(是否)。其中when(何时)where(何地)why(为什么)how(怎样)做状语，if ，whether(是否)是连接作用，也不做成分，翻译成是否。 5.缺表语 除if，whether，和that、之外都可选，看题目的意思。 例句:What we need is more time 从句中what就是做need 的宾语 例句:He said that the text was important. 从句中that不做成分，只是连接前后句的作用 例句:This is where our problem lies 从句中where做不及物动词lies的地点状语 用心 爱心 专心 例句:please tell me where he is 从句中where做is的表语 如果你知道从句是考:定语从句，那就用下面的方法做。 定语从句:修饰名词和代词的从句，是放在名词和代词后面的。我们把名词/代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。在定语从句中，关系词=先行词(即用关系词代替名词/代词)，而且还可以做从句中的成分。 名词/代词本身有指人，指物，指时间，指地点，指原因，同样关系词也相应的用不同的词来代替名词/代词。可分为限制定语从句和非限制定语从句，非限制定语从句是有逗号隔开的。 ? 解题步骤:先看先行词是指什么的，是限制的还是非限制的，再根据缺什么补什么成分来 做。 先行词是指什么 关系词及其所充当成分 人 Who主语 whom宾语 物 Which主语，宾语 既可以指人又可以指物 That主语，宾语 Whose+名词=the+名词+of which(物) =the+名词+of whom(人)定语 时间 When =介词+which 状语 That、which 主语，宾语 地点 Where=介词+which 状语 That、which 主语，宾语 原因 Why=for+ which 状语 指一件事情，前后句一般有逗Which主语，宾语 只放句中。(有因果关系) 号分开。非限定从句中 As主语，宾语 放句首句中都可 例句:The animal that is lost is a panda.两个动词，一是is 而是is 在第一个is前有that， 因此从句就是that is lost放在名词anima后，修饰animal。that is lost是定语从句。 Animal的范围是指物，可以用that，which代替animal， that，which做主语 例句:The man whom you met just now is my friend两个动词，一是met 二是is 在第一个met前有whom， 因此从句就是whom you met just now放在名词The man后，whom you met just now是定语从句。 The man 的范围是指人，可以用that，也可以用who，whom代替，met后少宾语所以用whom 总的来说 你判断出是主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句 一般不选 as, 介词+which的。This，there。实在不会建议你选择 what 定语从句 一般不选 what ，if，whether，it，there，there实在不会建议选 when/ where 用心 爱心 专心 高考题现场解题: (08福建卷)27. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. A. It B. What C. As D. Which 解析:选项中出现连词的题是考从句的题 题目中的动词有:is known ，is ，will take place，其中will take place前面有that连接可 以看出是一个从句，它放在is 的后面，叫表语从句。 is known的前面要我们选连词 ，那横 线开始到第二个动词is前的句子就是从句 既:从句时 _____ is known to us all ，它放在 is 前 ，动词前的句子是考主语从句。这题就是考主语从句。 主语从句不选As。再分析从句本身的动词is known 少什么成分呢,动词前是主语，what 和 which中选，但which(哪个)要有一个范围的，题目中没有。What是指什么东西。因此就选 what了。 (09福建)4. It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where 解析:选项中出现连词的题是考从句的题 题目中的动词有:’s ，put ， see 。横线后的句子是从句。从句放在situation名词后，是 考定语从句。 Situation是先行词，指地点，可选ACD ，再分析从句后的动词成分 主语有they 动词有see 宾语有themselves 就不会缺主语和宾语了，因此AC就排除了。选择D。也可以这样记忆先行词是situation时用 where 以上是从句的一点心得，当然还有很多从句的一些细节东西没有列出来。请大家自觉复 习。 2010-03-21 用心 爱心 专心 补充: 名词从句 要点总结 1. 从句中的语序是陈述句。It 做形式主语的情况 2. that在主语，表语从句中不能省略，由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何 成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可 省。例如: That she was chosen made us very happy / The fact is that we have lost the game(that 都不省) He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow and that he will visit his friends(第一个that可 省，第二个不能 3. ?suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表 示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚 拟形式. His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled. 另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气 例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy. ?It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形” 这些形容词有: important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等. It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. It is a pity that he should be so careless. 4. 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 5. whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代: 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有"or not" 另外if在宾语从句中=whether，if放在条件状语从句中意思“假如”，whether不能。 5. there be +doubt/possibility/need/reason/point(名词) it be+doubtful/possible/important/necessary(形容词) 6.wh-ever和no matter+wh-的区别。 7.插入语及插入句的用法:入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思 的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。要把插入语去掉。 I am sure我可以肯定地说， I believe我相信， I wonder我不知道， you know你知道， you see你明白， that is也就是说， it seems看来是， as I see it照我看来， what is important (serious)重要(严重)的是， I'm afraid恐怕， it is said据说等。 1. It will result in success， I suppose.我想，这件事终于会成功的。 2. One day， it is said， Newton saw an apple fall from a tree. 据说，有一天牛顿见到一个苹果从树上掉下来。 3. What is more important， information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply. 更重要的是，信息高速公路能把大量信息迅速、便宜地传遍全国。 用心 爱心 专心 例题:Give this book to whoever you think can do the work well 把插入语you think 去掉。 定语从句 要点分析 一, 定语从句不选 what ,非限制定语从句中(逗号后)不选 that。介词后不选 that。出现in that 是“因为，在于”的意思 二. 非限定从句中，which和As都可以指整个句子/一件事情，但是Which 只放句中，做主语， 宾语，which还有因为所以的关系。As 放句首句中都可，做主语，宾语。另外the same、such 后也用as，翻译为“像…..一样的” 通常用下列句型as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 1.As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As做宾语== smoking is harmful to one's health 2.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health As作主语== smoking is harmful to one's health 3.