外文文献及翻译：中国人的商业伦理的历史前因

外文文献及翻译：中国人的商业伦理的历史前因 附录一 外文资料: Historical Antecedents of Chinese Business Ethics Charles A.Rarick School of Management Purdue University-Calumet ，2009. Introduction China has captured the attention of the world with its fast growing economy and large population.If present trends continue,China will change the landscape of global business well into the 21st Century .China has become the fourth largest economy in the world,and this economic growth is driven in part by an impressive expansion of China’s manufacturing base and export abilities. With China’s economic growth comes an increased need to better understand the thinking of the Chinese. The last few years have seen an increased interest in understanding the business and managerial practices of the Chinese . China has also captured the attention of the world for its perceived high level of government corruption,piracy of intellectual property,and unsafe exports. Simply looking at data,and cases of questionable business practices,does little to understand ethical behavior in a country. A deeper understanding of culture and ethical orientation can come from a multidimensional approach to the assignment of values and the determinants of those values.By Chinese managers to gain a better understanding of the Chinese view of business ethics. There are two researchers discuss the philosophical foundations of Chinese ethics(with a focus on leadership)using Hong Kong CEOs to show their linkages with doctrines of the past. This paper takes a more philosophical orientation in examining the Chinese view of ethics by exploring in greater detail the historical roots of Chinese cultural values. Particular attention is paid to the influence of Confucius and Mencius on ethical values. It is generally agreed that the Chinese view of ethical behavior differs from the views of the WestWhile in general the Chinese see corruption as constituting unethical behavior,there is flexibility when the corruption involves guanxi,or relationships. Guanxi has existed in Chinese culture for centuries and it is an important element of Confucian philosophy. When a close relationship exists between parties,a greater ethical duty exists. For example,McGee and Guo report that tax evasion is perceived as widespread,and not necessarily unethical in China,however,the justification for the evasion of taxes among the Chinese is influenced by the distance of the relationship and the utility of the process. McGee and Guo report that evasion is greatest when people feel that the government is corrupt,the tax system is unfair,or the tax revenue is 1 being unwisely spent by the government. The complex system of determining what is right from wrong is based upon deeply ingrained beliefs of a culture.In order to gain a better understanding of any culture,it is necessary to explore the sources of the values of that culture.A deeper understanding of a culture is achieved when one explores the historical antecedents of the beliefs and values of the people comprising the culture.While much has been written about current Chinese business practices and culture,and this information is quite useful,a better understanding of Chinese culture requires an investigation into the historical origins of those cultural values.China has a very long and colorful history,and this history is very important to the Chinese people.It is vividly reproduced today in the stories of important historical figures and events .This paper attempts to provide a better understanding of Chinese culture and management practices by exploring the most important historical figures and philosophies of Chinese culture,as they relate to ethical behavior. Confucian Ethics One cannot explain any aspect of Chinese culture,including ethical behavior,without mentioning the most important philosopher in Chinese history. Confucius was born the child of a single mother during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. This child would grow up to be the single most influential individual in all of Chinese history,although most