单片机的技术发展史
无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院
毕业设计说明书(英文翻译)
英文翻译
History of the development of SCM technology
SCM was born in the late 1970s, after the SCM, the MCU, SoC three stages.
(1)SCM that the single-chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, is to find the best form of single-chip embedded system the best architecture. "Innovative approach" to succeed, and laid the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. Embedded in the system created an independent path of development。
(2)MCU that microcontroller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet embedded applications, the objects of the various system requirements and the external circuit interface circuit, highlighted its ability to control Intelligent Object . It involves all areas related to the object, therefore, the responsibility MCU development inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this perspective, Intel phased out MCU development has its objective factors. MCU development in the area, most notably when several manufacturers Philips Corporation.
Philips companies in the embedded application with the huge advantage, MCS-51 from the single-chip microcomputer to the rapid development of micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back on embedded system development path, Intel and Philips should not forget the historical merits.
(3)Embedded microcontroller system is the independent development of the MCU stage of the development of important factors, is seeking applications on the chip to maximize the solution, therefore, the development of dedicated MCU SoC formed a natural trend. With microelectronic technology, IC design, the development of EDA tools, SoC based on the single-chip microcomputer application system design will have greater development. Therefore, the MCU can be understood from the single-chip microcomputer, single-chip microcontrollers into applications.
Fourth, the two Embedded System Application Model
Embedded System features embedded applications, has determined that an interdisciplinary characteristics. As containing computer to computer field staff involvement of its architecture, software, technology, engineering applied research. However, the understanding of the target system control requirements to achieve control system object model must possess knowledge in the field. Therefore, from the history of embedded systems development process, as well as the diversity of embedded applications, it can be formed on the objective that two applications model.
1. Objective existence of the two models
Embedded computer systems originated in Microcomputer era, but it soon entered the independent development of the single-chip microcomputer era. SCM in the era of embedded system devices to rapidly access to the traditional form of electronic technology, electronic technology applications engineers as the main legacy of intelligent electronic systems, and computer professional team has not really entered the MCU applications . Therefore, the application of
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无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院
毕业设计说明书(英文翻译)
electronic technology to engineer their customary mode of electronic technology applications, in the SCM application development. Application of this model is the most important features: software and hardware in the bottom and arbitrary; target system expertise to the close correlation between lack of computer engineering design method.
Although the single-chip microcomputer age, the computer professional out of the embedded systems area, but with the advent of post-PC era, networks, communications technology to develop at the same time, embedded system software and hardware technologies have greatly enhance the computer professional Interventional embedded systems applications to open up a vast world. Computer professionals intervention, a computer model to the obvious application of computer engineering characteristics, which is based on embedded system software and hardware platforms, network, telecommunications bottom of the non-embedded applications.
2. Two applications co-exist and complement each other model
As embedded systems the largest and most extensive application is at the bottom of the field of traditional electronic intelligence reform, therefore, to target professional proficiency of electronic-based technical team, with a minimum of embedded system software and hardware expenses, to eight based machine with a thick color electronic system design model of the electronic systems will perpetuate. 360毕业设计网 www.bysj360.com
In addition, computer professionals will be more and more involved in embedded systems applications, but due to the differences between the object expertise, and its application will be concentrated in the areas of networking, communications, multimedia, e-business, etc., can not replace the original electronic engineers control, instrumentation, machinery, electronics, and other aspects of embedded applications. Therefore, the objective existence of the two models will coexist for a long time and, in different fields complement each other. Electronic system design model should be in the computer application designed to study computer engineering methods and embedded system software technology, computer application design patterns from electronic system design model, the understanding of embedded systems applications of the circuit system, the basic methods and the external circuit design Object System basic requirements.