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. Which作主语== The sun heats the earth 4.I have got into the same trouble as he (has). the same…… as 像…一样的 5. As is known to all, China is a developing country As作主语== China is a developing country 注意:上面的1.2.3.5.句都是有逗号分开的。如果不是逗号而是句号，分号，and，but时就要选 It,there,them,he,this等代词。 例如1.:He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field. A. whom B. them C. which D. who 例如2. He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _______ knew anything about the other. A. them B. whom C. which D. who ?区别:the same…..as….(两个东西是一样的) the same…… that…..(同一个东西) 1.She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条 裙子。 2.She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 3.I want to use the same tool that you used just now. 4.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. ?区别:such如此 … that 以至… 引导的结果状语从句。That后的句子不会少成分 Such。。。。。as。。。。像。。。一样，正如。。。一样 As在句子中作主语，宾语， 等于前面的名词 1.He is such lovely children that we love him much. that后主语we谓语动词love宾语them状语 much 2. Such books as you bought are useful as后主语you谓语动词bought少了宾语，as作宾 语= books 例题:David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like. A. that B. who C. as D. whom 补充:?当主句和从句语义一致时，用as;反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。 He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected. ?当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。 用心 爱心 专心 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all. 3.当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 三 先行词是时间，地点时。选项中when，where，that，which，介词+which都可以选择，区别在于它们的成分不同，解题时分析从句中缺的是什么成分即可。 When =介词+which 做状语 That、which 做主语，宾语 Where=介词+which 做状语 That、which 做主语，宾语 例如:She says that she’ll never forget the time _______she’s spent working as a secretary in our company. A. which B. when C. how D. where spent是及物动词后少了宾语time，选which 例如:She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company. A. which B. when C. how D. where work是不及物动词，不接宾语，要用状语when 例如:Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month. A. whichB. when C. how D. where 选A，which 在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。 例如:Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete. which 在定语从句中用作主语。 A. whichB. when C. how D. where 选A， 例:Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago. A. whereB. when C. that D. which 选A，where 在定语从句中用作状语 四(Whose(作定语)+名词=the+名词+of which(物) =the+名词+of whom(人) 1.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 2.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired 3.He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 4. He has a friend the father of whom is a doctor. 例题:I live in the house ____ windows face south. A. which B. whose C. where D. in that 五关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。 The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The man是单数 lives The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. The students是复数用are 注意:one of +复数名词，谓语动词用复数 The only、the very+one of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数 例题:One of the boys who______ my friends______very good at English. A. is; are B. are; is C. is; is D. are; are 选B He is one of the students who are late for class. He is the only one of the students who is late for class. 六 Is this 开头的定语从句，Is this后面没有the，则选the one，有the则选关系词 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 选D 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 选A 七 介词+which/whom中介词的选择。一看固定短语的搭配，二看介词在句子中的意思 用心 爱心 专心 注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如:look for, look after, take care of等。只有在不 及物动词后的介词才可以分开 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F) (3)The house where =in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down (4)The house which I lived in ten years ago has been pulled down Of which 含有所属关系，即of 后的人或物属于前面的范围，但要注意是逗号后。 There are many books,and one of them is mine. (注意这里有and) =There are many books; one of them is mine.(注意这里是分号) =There are many books, one of which is mine.(注意这里是逗号) 八(限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1(当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意:当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting, 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 补充:that在从句中作宾语时常可省略 He is the man (that) I told you about 例题:Is this the factory____you visited yesterday? A. One B. the one C. / D. where 选C 省略了that 九。The way 后加in which或者that或者直接用the way situation，position，case，business，point 做先行词用where 十(?定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。 There is an expression (in his eyes) that I can’t understand. in his eyes把expression隔开了 用心 爱心 专心 用心 爱心 专心