of his influence came after his death. For thousands of years,up until the fall of the imperial system in China in 1912(when the Qing Dynasty was replaced with a republic form of government),Chinese school children would raise their hands in respect to Confucius at the start of the school day. The children would recite the saying of Confucius until they were permanently recorded into memory. With the fall of the imperial system of governance,Confucian teachings were eliminated; however,the ideals espoused by Confucius never left the Chinese people.In fact,recently Confucianism has been reintroduced to the Chinese education system .Confucian values require that an individual first honor one’s duty to family.The individual is not seen as important as the group.Individual needs are sacrificed in order that group needs can be realizedWeimin stresses the point that Confucian values can be very beneficial to maintaining an orderly society. He points out that in Confucian societies, each person is viewed as being in the center of a relationship,not simply an isolated individual.Each person has a duty to family and society that supersedes responsibility to oneself.Confucius placed great importance on ethical behavior and propriety,and dictated proper roles for a zunzi,or gentleman,or person of honor.Confucian duty begins with relationships with others. At the center of Confucianism lies relationships.Called the Five Relationships,appropriate behavior is dictated in terms of one’s relationship with superiors,parents,husband/wife, elders,and friends.Confucius was very concerned with relationships and social propriety. One’s loyalty to family is primary.After family comes friends and saving face,and finally, one’s duty to the law(see the figure below).Without a significant relationship,the duty of ethical action is diminished.Attitude about ethical behavior and subjective norms of perception strongly influence ethical behavior in Chinese dominated business organizations.Ethical behavior,or morality,is viewed within the context of the relationship .Chinese sociologist,Fey Shiaw-Tong, proposes that in Chinese 2 culture,the closeness of the relationship determines the level of treatment one receives. Laozi andZhuangzi While Confucianism and the views of Mencius promoted a rigid set of social standards,Daoism promotes a rather passive approach to life in general,and to ethical behavior in particular.Little is known about the life of the Chinese figure who stated the religious and philosophical movement,Laozi or“old master.”Laozi proposed that the universe was ruled by the Great Unity，commonly known as Yin and Yang.Yin and Yang do not represent the struggle between good and evil,in fact,both Yin and Yang represent goodness.Evil develops when there is an imbalance between Yin and Yang.A central element of the Daoist belief system is that nature exists in harmony,and mankind should also strive for harmony and balance.The dao,or the“way,”according to Laozi,was an unexplainable force that maintained balance.Humans should strive for balance in their lives,and resist doing anything that goes against the dao.Laozi and his book,the Daodejing,have been fundamental in shaping generations of philosophical,political,and religious thinking in China. is influence is particularly significant in the importance of harmony and the maintenance of good relationships among people.Daoism proposes that the way is all powerful and that no human action can change this natural order.Human action must be consistent with the way,and that as situations change,human actions must change.Daoism promotes flexibility and revision and promotes in some ways a more situational view of ethical behavior.A second figure in the development of Daoism is Zhuangzi,who is purported to have authored a book by the same name.Religion,of whatever variety in China,causes one to ponder the morality of their actions.In his often mentioned dream of being a butterfly,Zhuangzi wakes only to wonder if he was dreaming about being a butterfly,or if the butterfly is now dreaming about