3. Embedded systems applications of the high-end
As embedded systems had a long period of SCM independent path of development, mostly based on the 8-bit MCU and realizing the bottom of the embedded systems applications with a clear electronic system design features. In the majority of SCM application developers, system are objects in the field of electronic systems engineers, coupled with the emergence of single-chip microcomputer, a computer professional from the immediate area, "intelligent" device into the electronic system as the field, did not bring " Embedded Systems "concept. Therefore, many people in the SCM applications, and embedded microcontroller system do not understand the relationship, referring to the "embedded systems" areas, often interpreted as computer professional fields, based on the 32-bit embedded
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无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院
毕业设计说明书(英文翻译)
processor , in the networking, communications, multimedia, and other applications. In this way, "SCM" and "embedded systems" Embedded System formed two independent common terminology. However, "SCM" is a typical, the independent development of the embedded systems, from the point of view of the construction disciplines, it should be unified as "embedded systems." Taking into account the original bottom of the electronic systems SCM application features, embedded systems applications can be divided into low-end and high-end, the original understanding of the SCM application into the low-end embedded systems applications, meaning to the bottom of it and and the object system tightly coupled.
Now, we use the monolithic integrated circuit to complete the above process, obviously, it first must have replaces the abacus to carry on the operation the part, this is "the logic unit"; Next, must have can play to the paper and the pen role component, namely can remember the primitive topic, the primary data and the intermediate result, but also must remember causes the monolithic function automatically to carry on each kind of order which the operation but establishes. This kind of component is called "the memory". In addition, but also needs to have can replace the controller which the human affects, it can act according to the order which beforehand assigns to send out each kind of control signal, enables the entire computation process one to carry on step by step. But the light has these three parts to be also insufficient, the primitive data and the order needs to input, the computation result must output, all needs according to in turn to carry on successively, sometimes also must wait for.
In fact, the people often are called the logic unit and the controller merge central processing element - CPU. The monolithic integrated circuit besides carries on the operation, but also must complete the control function. Therefore cannot leave counts with fixed time. Therefore, has the timer concurrently counter in the monolithic integrated circuit on the establishment, its basic structure with this serializes (2) center to give an example to be similar. To here up to, we had already known the monolithic integrated circuit basic composition, namely the monolithic integrated circuit was by the central processor (namely in the CPU logic unit and controller), the read-only memory (usual expression is ROM), the read-write memory (called stochastic memory usual expression is RAM), the input/The outlet (also divides into the parallel mouth and the serial mouth, the expression is I/O) and so on composition. In fact inside the monolithic integrated circuit also has a clock electric circuit, causes the monolithic integrated circuit when carries on the operation and the control, all can have the rhythm to carry on. Moreover, but also has "the interruption system" so-called, this system has "the reception room" function, when when the monolithic integrated circuit controlled member parameter arrives the condition which some needs to perform to intervene, may pass through this "the reception room" the notification to give CPU, causes CPU to act according to exterior situation the things have their order of priority to adopt suitably deals with the measure.
