赛迪顾问-开发区产业转型升级：市场主导是关键

赛迪顾问-开发区产业转型升级：市场主导是关键 2014年10月27日 第18期 总第34期 开发区产业转型升级:市场主导是关键 【内容提要】 2014年9月8日～国务院副总理汪洋在第十八届中国国际投资贸易洽谈会上表示～中国政府将推动开发区由追求速度向追求质量转变、由政府主导向市场主导转变、由同质竞争向差异化发展转变、由硬环境见长向软环境取胜转变～使开发区成为构建开放型经济新体制的“探路者”和培育产业竞争新优势的“排头兵”。赛迪方略认为～在“四个转变”中～“向市场主导转变”是核心。未来开发区必须进一步明确市场的主导地位～推行取简政放权以减少行政干预～转变政府职能提高服务管理能力～助力开发区产业的转型升级。 【关键词】 开发区 产业转型升级 政府 市场 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 在政府的主导下～开发区经过30年的发展成为我国产业经济发展的主要载体～也仍将是未来实现产业转型升级的主战场。但是～也正由于政府的“越位”与“失位”～使得产业转型升级的步伐缓慢。 一、当前开发区产业转型升级面临的问题 ,一,资源配置过程中市场作用缺失 当前～要素成本上升、资源环境约束加大、外需下降等挑战～开发区亟需依靠产业的转型升级来实现持续发展～而政府与市场关系不顺已成为制约产业转型升级的重要瓶颈。一方面～由于“政绩导向”、“惟规模是举”等因素的存在～不少开发区产业存在较强的非市场性特征～为了追求规模会盲目上马一些不符合自身发展需求的项目～为此大肆扩充土地～最后出现土地被闲臵、资源被浪费、腐败等问题～严重影响了产业转型升级的步伐。以土地资源为例～地方以各种名义违规设立园区圈占土地的问题比较突出～根据《国家土地督察公告》公布的数字～2013年全国460个开发区不符合土地利用总体规划的面积达361.95万亩～竟占开发区实际规划土地面积的31.6%。另一 (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the100 economic sanctions against them. -1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-e dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should b10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 mpanyhave the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co n. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and00 Yuaermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1tive measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no pprotecout the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional d spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installe-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-e specification for 5 GB50275engineering construction and acceptanc- 2 - 方面～政府过多的介入资源配臵～不仅不利于营造公平市场环境～更会严重削弱企业作为市场主体的能动性。政府在进行资源调配时往往存在重国企而轻民企、重外资而轻内资、重大企业而轻小企业的情况～更为关键的是～政府过多干预资源调配～导致企业过多关注政府行为而忽略提高自身能力～市场经营能力减弱。 ,二,政府传统的调控模式逐渐失灵 当前～无论是淘汰落后产能还是通过招商引资带动产业升级～开发区政府往往采用税收和土地优惠及各种补贴等方式影响企业成本。这种举措在改革开放初期～开发区经济总量不高、土地资源较为丰富的情况下非常有效～但随着地区经济总量的增长和土地等要素资源日益稀缺～调控的空间不断压缩。地方为了保持调控的有效性～不得不加大财政投入力度～为此就要拓宽财政收入来源～由此引发税费、土地价格的上涨～使得调控最终失灵。另外～为了发挥专业分工优势～政府将产业转型升级工作划分到具体的部门～每个部门立足自身视角开展工作～部门协调不畅就成为制约工作成效的关键因素。以开发区为例～ who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50 1000,-ould be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500e direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions sh10,000 yuan, responsible for th-mpany or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co nt and00 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accideermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1) no pprotective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8out the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification -engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the-- 3 - 其产业转型升级不仅涉及到开发区发改、工信、国土、财政等众多部门～还会涉及上级政府相关部门～“调控冲突”难以避免。 ,三,政府整体管理与服务能力不足 长期以来～由于开发区政府将过多的注意力集中在产业资源配臵、产业经济调控方面～造成开发区在服务理念、 政策 公共政策概论形成性考核册答案公共政策概论形成性考核册答案2018本科2018公共政策概论形成性考核册答案公共政策概论作业1答案公共政策概论形成考核册答案 执行、工作效率、公平环境等软环境建设方面缺失～滞后于市场的需要。首先～一些开发区虽然经济总量规模发展迅速～但公共产品供给和服务不足～城市功能、环境与经济发展水平不相协调～为企业的产业转型升级提供支持有限。其次～政府服务体制机制尚不健全～重管理、轻服务的工作理念长期存在～公务员的服务意识不高～某种程度上存在着“门难进、脸难看、事难办”的问题～严重影响企业的积极性。第三～开发区政府的调控政策与产业转型升级政策协调性有待加强～政策的稳定性、全局性、长远性不足～政策骤松骤紧容易导致经济的波动～增加发展不确定的性～使得企业过多注重眼前生存和发展～不利于产业转型升级。 二、如何以市场代替政府主导开发区的产业转型升级 100 economic sanctions against them. -1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-e dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should b10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 mpanyhave the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co n. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and00 Yuaermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1tive measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no pprotecout the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional d spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installe-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-e specification for 5 GB50275engineering construction and acceptanc(4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the- 4 - ,一,明确企业在产业转型升级中的主体地位 企业是市场经济的主体～其配臵资源、开发市场、经营产品、筹集资本等各个环节～都需要在开放、有序的市场环境中进行～否则很难正常开展包括产业转型升级在内的一切经济活动。但是～在现实实践中～一些地方、一些行业～对不同所有制、规模、领域的企业设臵不同的门槛～甚至对民营企业、中小企业实施“相对挤出”政策～导致民营企业、中小企业发展面临重重障碍～也阻碍了产业转型升级的推动。