being him.Since the world around us may be an illusion,it made no sense to ponder the differences between right and wrong.While Daoism takes a passive approach to ethical questions,it and the Chinese community traditions are not insignificant in shaping ethical behavior in China. The other researchers found that religion played an important role in determining ethical orientation in Chinese culture.While Christianity correlated more closely with higher educational standards,followers of the traditional Chinese religious tradition showed a greater concern for ethical behavior than individuals with no religious orientation. Zhuangzi,like Laozi,took a more mystical approach to the subject of right and wrong. While Daoism takes a passive approach to ethical questions,it and the Chinese community traditions are not insignificant in shaping ethical behavior in China. The other researchers found that religion played an important role in determining ethical orientation in Chinese culture.While Christianity correlated more closely with higher educational standards,followers of the traditional Chinese religious tradition showed a greater concern for ethical behavior than individuals with no religious orientation. Religion,of whatever variety in China,causes one to ponder the morality of their actions. 3 附录一 外文资料: 中国人的商业伦理的历史前因 Charles A.Rarick 管理学院 2009 普渡大学莱莫校区 前言 中国已经成为了世界第四大经济体，并且这种经济增长是由中国制造业基础和出口能力的显著扩张驱动的。由于中国经济的成长而导致的增长中的需求能更好地了解中国人的想法。最近几年我们已经见识到对于中国人的商业和管理特点的理解的兴趣在增加。中国同样因为它的政府的高效率，知识版权的盗版现象，以及有风险的出口而引起了世界的关注。对于有疑问的商业实际 案例 全员育人导师制案例信息技术应用案例心得信息技术教学案例综合实践活动案例我余额宝案例 和数据的简单看法是无助于理解一个国家的道德行为的。一个有关文化和道德定位的更深层次理解能由价值观实践和决定的多维路径获得。通过中国管理者能对中国人的商业伦理有一个更好的了解。有两位专家通过讨论中国道德规范的哲学基本概念(主要针对领导力)，来展现了香港CEO们和过去的学说的联系。该论文通过详细探索中国人文化观念的历史根源来验证他们关于中国式道德观点的一个更有哲学性的实践。 一般认为，中国人的道德规范观念和西方的观念是大相径庭的。.然而普遍的中国人将腐败视为构成了不道德行为，当这种腐败涉及了“关系”，又有了弹性。“关系”已经在中国人文化中存在了无数个世纪，而且在孔子哲学中，它也是个非常重要的概念。当一种紧密的联系存在于团体之中时，一种更伟大的道德责任也存在了。举例说，麦吉和郭研究 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 说逃税是被视为普遍的，而且在中国并不是必然不道德的，然而，这种关于逃税的辩解在中国又是受“关系”的亲疏和实际过程的影响的。麦吉和郭还指出，当人们感觉政府是腐败的时候，逃税是最为伟大的，此时的税收系统是不公的，或者税收被政府不明智地消耗了。.这种复杂的判断是非行为是深刻受到文化的根深蒂固的信念的基础影响的。为了获得对一些文化更好的理解，探索那种文化观念的根源是必要的。当人探究有信念的历史先辈和包含了文化价值观的人们的时候，一种对文化更深层的理解将被获得。.然而非常多的人写的是关于当代中国人的实践和文化，而且这种信息非常的实用，但是要有一种对中国人文化更好的理解，则需要有关这些文化观年的历史溯源的研究。中国有着非常长而且多姿多彩的历史，而且历史对于中国人而言也是非常之重要。在今日它生动地再现了重要的历史图像和大事件中的故事。本论文试图通过探索对有关道德规范的最重要的历史代表和中国文化哲学为中国文化和管理实践提供一种更好的理解。 孔子道德思想 4 如果不提到中国历史上最重要的哲学家，我们将无法解释中国人文化的任何一方面，包括道德规范。孔子出生于中国历史上春秋战国时期的一个单身妈妈家庭。这个孩子将成长为中国整个历史中最为有影响力的个人，虽然他的绝大部分影响力是自他死后。从数千年前开始，直至1912年中国帝国 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 衰亡(当清朝被共和政体所取代)，中国学校中的孩子们将在学校岁月的开始举起他们的手向孔子致敬。.这些孩子们将背诵孔子的言论直到它们被长期不变地 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 于记忆中。随着帝国统治体系的衰亡，孔夫子教育被除去;然而，那些被孔子说传播的观点从未离开过中国人。实际上，儒家思想又再引用到了中国教育体系当中。孔子价值观要求一个人首先要忠于他的家庭。而个体是不被看成与团体同等重要的。个人需要应该牺牲以便集体利益得以实现。“为民”强调儒家观点对于维持一个有序的社会是非常有帮助的。他指出在儒家社会中，每一个人是被视为人际关系中的一个个体存在，而不是一个简单的孤立的个体。每个人都对家庭和社会有责任而不是对某个人。孔子将道德规范和理解以及礼和言行视为对一个“君子”、绅士，或者一个有荣誉感的人具有非常之重要性。儒家的责任开始于彼此的关系。关系处于孔子思想的中心。所谓的五种关系，合适的规范被具体表述为君臣，父母，夫妻，兄弟和朋友几个方面。孔子非常关心关系和和社会礼节。一个人对家庭的忠贞是最基本的。A家庭之后是朋友和面子问题，最后，是对法律的尊重。 中国社会学家费孝通指出，在中国文化中，人际关系的紧密度决定了所受到的待遇。对道德规范的态度和主观 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 强烈地影响着中国的强势商业组织。没有意义的人际关系的话，道德行为的责任感将被削弱。道德规范或者品德，是考虑到人际关系环境中的。 老子和庄子 当孔子和孟子的观点旨在于促成一个社会标准的硬性设立的时候，道家则力图获得关于生命的具有普遍性的相当消极的手段，特别是道德规范。很少人知道是谁提出了关于中国人的生命图像的宗教和哲学性运动的—老子。老子指出普遍性是被“大和谐”所规定的,一般认为是“阴”和“阳”。“阴”和“阳”没有表现出“好”与“恶”之间的竞争，实际上“阴”和“阳”表现得很友好。“恶”会在“阴”和“阳”出现不平衡的时候发展。道家思想一个中心论点是自然存在于和谐之中，人类应当争取这种和谐与平衡。“道”或者说“路”，根据老子的说法，是一个提到平衡却难以解释的。人类应当在生命中争取这种平衡，并且坚持不做任何违反“道”的事情。老子和他的著作，《道德经》，已经在塑造中国人无数代人的哲学、政治和宗教思维起了基本性作用。他的影响特别体现在和谐的重要性和人与人之间的友善关系的维持作用。道家指出，“道”是完全有力的而且没有人能改变这种自然命令。人类行为必须和“道”始终如一，并且一旦情况改变，人类也必须要随着改变。.道家发扬适应性和修复力并且在很多方面发扬了更多情形的道德规范 。在道家发展中的第二个代表任务是庄子，一个自称写了一本和他的名字一样的书籍的人。庄子和老子一样，借由一条更有神秘主义倾向的道路来研究对和错。在他常常提到的一个化蝶的梦中，庄子醒来时只是怀疑是他在梦中变成了一只蝴蝶，还是那只蝴蝶此时梦见变成了他。自从我们周围的世界或许在一个错觉中时，它没感觉来考虑对和错之间的不同。当道家采取一条消极的途径来获知道德问题，它和中国群体性传统在塑造中国的道德规范方面并非是微不足道的。中国的宗教，虽然多种多样，但促使个人考量他们的行为的道德内涵。当基督教使高等教育标准越来越密切的时候，传统中国宗教传统的关注者们比没有宗教取向的个人为道德规范呈现了更大的关注。另外有两个研究者发 5 现，宗教在决定中国文化之中的道德方向中扮演了一个重要角色。 6