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无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院
毕业设计说明书(英文翻译)
译文
单片机的技术发展史
单片机诞生于2 0世纪70年代末,经历了SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。
(1)SCM即单片微型计算机(Single Chip Microcomputer)阶段,主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功,奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上,Intel公司功不可没。
(2)MCU即微控制器(Micro Controller Unit)阶段,主要的技术发展方向是:不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时,对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路,突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关,因此,发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看,Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面,最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。
Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势,将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此,当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时,不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。
(3)单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路,向MCU阶段发展的重要因素,就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决;因此,专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展,基于SOC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此,对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。 嵌入式系统的两种应用模式
嵌入式系统的嵌入式应用特点,决定了它的多学科交叉特点。作为计算机的内含,要求计算机领域人员介入其体系结构、软件技术、
工程
路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理
应用方面的研究。然而,了解对象系统的控制要求,实现系统控制模式必须具备对象领域的专业知识。因此,从嵌入式系统发展的历史过程,以及嵌入式应用的多样性中,可以了解到客观上形成的两种应用模式。
1.客观存在的两种应用模式
嵌入式计算机系统起源于微型机时代,但很快就进入到独立发展的单片机时代。在单片机时代,嵌入式系统以器件形态迅速进入到传统电子技术领域中,以电子技术应用工程师为主体,实现传统电子系统的智能化,而计算机专业队伍并没有真正进入单片机应用领域。因此,电子技术应用工程师以自己习惯性的电子技术应用模式,从事单片机的应用开发。这种应用模式最重要的特点是:软、硬件的底层性和随意性;对象系统专业技术的密切相关性;缺少计算机工程设计方法。
虽然在单片机时代,计算机专业淡出了嵌入式系统领域,但随着后PC时代的到来,网络、通信技术得以发展;同时,嵌入式系统软、硬件技术有了很大的提升,为计算机专业人士介入嵌入式系统应用开辟了广阔天地。计算机专业人士的介入,形成的计算机应用模式带有明显的计算机的工程应用特点,即基于嵌入式系统软、硬件平台,以网络、通信为主的非嵌入式底层应用。
2.两种应用模式的并存与互补
由于嵌入式系统最大、最广、最底层的应用是传统电子技术领域的智能化改造,因此,以通晓对象专业的电子技术队伍为主,用最少的嵌入式系统软、硬件开销,以8位机为主,带有浓重的电子系统设计色彩的电子系统应用模式会长期存在下去。
另外,计算机专业人士会愈来愈多地介入嵌入式系统应用,但囿于对象专业知识的隔阂,其应用领域会集中在网络、通信、多媒体、商务电子等方面,不可能替代原来电子工程师在控制、仪器仪
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
、机械电子等方面的嵌入式应用。因此,客观存在的两种应用模式会长期并存下去,在不同的领域中相互补充。电子系统设计模式应从计算机应用
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无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院
毕业设计说明书(英文翻译)
设计模式中,学习计算机工程方法和嵌入式系统软件技术;计算机应用设计模式应从电子系统设计模式中,了解嵌入式系统应用的电路系统特性、基本的外围电路设计方法和对象系统的基本要求等。
3.嵌入式系统应用的高低端
由于嵌入式系统有过很长的一段单片机的独立发展道路,大多是基于8位单片机,实现最底层的嵌入式系统应用,带有明显的电子系统设计模式特点。大多数从事单片机应用开发人员,都是对象系统领域中的电子系统工程师,加之单片机的出现,立即脱离了计算机专业领域,以“智能化”器件身份进入电子系统领域,没有带入“嵌入式系统”概念。因此,不少从事单片机应用的人,不了解单片机与嵌入式系统的关系,在谈到“嵌入式系统”领域时,往往理解成计算机专业领域的,基于32位嵌入式处理器,从事网络、通信、多媒体等的应用。这样,“单片机”与“嵌入式系统”形成了嵌入式系统中常见的两个独立的名词。但由于“单片机”是典型的、独立发展起来的嵌入式系统,从学科建设的角度出发,应该把它统一成“嵌入式系统”。考虑到原来单片机的电子系统底层应用特点,可以把嵌入式系统应用分成高端与低端,把原来的单片机应用理解成嵌入式系统的低端应用,含义为它的底层性以及与对象系统的紧耦合。
现在,我们用单片机来完成上述过程,显然,它首先要有代替算盘进行运算的部件,这就是“运算器”;其次,要有能起到纸和笔作用的器件,即能记忆原始
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目、原始数据和中间结果,还要记住使单片机能自动进行运算而编制的各种命令。这类器件就称为“存贮器”。此外,还需要有能代替人作用的控制器,它能根据事先给定的命令发出各种控制信号,使整个计算过程能一步步地进行。但是光有这三部分还不够,原始的数据与命令要输入,计算的结果要输出,都需要按先后顺序进行,有时还需等待。
实际上,人们往往把运算器和控制器合并称为中央处理单元——CPU。单片机除了进行运算外,还要完成控制功能。所以离不开计数和定时。因此,在单片机中就设置有定时器兼计数器,其基本结构与本连载之(二)中的举例类似。到这里为止,我们已经知道了单片机的基本组成,即单片机是由中央处理器(即CPU中的运算器和控制器)、只读存贮器(通常表示为ROM)、读写存贮器(又称随机存贮器通常表示为RAM)、输入/输出口(又分为并行口和串行口,表示为I/O口)等等组成。实际上单片机里面还有一个时钟电路,使单片机在进行运算和控制时,都能有节奏地进行。另外,还有所谓的“中断系统”,这个系统有“传达室”的作用,当单片机控制对象的参数到达某个需要加以干预的状态时,就可经此“传达室”通报给CPU,使CPU根据外部事态的轻重缓急来采取适当的应付措施。
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