因此～为所有的企业发展营造一个统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系～是以企业为主体而推动产业转型升级的基础和前提。为处理好市场和政府的关系～充分发挥企业的主体作用～十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》中提出～必须积极稳妥从广度和深度上推进市场化改革～大幅度减少政府对资源的直接配臵～推动资源配臵依据市场规则、市场价格、市场竞争实现效益最大化和效率最优化。未来～开发区的产业转型升级要想继续走在全国的前列～就必须率先重新定位市场与政府关系～为企业建立公开透明的市场规则、统一的市场监 1000,-ould be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500e direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions sh10,000 yuan, responsible for th-mpany or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co nt and00 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accideermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1) no pprotective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8out the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification -engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the-who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50- 5 - 管体系～提供产业转型升级的前提保障。 ,二,以简政放权为关键点减少行政干预行为 简政放权是进一步推动市场经济发展的核心～采取最大限度减少对生产经营活动、一般投资项目和资质资格等许可和审批的方式～减少对各个阶段企业经济活动的行政干预～从而为全面开展产业转型升级注入活力。长期以来～政府对企业的行政干预过多～企业自身的生产经营活动往往需要各部门的多项审批～在严重打击企业独立性、积极性的同时也积累了一些问题。一方面～过多的政府审批增加了企业的工作量～影响了企业自主积极性～同时还由于政府审批存在既得利益和寻租的空间～使得这些行政审批偏离了原有轨道。另一方面～企业的自主经营权受政府管控～而政府对于自身调控经济的能力过于自信～造成某些地方、行业出现产能过剩、产业结构不合理、生产效率低下等问题～严重影响了产业的转型升级。新一届中央政府从上任伊始～就开始大力推动取消和下放一批行政审批权～其目的就在于将资源配臵权交还于市场～自主经营权交还于企业～今后将严格界定市场、企业在经济活动中的地位～推动产 -1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-e dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should b10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 mpanyhave the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co n. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and00 Yuaermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1tive measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no pprotecout the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional d spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installe-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-e specification for 5 GB50275engineering construction and acceptanc(4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the100 economic sanctions against them. - 6 - 业的转型升级。 ,三,转变政府职能以提高综合服务管理能力 在社会主义市场经济体制下～产业的转型升级既要遵循市场规律～也离不开政府的科学服务管理～而服务管理的目的决不是替代市场。通过减少行政审批～不仅可以最大限度减少对企业微观事务的管理～还可以释放相当一部分行政资源～促进加快转变政府的职能～建设服务型政府管理体制机制～促进产业的转型升级。其一～以中央政府关于政府职能转变的要求为依据～并加强公务人员关于市场经济理论知识的学习～提高发展战略、规划、政策、标准等制定和执行的科学性～并提高服务和管理产业经济发展的效率。其二～政府应关注于市场失灵、市场缺失的领域～如公共产品和服务、技术创新、环境保护等领域～旨在充分尊重、调动广大企业家的积极性和创造性～促进企业自发的开展产业转型升级活动。其三～改革市场监管体系～强调法律的权威性、 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 性～坚决清理和废除妨碍市场和公平竞争的各种规定和做法～严禁和惩处各类违法实行优惠政策行为～反对地方保护～反对垄断和不正当竞争。 who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50 1000,-ould be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500e direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions sh10,000 yuan, responsible for th-mpany or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co nt and00 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accideermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1) no pprotective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8out the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification -engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the-- 7 - 三、推动开发区产业转型升级的具体对策建议 „„„„ 欲了解更多信息,请下载手机应用 “产业通” e dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should b10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 mpanyhave the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the co n. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and00 Yuaermit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 1tive measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no pprotecout the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional d spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle with2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installe-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-e specification for 5 GB50275engineering construction and acceptanc(4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the100 economic sanctions against them. -1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-- 8 -